(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Panavia Tornado - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija Pojdi na vsebino

Panavia Tornado

Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije
Tornado IDS/ECR
RAF Tornado GR4 z orožji Brimstone, Paveway IV in LITENING targeting pod
Vloga Večnamensko lovsko letalo
Proizvajalec/-ci Panavia Aircraft GmbH
Krstni polet 14. avgust 1974
Predstavljen 1979
Status V uporabi
Glavni uporabniki RAF
Italijaske letalske sile
Nemške letalske sile
Savdske letalske sile
Izdelovan 1979–1998
Število izdelanih 992
Različice Panavia Tornado ADV
RAF Tornado v operaciji Operation Iraqi Freedom
Več Tornadov v Iraku

Panavia Tornado je družina dvomotornih nadzvočnih lovskih letal z gibljivimi krili. Razvili so ga skupaj Italija, Združeno kraljestvo in Zahodna Nemčija, ki so za ta namen ustanovili podjetje Panavia Aircraft GmbH. Obstajajo tri glavne različice: Tornado IDS jurišnik-bombnik in uničevalec protiletalskih sistemov, Tornado ECR za elektronsko bojevanje in Tornado ADV kot prestreznik.

Deleži v podjetju Panavia Tornado GmbH so: 42,5% nemški EADS Deutschland GmbH, 42,5% britanski BAE Systems plc in 15% italijanski Alenia Aeronautica. Prvič je poletel 14. avgusta 1974 in vstopil v uporabo 1979–1980. Tornado je kot večnamensko letalo nadomestil več različnih tipov letal. Edini izvozni uporabnik je bila Savdska Arabija. Skupaj so zgradili 992 letal.

Med Zalivsko vojno leta 1991 so ga uporabljali Britanci in Italijani, kot penetrator na nizkih višinah in pri visoki hitrosti. Pozneje so ga uporabljali v konfliktih na območju bivše Jugoslavije, v Libiji, Afganistanu in Jemnu.

V 1960 so letalski konstruktorji študirali o gibljivih krilih, ki bi imeli hkrati dobro manevrirnost z razprtimi krili in visoko hitrost z zloženimi. Združeno kraljestov je preklicalo TSR-2 in F-111K in iskalo zamenjavo za Avro Vulcan in Blackburn Buccaneer. Britanija in Francija sta začeli s programom AFVG (Anglo French Variable Geometry) leta 1965, pozneje 1967 je Francija odstopila in ravzila svoja letala. [1] Britanija pa je nadaljevala in iskala mednarodne partnerje.

Tehnične specifikacije(Tornado GR4)

[uredi | uredi kodo]
  • Posadka: 2
  • Dolžina: 16,72 m (54 ft 10 in)
  • Razpon kril: 13,91 m z 25° nklono, 8,60 m z 67° naklono (45,6 ft / 28,2 ft)
  • Višina: 5,95 m (19.5 ft)
  • Površina kril: 26,6 m² (286 ft²)
  • Prazna teža: 13 890 kg (31 620 lb)
  • Maks. vzletna teža: 28 000 kg (61 700 lb)
  • Motorji: 2 × Turbo-Union RB199-34R Mk 103 turbofan
  • Potisk (suh): 43,8 kN (9 850 lbf) vsak
  • Potisk z dodatnim zgorevanjem: 76,8 kN (17 270 lbf) vsak
  • Maks hitrost: Mach 2,2 (2 400 km/h, 1 490 mph) na višini 9 000 m / 30 000 ft altitude; 800 vozlov, 1 482 km/h, 921 mph na livelu morja
  • Dolet: 1 390 km (870 mi) tipično
  • Največji dolet: 3 890 km (2 417 mi) z 4 dodatnimi zunanjimi tanki
  • Višina leta (servisna): 15 240 m (50 000 ft)
  • Hitrost vzpenjanja: 76,7 m/s (15 100 ft/min)
  • Razmerje potisk/teža: 0,55
  • Orožje:
  • top: 2× 27 mm (1,06 in) Mauser BK-27 revolver top nameščen v notranjosti trupa, z 180 naboji vsak
  • nosilci za orožje: 4× lahki + 3× težki pod trupom in 4 × gibljivi pod krili, skupaj do 9000 kg orožja ali opreme
  • rakete zrak-zrak AIM-9 Sidewinder ali AIM-132 ASRAAM za samoobrambo
  • rakete zrak-zemlja 6× AGM-65 Maverick ali 12× Brimstone ali 2× Storm Shadow
  • protiradarske rakete:9× ALARM missile
  • bombe:
  • 5× 500 lb Paveway IV
  • 3× 1000 lb (UK Mk 20) Paveway II/Enhanced Paveway II
  • 2× 2000 lb Paveway III (GBU-24)/Enhanced Paveway III (EGBU-24)
  • Hunting Engineering BL755 kasetne bombe
  • do 2× JP233 ali MW-1 za uničevanje vzletnih stez
  • do 4× B61 ali WE.177 taktične jedrske bombne
  • drugo: do 4× zunanji tanki z gorivom
  • Avionika:
  • RAPTOR aerial reconnaissance pod
  • RAFAEL LITENING targeting pod
  • TIALD laserski designator
  • BAE Systems Sky Shadow ECM

