Извор странице Vilkinsonova mikrotalasna anizotropna sonda

{{Infobox spaceflight-lat
| name = Vilkinsonova mikrotalasna anizotropna sonda
| names_list = -{MAP}-<br/>Ekplorer 80

| image = WMAP_spacecraft.jpg
| image_caption = Umetnički prikaz -{''WMAP''}-
| image_size = 230px

| mission_type = [[Космичко позадинско зрачење|CMBR]] [[radio-astronomija|astronomija]]
| operator = [[Наса|NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2001-027A
| SATCAT = 26859
| website = {{url|1=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/|2=map.gsfc.nasa.gov}}
| mission_duration = 9 godina, 1 mesec, 2 dana (od lansiranja do kraja prikupljanja naučnih podataka)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/events.html | title=WMAP News: Events Timeline}}</ref>

| manufacturer = [[Наса|NASA]]{{\}}[[National Radio Astronomy Observatory|NRAO]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|835|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="wmapLiz">{{cite web |last=Citrin |first=L. |date= |title=WMAP: The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/594754main_Citrin_Liz.pdf |accessdate=28. 10. 2016 |archive-date=25. 02. 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225085501/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/594754main_Citrin_Liz.pdf |url-status= }}</ref>
| dry_mass = {{convert|763|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| dimensions = {{convert|3,6|x|5.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| power = 419&nbsp;W

| launch_date = {{start date-lat|2001|06|30|19|46|46|7=Z}}<ref name="nasaEvents">{{cite web |date=27. 12. 2010  |title=WMAP News: Events Timeline |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/events.html |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=8. 7. 2015}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Delta II|Delta II 7425-10]]
| launch_site = [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Kejp Kanaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17|SLC-17]]

| disposal_type = Pasivizirano
| deactivated = Priio zadnju komaandu {{end date-lat|2010|10|20}}; transmitovao zadnje podatke 19. avgusta 2010<ref>[https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/events.html WMAP Timeline]</ref>

| orbit_reference = {{L2|pt=yes}}
| orbit_regime = [[Lissajous orbit|Lisažuova]]

| telescope_type = [[Gregorian telescope|Gregorijanski]]
| telescope_diameter = {{convert|1,4|x|1.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| telescope_wavelength = 23 -{GHz}- do 94 -{GHz}-
| instruments = {{Infobox spaceflight-lat/Instruments
 | acronym1 = {{nowrap|[[K band (IEEE)|K band]] {{nobold|(23 -{GHz}-)}}}} | name1 = 52.8-[[Minute of arc|arcmin]] snop
 | acronym2 = {{nowrap|{{Ka band}} {{nobold|(33 -{GHz}-)}}}} | name2 = 39,6-arcmin snop
 | acronym3 = {{nowrap|[[Q band]] {{nobold|(41 -{GHz}-)}}}} | name3 = 30,6-arcmin snop
 | acronym4 = {{nowrap|[[V band]] {{nobold|(61 -{GHz}-)}}}} | name4 = 21-arcmin snop
 | acronym5 = {{nowrap|[[W band]] {{nobold|(94 -{GHz}-)}}}} | name5 = 13,2-arcmin snop
 }}

| programme             = [[Explorers program|Eksplorerski programi]]
| previous_mission      = [[High Energy Transient Explorer|HETE]]
| next_mission          = [[Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager|RHESSI]]

| insignia              = WMAP collage.jpg
| insignia_caption      = NASA kolaž slika vezanih za WMAP (svemirki brod, CMB spektara i pozadinska slika)
| insignia_size         = 230px
}}

