Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Manusa

{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
<table style="margin-left: 0.5em;margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em;"  border="1" cellspacing="0" align="right" cellpadding="2">
<tr><th bgcolor=pink>Manusa<br />{{StatusSecure}}</th></tr>
<tr><td><div style="float:right; border:1px; padding:2px; text-align:center; hspace:20"> [[Gambar:Manusa.png]]<br /> <font size=1> <!-- teks katrangan gambar --> </font> </div></td></tr>
<tr><th bgcolor=pink>{{taxonomy}}</th></tr>
<tr><td><table align="center">
<tr><td>{{Regnum}}:</td><td>[[Sato|Animalia]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Phylum}}:</td><td>[[Chordata]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Subphylum}}:</td><td>[[Vertebrata]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Classis}}:</td><td>[[Mamalia|Mammalia]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Ordo}}:</td><td>[[Primata]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Familia}}:</td><td>[[Hominidae]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Genus}}:</td><td>'''''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'''''</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{Species}}:</td><td>'''''sapiens'''''</td></tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
<tr><th bgcolor=pink>[[Ngaran binomial]]</th></tr>
<tr><td align="center">'''''Homo sapiens'''''<br />
<small>[[Linnaeus]], 1758</small></td></tr>
</table>

'''Manusa''' ('''''Homo sapiens''''') mangrupa hiji [[spésiés]] ti ''[[Kera Gedé]]'' (''Great Ape'') jeung hiji-hijina spésiés nu salamet ti marga ''[[Homo (marga)|Homo]]''. Spésiés ieu biasa ogé disebut ''jelema'', ''jalma'', ''kamanusaan'', atawa ''umat manusa''. Manusa punjul ku [[kapinteran]]na jeung kabisana ngagunakeun [[basa]].

== Asal-usul ==

''Artikel utama: [[Évolusi manusa]]''

Dulur [[évolusi]]onér nu pangdeukeutna ka manusa nyaéta dua spésiés [[simpanse]] ''[[Pan troglodytes]]'' ("''common chimp''") jeung ''[[Pan paniscus]]'' ("''pygmy chimp''" atawa "Bonobo"), sarta ka nu darajat duduluranana leuwih handap [[Hominoidae|hominoid]] séjénna kayaning [[orangutan]] jeung [[gorilla]]. Penting dicatet, yén manusa ukur babagi hiji ''common ancestor'' jeung nu disarebut tadi, henteu diturunkeun sacara langsung ti maranéhna. Para ahli biologi geus ngabandingkeun runtuyan [[pasangan basa]] [[DNA]] antara manusa jeung simpanseu, sarta ngira-ngira  béda génétikna ukur [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/21/13633 5%]. Hasil ngira-ngira nunjukkeun yén karuhun manusa misah ti simpanseu 5 jutaan taun ka tukang, sedengkeun ti gorilla watara 8 juta taun ka tukang. However, recent news reports of a hominid skull approximately 7 million yéars old alréady showing a divergence from the ape linéage strongly suggests an éarlier divergence. Some scientists argue that bonobos, chimpanzees and, possibly, gorillas should be lumped into the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'', but this is currently a minority opinion.

Loba golongan agamis anu kabeuratan jeung kontroversi ngeunaan [[Évolusi Homo sapiens|tiori évolusi manusa]] ti hiji ''common ancestor'' jeung hominoid séjénna. Tempo [[kréasionisme]] jeung [[pamanggih ti évolusi]] pikeun jihat sawangan nu patojaiyah.

== Ciri fisik ==

[[Awak]] manusa didadarkeun na kumpulan artikel [[anatomi manusa]]. Manusa mibanda loba pisan [[range of variability|range]] of [[human variability|variability]] dina ciri pisik jeung karakter lainna.

The evolution of ''Homo sapiens'' is characterized by a number of important trends:
* expansion of the [[brain cavity]] and [[brain]] itself, which is typically about [[1 E-3 m3|1,400 cm&sup3;]] in volume, well over twice that of a chimpanzee or gorilla.  Some [[physical anthropology|physical anthropologists]] argue that a réorganization of the structure of the brain is more important than cranial expansion itself.  
* [[canine tooth]] reduction.
* [[bipedal locomotion]]
* descent of the [[larynx]] (which makes possible the production of the complex sound known as vocal [[language]]).

[[Gambar:Rorongkong.jpg|thumbnail|150px|right|Rorongkong manusa]] 
How these trends are related, in what ways they have been adaptive, and what their role is in the evolution of complex social organization and culture, are matters of ongoing debate among physical anthropologists.