Glej tudi

[uredi | uredi kodo]

Sklici in reference

[uredi | uredi kodo]
  1. ↑ "British-French Work On New Military Plane Periled by Cost Fight." Arhivirano 2012-11-02 na Wayback Machine. Wall Street Journal, 22 June 1967.

Bibliografija

[uredi | uredi kodo]
  • Aeroguide 21: Panavia Tornado F Mk 2/Mk 3. Ongar, UK: Linewrights Ltd. 1988. ISBN 0-946958-26-2.
  • Allen, Calvin H. and W. Lynn Rigsbee. Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970–1996. London: Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-7146-5001-3.
  • Ball, Desmond J. The Australian Tactical Fighter Force: Prologue and Prospects. Canberra: Australian National University, 1979. ISBN 0-85823-439-4.
  • Clark, Richard B. Air Power and Desert Storm. Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 1993. ISBN 1-56806-446-2.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Volume 1. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-275-99250-0.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons (CSIS Significant Issues Series). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2003. ISBN 0-89206-432-3.
  • Cox, Sebastian and Peter Gray. Air Power History: Turning Points from Kitty Hawk to Kosovo. London: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-7146-8257-8.
  • Donald, David. "Lossimouth Strike Wing". World Air Power Journal, Volume 33, Summer 1998, pp. 104–113. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-86184-015-2. ISSN 0959-7050.
  • Donald, David and Christopher Chant. Air War in The Gulf 1991. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84176-295-4.
  • Eagles, J.D. "Preparing a Bomber Destroyer: The Panavia Tornado ADV." Putnam Aeronautical Review (Naval Institute Press), Volume 2, 1991, pp. 88–93.
  • Evans, Andy. Panavia Tornado. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 1999. ISBN 1-86126-201-9.
  • Frédriksen, John C. (2001). International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914-2000. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-364-5.
  • Geiss, Juergen and Peter Berndt. Tornados and Further Planning. European Security and Defence, March 2010.
  • Haglund, David G (1989). The Defence Industrial Base and The West. London: Routledge, 1989. ISBN 0-415-00923-5.{{navedi knjigo}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: ref podvaja privzeto (povezava)
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, 13–19 December 2011. pp. 26–52.
  • Jackson, Paul, Kenneth Munson, Lindsay Peacock and John W. R. Taylor, eds. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1997–98. London: Jane's Information Group, 1998. ISBN 0-7106-1788-7.
  • Jarret, D. N. Cockpit Engineering. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-7546-1751-3.
  • Jefford, C.G (ur.). The Birth of Tornado (PDF). London: Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2002. ISBN 0-9530345-0-X. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 5. januarja 2011. Pridobljeno 23. aprila 2014.
  • Jukes, Malcolm. Aircraft Display Systems. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. ISBN 1-56347-657-6.
  • Koch, Christian and David E. Long. Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century. London: I.B. Tauris, 2003. ISBN 1-85043-386-0.
  • Lake, Jon. "Aircraft of the RAF: Part 1 – Panavia Tornado". Air International, Vol. 74, No. 4, April 2008, pp. 24–29. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Lake, Jon. Great Book of Bombers. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. ISBN 0-7603-1347-4.
  • Lake, Jon. "Tornado Variant Briefing: Part I: IDS and Recce". World Air Power Journal, Volume 30, Autumn/Fall 1997, pp. 98–121. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-86184-004-7. ISSN 0959-7050.
  • Lake, Jon. "Tornado Variant Briefing: Part III: Tornado Operators". World Air Power Journal, Volume 32, Spring 1998, pp. 118–137. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-86184-006-3. ISSN 0959-7050.
  • Lambeth, Benjamin S. NATO's Air War for Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment. Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 2001. ISBN 0-8330-3050-7.