'''Vilkinsonova mikrotalasna anizotropna sonda''' (-{'''WMAP'''}-), originalno poznata kao '''Mikrotalasna anizotropna sonda''' ('''MAP'''), bila je [[svemirska letelica]] koja je operisala od 2001 do 2010 i merila temperaturne razlike širom neba u [[Космичко позадинско зрачење|kosmičkom pozadinskom zračenju]]&nbsp;(CMB) –&nbsp;radijacionu toplotu preostalu od [[Veliki prasak|Velikog praska]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4. 8. 2009 |title=Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe: Overview |url=http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/current/ |publisher=[[Goddard Space Flight Center]] |quote=The WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) mission is designed to determine the geometry, content, and evolution of the universe via a 13 arcminute FWHM resolution full sky map of the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. |accessdate=24. 9. 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=jul 2009 |title=Tests of Big Bang: The CMB |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_cmb.html |publisher=[[Goddard Space Flight Center]] |quote=Only with very sensitive instruments, such as COBE and WMAP, can cosmologists detect fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background temperature. By studying these fluctuations, cosmologists can learn about the origin of galaxies and large-scale structures of galaxies, and they can measure the basic parameters of the Big Bang theory. |accessdate=24. 9. 2009}}</ref> Na čelu sa profesorom [[Charles L. Bennett|Čarlsom L. Benetom]] sa [[Univerzitet Džons Hopkins|Univerziteta Džons Hopkins]], misija je razvijena u zajedničkom partnerstvu između NASA [[Goddard Space Flight Center|Godardovog centra za svemirske letove]] i [[Универзитет Принстон|Univerziteta Prinston]].<ref name="2003PressRelease" /> Svemirska letelica -{WMAP}- lansirana je 30. juna 2001. sa Floride. Misija -{WMAP}- nasledila je svemirsku misiju [[Cosmic Background Explorer|-{COBE}-]] i bila je druga svemirska letelica srednje klase (-{MIDEX}-) u programu NASA Ekplorera. Godine 2003, -{MAP}- je preimenovana u -{WMAP}- u čast kosmologa [[David Todd Wilkinson|Dejvida Toda Vilkinsona]] (1935–2002),<ref name="2003PressRelease" /> koji je bio član naučnog tima misije. Nakon devet godina rada, -{WMAP}- je isključena 2010. godine, nakon što je ESA lansirala napredniju svemirsku letelicu [[Планк|Plank]].

Merenja -{WMAP}--a su igrala ključnu ulogu u uspostavljanju trenutnog standardnog modela kosmologije: [[Lambda-CDM model]]a. Podaci -{WMAP}--a vrlo se dobro uklapaju u svemir koji je dominiran [[тамна енергија|tamnom energijom]] u obliku [[cosmological constant|kosmološke konstante]]. Ostali kosmološki podaci su takođe dosledni i zajedno čvrsto ograničavaju model. U Lambda-CDM modelu svemira, [[starost univerzuma]] je {{val|13.772|0.059}} milijardi godina. Određivanje starosti svemira misijom -{WMAP}--a ima tačnost veću od 1%.<ref>{{cite book  |editor-last=Glenday  |editor-first=C.  |year=2010  |title=Guinness World Records 2010: Thousands of new records in The Book of the Decade!  |page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari/page/7 7]  |publisher=[[Bantam Books|Bantam]]  |isbn=978-0553593372  |url-access=registration  |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari/page/7 }}</ref> Trenutna brzina širenja svemira je (vidi [[Hablov zakon|Hublovu konstantu]]) {{val|69.32|0.80|u=km·s<sup>−1</sup>·Mpc<sup>−1</sup>}}. Sadržaj svemira trenutno se sastoji od {{val|4.628|0.093|u=%}} obične [[barion#Baryonic matter|barionske materije]]; {{val|24.02|+0.88|-0.87|u=%}} [[cold dark matter|hladne tamne materije]] ({{jez-eng-lat|cold dark matter - CDM}}) koja niti emituje niti apsorbuje svetlost; i {{val|71.35|+0.95|-0.96|u=%}} [[тамна енергија|tamne energije]] u obliku kosmološke konstante koja ubrzava širenje svemira.<ref>{{cite web |last=Beringer |first=J. |collaboration=Particle Data Group |year=2013 |title=Astrophysics and Cosmology |work=[[Review of Particle Physics]] |url=http://pdg.lbl.gov/2013/astrophysics-cosmology/astro-cosmo.html}}</ref> Manje od 1% trenutnog sadržaja svemira je u neutrinama, ali merenja -{WMAP}--a su prvi put otkrila 2008. godine da podaci preferiraju postojanje [[cosmic neutrino background|kosmičke pozadine neutrina]]<ref name="2009Hinshaw">Hinshaw et al. (2009)</ref> sa efektivnim brojem neutrinskih vrsta od {{val|3.26|0.35}}. Sadržaj upućuje na Euklidsku [[Shape of the universe|ravnu geometriju]] sa zakrivljenošću (<math>\Omega_{k}</math>) od {{val|-0.0027|+0.0039|-0.0038}}. Merenja -{WMAP}- takođe podržavaju paradigmu [[cosmic inflation|kosmičke inflacije]] na nekoliko načina, uključujući merenje ravnoće.

