Operasi Barbarossa
Operasi Barbarossa | |||||||
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Sebahagian daripada Barisan Timur Perang Dunia II | |||||||
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Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
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Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
Unit terlibat | |||||||
Ketumbukan darat Paksi
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Ketumbukan darat Soviet
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Kekuatan | |||||||
Kekuatan Barisan Depan (permulaan) 3.8 juta anggota[1][2] 3,350 kereta kebal[3][1] 2,770 kapal terbang[3] 7,200 pucuk meriam[1][3] |
Kekuatan Barisan Depan (permulaan) 2.6–2.9 juta anggota [4][5][6] 11,000 kereta kebal[7][8] 7,133–9,100 pesawat tentera[9][10][11] | ||||||
Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
Jumlah mangsa korban tentera: Huraian
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Jumlah mangsa korban tentera: Huraian
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Operasi Barbarossa (Jerman: Unternehmen Barbarossa ) merupakan nama kod bagi Nazi Jerman dan pencerobohan Kuasa Paksi ke atas Kesatuan Soviet semasa Perang Dunia II yang bermula pada 22 Jun 1941.[19] [20] Ia merupakan operasi tentera terbesar dalam sejarah dunia. Lebih 5.5 juta tentera dari kuasa Paksi menceroboh Soviet di sepanjang perbatasan 1,800 batu. [21] Operasi ini dinamakan sempena Maharaja Frederick Barbarossa dari Empayar Suci Rom, ketua Salibi pada abad ke-12. Barbarossa merupakan sebahagian utama perang di Perbatasan Timur Perang Dunia II. Perancangan bagi operasi Barbarossa memakan masa beberapa tahun sebelum Jun 1941; persediaan rahsia dan operasi tentera itu sendiri memakan masa hampir setahun, dari musim bunga 1941, sehingga musim sejuk 1942. Kegagalan operasi Barbarossa menyebabkan Hitler menuntut operasi tambahan di Rusia, hampir kesemuanya akhirnya gagal, seperti meneruskan Pengepungan Leningrad.[22][23], Operasi Nordlicht, dan Pertempuran Stalingrad, antara pertempuran lain di kawasan jajahan Russia. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
Matlamat operasi bagi Operasi Barbarossa merupakan penaklukan pantas bahagian Eropah dari Soviet, arah barat bagi garisan yang menyambungkan bandar Arkhangelsk dan Astrakhan, sering kali dirujuk sebagai garis A-A oleh sumber Jerman. Pada pengakhirannya pada Disember 1941, Tentera Merah telah mematahkan serangan terhebat Wehrmacht. Hitler gagal mencapai kemenangan yang diinginkannya, tetapi keadaan bagi Soviet kekal kritikal. Secara taktikal, pihak Jerman mencapai kemenangan besar dan menduduki sebahagian besar kawasan ekonomi paling penting negara itu, terutamanya di Ukraine.[31] Disebalik kejayaan ini, tentera Jerman diundurkan dari Moscow dan tidak lagi mampu membuat serangan serentak di sepanjang perbatasan strategik Soviet-Jerman.[32]
Kegagalan Operasi Barbarossa akhirnya menyebabkan kekalahan kepada Nazi Jerman dan dianggap titik perubahan bagi Reich Ketiga. Operasi Barbarossa membuka Perbatasan Timur, yang akhirnya menjadi medan perang terbesar dalam sejarah manusia. Operasi Barbarossa dan kawasan yang dirangkuminya menjati tapak pertempuran paling besar dan dashyat, keganasan peling berdarah, kehilangan jiwa yang besar dan keadaan teruk bagi kedua-dua Soviet dan Jerman - kesemuanya mempengaruhi arah kedua-dua Perang Dunia II dan sejarah abad ke 20.
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Finland was not officially a member of the Axis, but coordinated its invasion of the Soviet Union with the Axis powers.
Ralat petik: Tag <ref>
dengan nama "western military districts Soviet Union" yang ditentukan dalam <references>
tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.
<ref>
dengan nama "171 divisions" yang ditentukan dalam <references>
tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c Clark 2012, m/s. 73.
- ^ Glantz 2001, m/s. 9.
- ^ a b c Glantz 2010a, m/s. 20.
- ^ Glantz 2001, m/s. 9, 2.68 million.
- ^ Glantz 1998, m/s. 10–11, 101,293, 2.9 million.
- ^ Taylor 1974, m/s. 98, 2.6 million.
- ^ Mercatante 2012, m/s. 64.
- ^ Clark 2012, m/s. 76.
- ^ Glantz 2010a, m/s. 28, 7,133 aircraft.
- ^ Mercatante 2012, m/s. 64, 9,100 aircraft.
- ^ Clark 2012, m/s. 76, 9,100 aircraft.
- ^ a b c d "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Theater of War, 1941".
