する
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Etymology 1
Alternative spelling |
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From Old Japanese root verb す (su, “to do”).[1][2] Cognate with Okinawan すん (sun).
As with all verbs, during the Middle Japanese stage in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "する"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal ( Attributive ( |
する | する | [sùrú] |
Imperative ( |
しろ せよ |
しろ せよ |
[shìró] [séꜜyò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | される | される | [sàrérú] |
Causative | させる | させる | [sàsérú] |
Potential | できる | できる | [dèkíꜜrù] |
Volitional | しよう | しよー | [shìyóꜜò] |
Negative | しない | しない | [shìnáí] |
Negative perfective | しなかった | しなかった | [shìnáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | します | します | [shìmáꜜsù] |
Perfective | した | した | [shìtá] |
Conjunctive | して | して | [shìté] |
Hypothetical conditional | すれば | すれば | [sùréꜜbà] |
Verb
する (suru)
- (intransitive)
- to exist; to come up (of inanimate objects)
- to exist (in someone or something) (of a specified state; of a specified quality)
- がっしりした
骨 組 み- gasshiri shita honegumi
- a rigid structure
- がっしりした
- to be worth; to have the value of
五 億 円 もする絵 - gooku en mo suru e
- a painting worth 500 million yen
- to pass; to elapse (of time)
一 年 もすれば忘れるだろう- ichinen mo sureba wasureru darō
- It will be forgotten after one year.
- (transitive)
- to do; to perform an action
何 をしていますか。- Nani o shite imasu ka.
- What are you doing?
- to act as; to play a role of
私 が司 会 をする- watashi ga shikai o suru
- I am the anchorman.
- to render; to make become (used as the suppletive causative form of なる (naru))
- (to be in a specified state; to have a specified quality) to be
怖 い目 つきをする- kowai metsuki o suru
- to have an intimidating glare
- いい
子 にしなさいね- ī ko ni shinasai ne
- Be a good boy.
- to wear (accessories)
- ネクタイをする。
- Nekutai o suru.
- I wear a necktie.
- ネクタイをする。
- to decide; to choose or to make a judgment
- まあ、これでよしとしよう
- mā, kore de yoshi to shiyō
- Alright, let's go with that.
出 場 を取 りやめにする- shutsujō o toriyame ni suru
- I decided to quit the competition.
- まあ、これでよしとしよう
- (informal) to do it; to have sex
- Синоними: see Тезаурус:
性交 する
- Синоними: see Тезаурус:
- to do; to perform an action
- (auxiliary)
- "Adverb + する", forming predicates or attributives from adverbs.
- いらいら (iraira, “(adverb) irritated”) - いらいらする
気 持 ち (iraira suru kimochi, “feeling of irritation”)
- いらいら (iraira, “(adverb) irritated”) - いらいらする
- "Verbal noun + emphatic particle (e.g. は, も, こそ, さえ) + する ", emphasizing the verb.
雪 は降 りはしたが積 もらなかった- yuki wa furi wa shita ga tsumoranakatta
- It did snow, but the snow did not pile up.
- "Volitional form of verb + と + する": to be about to; to incline to
日 が沈もうとしている- hi ga shizumō to shite iru
- The sun is about to set.
- "に / と + する", to give a condition or standpoint, either real or hypothetical: if / since; assuming that / now that
- 習
作 とすれば上 々の出 来 だ- shūsaku to sureba jōjō no deki da
- It is of a considerably good quality as for a practice writing.
親 としては心 配 するのは当 然 だ- oya to shite wa shinpai suru no wa tōzen da
- It's inevitable to worry about that if you were the parent.
- どんなに
急 いだにしても間 に合 わなかっただろう- donna ni isoida ni shite mo ma ni awanakatta darō
- It would never have been done in time no matter how hard we had worked.
- 習
- (humble) "
御 /御 + verbal noun + する", a humble form of the verb.- Антоним: なる
- Синоним:
致 す 届 ける (todokeru, “to deliver”) — お届 けします (o-todoke shimasu, “to deliver”, humble)伴 (tomo, “company”) — お伴 します (o-tomo shimasu, “to accompany”, humble)案 内 する (annai suru, “to guide”) — ご案 内 します (go-annai shimasu, “to guide”, humble)
- "Adverb + する", forming predicates or attributives from adverbs.