Misija je osvojila različite nagrade: prema časopisu [[Science (časopis)|''Science'']], -{WMAP}- je ostvario ''najznačajnije otkriće za 2003 godinu''.<ref name="2003Seife">{{harvnb|Seife|2003|pp=}}</ref> Publikacije sa rezultatima ove misije bile su prvom i drugom mestu spiska „Super vrućih radova u nauci od 2003”.<ref name="incites">{{cite web  |date=oktobar 2005  |title="Super Hot" Papers in Science  |url=http://www.in-cites.com/hotpapers/shp/1-50.html  |publisher=in-cites  |accessdate=26. 4. 2008  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031825/http://www.in-cites.com/hotpapers/shp/1-50.html  |archive-date=17. 10. 2015  |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Od najviše referenciranih radova svih vremena iz fizike i astronomije u bazi podataka -{[[INSPIRE-HEP]]}-, samo tri su objavljena nakon 2000. godine, i sva tri su -{WMAP}- publikacije. Benet, [[Lyman Page|Lajman A. Pejg, mlađi]], i Dejvid N. Spergel, dva potonja sa Univerziteta Prinston, podelili su [[Shaw Prize|Nagradu Šo]] za astronomiju 2010. za svoj rad na -{WMAP}--u.<ref>{{cite web  |title=Announcement of the Shaw Laureates 2010  |url=http://www.shawprize.org/en/shawprize2010/announcement/announcement.html  |url-status=dead  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604044215/http://www.shawprize.org/en/shawprize2010/announcement/announcement.html  |archivedate=4. 6. 2010 }}</ref> Benet i naučni tim -{WMAP}--a dobili su [[Gruber Foundation|Gruberovu nagradu]] za kosmologiju 2012. godine. [[Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics|Nagrada za proboj u fundamentalnoj fizici]] za 2018. godinu dodeljena je Benetu, Gariju Hinšou, Normanu Džarosiku, Pejdžu, Spergelu i naučnom timu -{WMAP}-.

Od oktobra 2010. svemirska letelica -{WMAP}- je [[:Категорија:Напуштени сателити у хелиоцентричној орбити|napuštena]] u [[хелиоцентрична орбита|heliocentričnoj]] [[graveyard orbit|grobljanskoj orbiti]] nakon 9 godina rada.<ref name="dn20101007">{{cite news  |last=O'Neill  |first=I.  |date=7. 10. 2010  |title=Mission Complete! WMAP Fires Its Thrusters For The Last Time  |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/mission-complete-wmap-fires-its-thrusters-for-the-last-time.html  |publisher=[[Discovery News]]  |accessdate=27. 1. 2013  |archive-date=25. 12. 2010  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225123512/http://news.discovery.com/space/mission-complete-wmap-fires-its-thrusters-for-the-last-time.html  |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Svi -{WMAP}- podaci su objavljeni u javnosti i podvrgnuti su pažljivoj kontroli. Konačno službeno objavljivanje podataka bilo je [[#devetogodišnje objavljivanje podataka|devetogodišnje objavljivanje]] 2012. godine.<ref name="Space-20121221">{{cite web  |last=Gannon |first=M.  |date=21. 12. 2012  |title=New 'Baby Picture' of Universe Unveiled  |url=http://www.space.com/19027-universe-baby-picture-wmap.html  |publisher=[[Space.com]]  |accessdate=21. 12. 2012 }}</ref><ref name="arXiv-20121220">{{cite journal  |last=Bennett |first=C. L.  |display-authors=etal  |date=2013  |title=Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results  |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Supplement]]  |volume=208 |issue=2 |page=20  |arxiv=1212.5225  |bibcode=2013ApJS..208...20B  |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20 }}</ref>

Neki aspekti podataka su statistički neuobičajeni za Standardni model kosmologije. Na primer, najveće merenje ugaone skale, [[quadrupole moment|kvadrapolni momenat]], nešto je manje nego što bi model predvideo, ali ta odstupanja nisu izuzetno značajna.<ref>{{cite journal  |last=O'Dwyer |first=I. J.  |displayauthors=etal.  |year=2004  |title=Bayesian Power Spectrum Analysis of the First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Data  |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Letters]]  |volume=617 |issue=2  |pages=L99–L102  |bibcode=2004ApJ...617L..99O  |doi=10.1086/427386 |arxiv = astro-ph/0407027 }}</ref> Velika [[WMAP cold spot|hladna tačka]] i ostale karakteristike podataka su statistički značajnije, i istraživanje se nastavlja na njima.