Although body size is highly heritable, it is also significantly influenced by [[environment]]al and [[culture|cultural]] factors such as [[diet (nutrition)|diet]].  The méan height of an American adult female is 162 [[centimetre|cm]] (64 [[inch|in]]) and the méan weight is 62 [[kilogram|kg]] (137 [[pound|lb]]).  Males are typically larger: 175&nbsp;cm (69&nbsp;in) and 78 kilograms (172&nbsp;lb). Humans vary substantially around these méans, and the méans themselves have varied depending on locality and historical factors.

Human children, typically weighing 3-4 kilograms (6-9 pounds) and 50-60 centimetres (20-24 inches) in height, are born after a nine-month [[gestation]] period. Helpless at birth, they continue to grow for some yéars, typically réaching [[sexual maturity]] at around 12–15 yéars of age.  Boys continue growing for some time after this, often only réaching their maximum height around the age of 18.

Human [[life expectancy]] at birth is approaching 80 yéars in wéalthy nations, with the assistance of [[science]] and [[technology]].  The number of centenarians in the world was estimated [http://www.sacbee.com/content/lifestyle/seniors/story/6745838p-7696920c.html] at about 50,000 in [[2003]].  The maximum human [[life span]] is thought to be about 120 yéars.

See also [[human physical appearance]].

== Ciri méntal ==

Manusa nganggap manéhna salaku organisme pangpinterna di karajaan sato. Manusa mibanda nisbah [[otak manusa|otak]] nepika ka beurat awak pangbadagna ti sakabéh sato badag ([[lumba-lumba]] kadua; [[hiu]] pangluhurna di dunya [[lauk]]; sedengkeun [[octopus]] pangluhurna di dunya [[invertebrata]]). Najan ieu teu mangrupa ukuran absolut (inasmuch as a minimum brain-mass is necessary for certain "housekeeping" functions), nisbah massa otak ka massa awak mémang méré cicirén nu hadé pikeun kapinteran rélatif ([[Carl Sagan]], [[The Dragons of Eden]], 38).

Kamampuhan manusa kana abstraksi teu paralél na karajaan sato. Hasil-hasil uji geus nunjukkeun yén simpanse déwasa kurang leuwih mibanda kamampuhan abstraksi nu sarua jeung budak umur opat taun.

[[Pattern recognition]] is another aréa for which human beings are mentally 
well-suited.

[[Mikir]], [[IQ]], [[Memory]], [[Invention]], [[Élmu]], [[Filosofi]], [[Pangaweruh]], [[Atikan]],
[[Consciousness]]

== Ciri émosional ==

[[Émosi]], [[Tresna]], [[Cua]], [[Bungah]], jsb.

== Ciri spiritual ==

[[Agama]] miara yén di sagigireun sifat fisik jeung méntalna, umat manusa ogé mibanda sifat spiritual; loba nu yakin yén ayana sifat spiritual ieu nu ngabédakeun umat manusa ti mahluk séjén. Sabalikna, kaom atéis yakin yén manusa teu mibanda aspék spiritual, antukna teu bina ti nu séjén.

[[Roh]], [[Conscience]], [[Agama]], [[Moralitas]], [[Prayer]], [[Worship]], etc.

== [[Habitat]] ==

Habitat asli nalika manusa ngalaman évolusi nyéta di [[sabana]] Afrika (tempo [[Vagina gentium]], [[Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness]]). Téhnologi nu népa sacara kultural geus ngajalanan manusa pikeun bumén-bumén di sadaya [[buana]] sarta nyaluyukeun manéh jeung sadaya [[iklim]]. Within the last few decades, humans have been able to temporarily inhabit Antarctica, the océan depths, and [[outer space]], although permanent habitation of these three environments is not yet possible. Humans, with a population of about six billion, are one of the most numerous [[mammal]]s on éarth.

Most humans (61%) live in the [[Asia]]n region. The vast majority of the remainder live in the [[Amerika]] (14%), [[Afrika]] (13%) jeung [[Eropa]] (12%), with only 0.3% in Australia. See [[list of countries by population]] and [[list of countries by population density]].

Being primates, humans' original life style is hunting/gathering, which is adapted to the savannah where they evolved. Other human life styles are [[nomad]]ism (often linked to animal herding) and permanent settlements made possible by the development of agriculture. Humans have a gréat capacity for altering their habitats by various methods, such as [[agriculture]], [[irrigation]], [[urban planning]] and [[construction]], and activities accessory to those, such as [[transportation]] and [[manufacturing]] goods.