Usage notes
- The verb する (“to do”) is seldom written in kanji (
為 る). - It is common to use する after certain nouns to indicate that the noun is being done; this is highly productive, meaning many nouns can be used as verbs in this way. Some examples are:
- Most verbal nouns are Sino-Japanese words (usually two-kanji), but some are of native (
和語 (wago)) or foreign origin (外来 語 (gairaigo)). Most verbal nouns can be separated from the ending する (suru) by inserting を (o, object particle); in addition to日本語 を勉強 する (Nihongo o benkyō suru, “to study Japanese”) you can say日本語 の勉強 をする (Nihongo no benkyō o suru, “to do the studying of Japanese”). (You cannot say *日本語 を勉強 をする (Nihongo o benkyō o suru, literally “to [do studying]verb Japanese”), despite Korean 일본어를 공부를 하다 (ilboneo-reul gongbu-reul hada). Modern Japanese cannot have multiple direct objects.) However, some verbal nouns are bound to the ending する (suru) and treated as single words in dictionaries: - Such verbs can be thought of as morphologically instead of syntactically derived. Sometimes further shape changes may take place:
- For some verbs the する (suru) optionally changes to す (su), with type 1 (godan) conjugation:
訳 する (yakusuru, “to translate”) usually appears in the shape訳 す (yakusu) and favors the forms訳 さない (yakusanai) over訳 しない (yakushinai),訳 そう (yakusō) over訳 しよう (yakushiyō), etc. - For some verbs the する (suru) is voiced as ずる (zuru), then optionally changes to じる (jiru) with type 2 (ichidan) conjugation:
感 ずる (kanzuru) →感 じる (kanjiru, “to feel”),信 ずる (shinzuru) →信 じる (shinjiru, “to believe”). When they are not changed to type 2 conjugation, they make passive and causative forms ending in -zerareru/-zesaseru: the passive form of “to believe” is信 ぜられる (shinzerareru) if not信 じられる (shinjirareru), but never *信 ざれる (shinzareru). Most of these are derived from single Sino-Japanese kanji ending in a nasal (-m, -n, -ng) in Middle Chinese, but not all kanji ending in a nasal in Middle Chinese voice the following する (suru) to ずる (zuru); compare感 ずる (kanzuru) →感 じる (kanjiru, “to feel”) with関 する (kansuru, “to concern”). Furthermore, the voicing also occurs for some kanji whose Japanese reading ends in a long sound erroneously traced back to Middle Chinese -ng:報 ずる (hōzuru) →報 じる (hōjiru, “to report”),投 ずる (tōzuru) →投 じる (tōjiru, “to throw”), as well as some native stems:重 んずる (omonzuru) →重 んじる (omonjiru, “to hold in high esteem”),甘 んずる (amanzuru) →甘 んじる (amanjiru, “to content oneself with”), etc.
- For some verbs the する (suru) optionally changes to す (su), with type 1 (godan) conjugation:
- The potential form of する (suru) is the suppletive verb できる (dekiru). Verbal nouns that are not bound to the する (suru) can form potential forms by changing the する (suru) to できる (dekiru) directly:
理解 できる (rikai dekiru, “to be able to understand”). - In headlines and enumeration of events, the ending する (suru) can be dropped, leaving the verbal noun at the end of the sentence provided that it is not bound:
午 後 2時 に到 着 。 ― Gogo niji ni tōchaku. ― Arrived at 2 PM.
- See also Category:Japanese suru verbs.
Conjugation
Conjugation of "する" (Видите Додатак:Јапански речник.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | さ・し・せ* | sa shi se* | ||
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | し | shi | ||
Shūshikei ("terminal") | する | suru | ||
Rentaikei ("attributive") | する | suru | ||
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | すれ | sure | ||
Meireikei ("imperative") | せよ¹ しろ² |
seyo¹ shiro² | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | される | sareru | ||
Causative | させる さす |
saseru sasu | ||
Potential | できる | dekiru | ||
Volitional | しよう | shiyō | ||
Negative | しない | shinai | ||
Negative continuative | せず | sezu | ||
Formal | します | shimasu | ||
Perfective | した | shita | ||
Conjunctive | して | shite | ||
Hypothetical conditional | すれば | sureba | ||
* The sa- imperfective occurs in Kansai dialect and in certain set phrases, and forms the base of the passive and causative conjugations sareru, saseru, and sasu. The se- imperfective occurs in Classical Japanese and in other set phrases, and forms the base of the negative continuative conjugation sezu. The shi- imperfective is most common in Tokyo-standard everyday modern Japanese for forming the base of the negative conjugation shinai.
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis ( |
せ | se | |
Continuative ( |
し | si | |
Terminal ( |
す | su | |
Attributive ( |
する | suru | |
Realis ( |
すれ | sure | |
Imperative ( |
せよ | seyo | |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | せず | sezu | |
Contrasting conjunction | すれど | suredo | |
Causal conjunction | すれば | sureba | |
Conditional conjunction | せば | seba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | しき | siki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | しけり | sikeri | |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | しつ | situ | |
Perfect tense (natural event) | しぬ | sinu | |
Perfect-continuative tense | せり したり |
seri sitari | |
Volitional | せむ | semu |
Synonyms
- (to do): 致す (itasu) (humble)
- (to do): やる (yaru) (colloquial)
- (to do): なす (nasu) (somewhat archaic, usage is more limited)
- (to do):
行 う (okonau, “to carry out”) - (used to make a verb): 〜る (-ru), a much less productive suffix for turning a noun into a verb
See also
- す (su)
Etymology 2
Reading for various kanji spellings.
Verb
する (suru)
Various verbs deriving from senses similar to “to slide” or “to rub”:
刷 る,摺 る: to print something (from the way the paper would be placed on the printing block and rubbed)- 掏る: to pick someone's pocket (possibly from the way a pickpocket must slide along unnoticed;[5] compare English slick)
擦 る,摩 る,磨 る,擂 る: to slide, to rub, to chafe, to strike (as in a match, by rubbing); to lose or waste money剃 る: irregular reading for剃 る (soru, “to shave”)
References
- ↑ “
為 ”, in日本 国語 大 辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Јапански), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN - ↑ 2,0 2,1 2006,
大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN 4-385-13905-9 - ↑ Uwano, Zendo (2002-10-31), “ja:
見島 方言 の用言 のアクセント調査 報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in環太平洋 の「消滅 に瀕 した言語 」にかんする緊急 調査 研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim][2], ISSN 1346-082X, archived from the original on 25 September 2022, retrieved 25 September 2022 - ↑ 1998, NHK
日本語 発音 アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3 - ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988)
国語 大 辞典 (新装 版 ) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Јапански), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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