== Reference ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="2003PressRelease">{{cite web | url=http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/2003/0206mapresults.html | title=New image of infant universe reveals era of first stars, age of cosmos, and more | publisher=NASA / WMAP team | date=11. 2. 2003 | accessdate=27. 4. 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227175308/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/2003/0206mapresults.html |archivedate=27. 2. 2008}}</ref>

}}

== Literatura ==
{{Литература|30em}}
* [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Wilkinson_microwave_anisotropy_probe_(WMAP) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotrophy Probe] [[Charles L. Bennett]] [[Scholarpedia]], 2(10):4731. {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.4731}}
* {{cite journal | title=The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) Mission | first=C. | last=Bennett |display-authors=etal  | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=583 | issue=1 | pages=1–23 | date=2003a | bibcode=2003ApJ...583....1B | doi=10.1086/345346|arxiv = astro-ph/0301158 }}
* {{cite journal | title=First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Foreground Emission | last=Bennett | first=C. |display-authors=etal  | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement | volume=148 | issue=1 | pages=97–117 | date=2003b | doi=10.1086/377252 | bibcode=2003ApJS..148...97B|arxiv = astro-ph/0302208 }}
* {{cite journal | doi= 10.1086/513698 | title=Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP1) Observations: Temperature Analysis | first=G. | last=Hinshaw |display-authors=etal  | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement | volume=170 | issue= 2 | pages=288–334 | date=2007 | bibcode=2007ApJS..170..288H|arxiv = astro-ph/0603451 }}
* {{cite journal
 | author = Hinshaw, G.
 | display-authors = etal
 | others = WMAP Collaboration
 | title = Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results
 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal Supplement
 |date=februar 2009
 | volume = 180
 | issue = 2
 | pages = 225–245
 | doi = 10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225
 | bibcode = 2009ApJS..180..225H
 | arxiv = 0803.0732}}
* {{cite web | title=Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP): Five–Year Explanatory Supplement
|first=M. | last=[[Michele Limon|Limon]] |display-authors=etal  | date=20. 3. 2008 | url=http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/dr3/pub_papers/fiveyear/supplement/WMAP_supplement.pdf }}
* {{cite journal | authorlink=Charles Seife | last=Seife | first= Charles | title=Breakthrough of the Year: Illuminating the Dark Universe | journal=Science | date=2003 | volume=302 | pages=2038–2039 | doi=10.1126/science.302.5653.2038 | pmid=14684787 | issue=5653| url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1ef56d5f1ec6207095ff89520f76d45adeb1bef6 }}
* {{cite journal | title=First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters | last=Spergel | first=D. N. |display-authors=etal  | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement | volume=148 | issue=1 | pages=175–194 | date=2003 | doi=10.1086/377226 | bibcode=2003ApJS..148..175S|arxiv = astro-ph/0302209 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Implications for Cosmology | last=Sergel | first=D. N. |display-authors=etal  | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement | volume=170 | issue=2 | pages=377–408 | date=2007 | doi=10.1086/513700 | bibcode=2007ApJS..170..377S|arxiv = astro-ph/0603449 }}
*{{cite journal|author1=Komatsu|author2=Dunkley|author3=Nolta|author4=Bennett|author5=Gold|author6=Hinshaw|author7=Jarosik|author8=Larson|author9=Limon|title=Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation|doi=10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/330|date=2009|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|volume=180|issue=2|pages=330–376|arxiv=0803.0547|bibcode = 2009ApJS..180..330K |display-authors=8|last10=Page|first10=L.|last11=Spergel|first11=D. N.|last12=Halpern|first12=M.|last13=Hill|first13=R. S.|last14=Kogut|first14=A.|last15=Meyer|first15=S. S.|last16=Tucker|first16=G. S.|last17=Weiland|first17=J. L.|last18=Wollack|first18=E.|last19=Wright|first19=E. L.}}
{{Литература крај}}

== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Commons-lat|WMAP}}
* -{[http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news.cfm?art=977 Sizing up the universe]}-
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20051127035127/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/map_mission_basics_030211.html About WMAP and the Cosmic Microwave Background] – Article at Space.com}-
* -{[https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4879 Big Bang glow hints at funnel-shaped Universe], [[New Scientist]], April 15, 2004}-
* -{[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/mar/HQ_06097_first_trillionth_WMAP.html NASA March 16, 2006 WMAP inflation related press release] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/mar/HQ_06097_first_trillionth_WMAP.html |date=20131122192419 }}}-
* {{cite journal | last = Seife | first = Charles |authorlink=Charles Seife | title=With Its Ingredients MAPped, Universe's Recipe Beckons | journal=Science | date=2003 | volume=300 | issue=5620 | pages=730–731 | doi=10.1126/science.300.5620.730 | pmid=12730575 }}

{{Authority control-lat}}

[[Категорија:Вештачки сателити]]
[[Категорија:Свемирске летелице]]