  • Laming, Tim. Fight's On: Airborne with the Aggressors. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 1996. ISBN 0-7603-0260-X.
  • Lawrence, Richard R. Mammoth Eyewitness Book Of How It Happened Battles: Eyewitness Accounts of History's Greatest Battles, from Thermopyle to the Gulf War. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7867-1119-2.
  • List, Friedrich. "German Air Arms Review". Air International, Vol. 70, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 50–57. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Lorell, Mark A. Troubled Partnership: A History of U.S.-Japan Collaboration on the FS-X Fighter. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (Rutgers University), 1996. ISBN 1-56000-891-1.
  • Lowry, Richard S. The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq. Bloomington, Indianna: iUniverse, 2008. ISBN 1-60528-006-2.
  • Martin, Stephen (1996). The economics of offsets: defence procurement and countertrade. Routledge. ISBN 3-7186-5782-1.
  • Moir, Ian and Allan Seabridge. Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. ISBN 1-119-96520-9.
  • Niccoli, Riccardo. "New Capabilities for Italy's Tornados". Air International, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 26–29. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Niccoli, Riccardo. "SAM Busters". Air International, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 46–51. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Olsen, John Andreas. Global Air Power. Sterling, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2011. ISBN 1-59797-680-6.
  • Pratt, Roger. Flight Control Systems: Practical Issues in Design and Implementation. London:Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2000. ISBN 0-85296-766-7.
  • Peters, John E. European Contributions to Operation Allied Air Force: Implications for Transatlantic Cooperation. Washington/Arlington Virginia: Rand Corporation, 2001. ISBN 0-8330-3038-8.
  • Rachow, Volker. "Luftwaffe Tornado MLU". Air International, Vol. 81, No. 6, December 2011, pp. 70–75. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Richardson, Doug. Tornado (Modern Fighting Aircraft, Vol. 10). New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1986. ISBN 0-13-925504-4.
  • Richardson, Doug. High Tech Warfare. New York: Crescent Books, 1991. ISBN 0-517-06673-4.
  • Ripley, Tim. Conflict in The Balkans, 1991–2000. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84176-290-3.
  • Ripley, Tim. "World Air Forces 2003". Flight International, 25 November – 1 December 2003, pp. 27–71.
  • The Royal Air Force Handbook: The Definitive MoD Guide. London: Ministry of Defence, via reprint, Conway, 2006. ISBN 1-85753-384-4.
  • Scutts, Jerry. Postwar Aircraft (Osprey Modelling Manuals). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 978-1-84176-159-6.
  • Segell, Glen (1. januar 1997). Wither or Dither: British Aerospace Collaborative Procurement with Europe. Staffordshire, UK: Glen Segell Publishers, 1997. ISBN 1-901414-03-5.{{navedi knjigo}}: Vzdrževanje CS1: ref podvaja privzeto (povezava)
  • Spick, Mike and William Green, Gordon Swanborough. Illustrated Anatomy of the World's Fighters. Zenith Imprint, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1124-2.
  • Szejnmann, Claus-Christian W. Rethinking History, Dictatorship and War: New Approaches and Interpretations. New York: Continuum International Publishing, 2009. ISBN 0-8264-4323-0.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft. London: Jane's, 1975–1976. ISBN 0-354-00521-9.
  • Taylor, Michael J.H. Flight International World Aircraft & Systems Directory. London: Reed Business Information, 3rd Edition, 2001. ISBN 0-617-01289-X.
  • Taylor, Michael J.H. Jane's Aviation Review. London: Jane's Information Group, 1987. ISBN 0-7106-0446-7.
  • Wertheim, Eric. Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2007. ISBN 1-59114-955-X.

Zunanje povezave

[uredi | uredi kodo]
Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: Panavia Tornado
Pridobljeno iz »https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panavia_Tornado&oldid=6274838«