- ^ "Red Army and NKVD figures, 1941–1945".
- ^ a b Bergström 2007, m/s. 117.
- ^ Graham Royde-Smith.
- ^ a b c d e Krivosheev 1997, m/s. 95–98.
- ^ "AOK POW Reports".
- ^ Sharp 2010, m/s. 89.
- ^ Higgins, Trumbull (1966). Hitler and Russia. The Macmillan Company. m/s. pp. 11 - 59, 98–151.
|pages=
has extra text (bantuan) - ^ Bryan I. Fugate. Operation Barbarossa. Strategy and tactics on the Eastern Front, 1941. Novato: Presidio Press, 1984.
- ^ World War II Chronicle, 2007. Legacy/ Publications International, Ltd. Page 146.
- ^ Simonov, Konstantin (1979). "Records of talks with Georgi Zhukov, 1965–1966". Hrono.
- ^ Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44 (Studies in Russian and Eastern European History), edited by John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4039-0142-2).
- ^ The siege of Leningrad. By Alan Wykes. Ballantines Illustrated History of WWII, 3rd edition, 1972. Pages 9-61.
- ^ Scorched Earth. (pages 205 - 240) By Paul Carell. Schiffer Military History, 1994. ISBN 0-88740-598-3
- ^ Finland in the Second World War. Between Germany and Russia. Palgrave. 2002. (pp. 90 - 141)
- ^ Military-Topographic Directorate, maps No. 194, 196, Officer's Atlas. General Staff USSR. 1947. Атлас Офицера. Генеральный штаб вооруженных сил ССР. М., Военно-топографическоее управление,- 1947. Листы 194, 196
- ^ Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941-1945 ISBN 0-14-027169-4 by Richard Overy Page 91
- ^ The World War II. Desk Reference. Eisenhower Center Director Douglas Brinkley. Editor Mickael E. Haskey. Grand Central Press, Stonesong Press, HarperCollins, 2004. ISBN 0-06-052651-3. Page 210.
- ^ Siege of Leningrad. Encyclopedia Britannica. [1][pautan mati kekal]
- ^ A.J.P Taylor & Colonel D.M Proektor, p106
- ^ A.J.P Taylor & Colonel D.M Proektor,p107
Bacaan lanjut
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Wikisumber bahasa Melayu mempunyai teks asal berkaitan rencana ini: |
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Online
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Graham Royde-Smith, John. "European History: Operation Barbarossa". Encyclopedia Britannica. Dicapai pada 16 May 2015. (langganan diperlukan)
- "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Theater of War, 1941". World War II Stats. Dicapai pada 10 May 2013.
- "AOK/Ic POW Summary Reports". World War II Stats. Dicapai pada 3 April 2015.
- "Army vs. NKVD figures". World War II Stats. Dicapai pada 3 April 2015.
- Davidson, Nick (producer) (2009). Hitler Strikes East (television documentary). World War II in HD Colour. NM Productions (for IMG Media). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2020-03-08. Dicapai pada 19 March 2015.
- Knopp, Guido; Müllner, Jörg (directors); Renate Bardong (producer) (1998). General Wilhelm Keitel: The Lackey (television documentary). Hitler's Warriors. ZDF. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2018-07-10. Dicapai pada 24 March 2015.
- "Modern History Sourcebook: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939". University of Fordham. Dicapai pada 19 March 2015.
- "Holocaust Denial on Trial, Trial Judgment: Electronic Edition, by Charles Gray". Emory University. Dicapai pada 13 May 2015.
- "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War". The Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Museum. 20 June 2014. Dicapai pada 24 March 2015.
- Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin, et. al (producers) (2011). Operation Barbarossa (television documentary). Soviet Storm: World War II in the East. Star Media. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2015-04-02. Dicapai pada 19 March 2015.
- Meltyukhov, Mikhail Ivanovich. "Оценка советским руководством событий Второй мировой войны в 1939–1941" (dalam bahasa Russian). Russian Military Library Moscow. Dicapai pada 19 March 2015.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin, et. al (producers) (2011). Siege of Leningrad (television documentary). Soviet Storm: World War II in the East. Star Media. Dicapai pada 15 May 2015.
- Aitken, Andy, Dave Flitton & James Wignall (directors), Dave Flitton (series producer); Dave Flitton, Andy Aitken & James Wignall (writers) (1996). The Battle for Russia (television documentary). Battlefield. PBS. Dicapai pada 19 March 2015.
- Jones, Bill Treharne (producer); Christopher Andrew (presenter and co-producer) (1989). The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). BBC. Dicapai pada 19 March 2015.
Pautan luar
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Wikisumber bahasa Melayu mempunyai teks asal berkaitan rencana ini: |
- Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa on the Yad Vashem website
- Over 270 original private German color photos from Operation Barbarossa on Pixpast website
- Operation Barbarossa original reports and pictures from The Times