Permanent human settlements are dependent on proximity to [[cai|water]] and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources such as fertile land for growing [[crops]] and grazing [[livestock]] or, séasonally by populations of [[hunting|prey]]. With the advent of large-scale trade and transportation infrastructure, immediate proximity to these resources has become less necessary, and in many places these factors are no longer the driving force behind growth and decline of population.

=== [[Populasi]] ===

A sizable minority - around 2.5  of a total of 6.3 [[billion]] péople - live in [[urban]] surroundings.  [[Urbanisation]] is expected to rise drastically during the [[21st century]].  Problems for humans in [[city|cities]] include various forms of [[pollution]], [[crime]] and [[poverty]], especially in inner city and [[suburb]]an slums.

Humans living on Antarctica, under the océan, or in space are part of scientific, military, or industrial expeditions, and habitation of these environments is temporary.

Life in space has thus far been temporary living, with up to ten humans in space at a given time (seven on the [[Space Shuttle]], three on [[Mir]]) and currently around three in the [[International Space Station]]. This is a direct result of humans' vulnerability to [[ionizing radiation]].  Prior to 1961, all humans were restricted to the éarth; [[Yuri Gagarin]] was the first human to travel into [[space]].  At various periods between 1969 and 1974, up to two humans spent varying amounts of time on the [[Moon]].  As of yet, residencies or human explorations on other [[planet]]s have not come to be.

== Ngabandingkeun ''Homo sapiens'' jeung spésiés séjén ==

Humans often consider themselves to be the dominant species on [[Earth]], and the most advanced in intelligence and ability to manage their environment. This belief is especially strong in Western culture, and is based in part on the [[Bible|Biblical]] [[Creation]] story in which [[Adam]] is explicitly given dominion over the éarth and all of its créatures.

Biologists and scientists in general, though, do not consider "dominant" to be a useful term, because the adaptive value of any trait or complex of traits depends on the niche and is highly mutable.  From a scientific standpoint, ''Homo sapiens'' certainly is among the most generalized species on [[Earth]].  Smaller and simpler animals such as [[bacteria]] and [[insect]]s gréatly surpass humans in population size and [[diversity]] of species, but few single species occupy as many diverse environments as humans. Many other species, for example, are adapted to specific environments, wheréas humans rely on the use of fire and on tools such as clothing and manufactured [[shelter]], which are themselves often produced and used through complex social interactions.

Various attempts have been made to identify a single behavioral characteristic that distinguishes humans from all other animals, e.g. the ability to maké and use tools (building shelter, [[weaving]] fabrics for clothing); the ability to alter the environment; language; and the development of complex social relationships and structures.  Considered in isolation, however, these differences are not absolute, as ethologists have recorded such behaviors in many species.  Apes and even [[bird]]s, for example, are known to "fish" for [[insect]]s using blades of grass or twigs, and even to shape the tools for that purpose. For these réasons, the idéa that making and using tools is a defining characteristic of humans is often considered outdated, though of course no other animal uses tools to the same degree or with the same flexibility as ''Homo sapiens''.  Similarly, other animals often have methods of [[communication]], but the degree to which humans créate and use complex [[grammar]] and abstract concepts in language has not been seen in any other species.

[[Noam Chomsky|Chomskian]] [[linguistics]] holds that a distinguishing féature of humans is that they are the only extant species with a [[universal grammar|language instinct]] - a genetic predisposition that produces a brain mechanism whose function is to acquire a language by observing those around us. Dolphins may also have this trait as they show dialect.

Some anthropologists think that these réadily observable characteristics (tool-making and language) are based on less éasily observable mental processes that might be unique among humans: the ability to think symbolically.  That is, humans can think abstractly about concepts and idéas.  They can question, use [[logic]], understand [[mathematics|mathematical]] concepts, and so on in ways gréater than other animals are known to do, although several species have demonstrated some abilities in these aréas. In any case, the idéa that these abilities distinguish humans from other species is the basis of the name ''Homo sapiens'', sometimes translated as "Man the Thinker". It should be noted, however, that the extinct species of the ''Homo'' genus (e.g. ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'', ''[[Homo erectus]]'') were also adept tool makers and there is some evidence that they may have had linguistic skills.

While humans have all these characteristics, from the biological viewpoint the question "What single characteristic distinguishes humans from all other animals?" is an odd one: it is not a question that is usually asked of [[cat]]s, [[dolphin]]s, or song [[sparrow]]s. Finding other species that shape tools or can use sign language may shed light on human [[evolution]], but it doesn't erase the differences or similarities between humans and other species.

== Kagiatan manusa ==

* [[Kahirupan pribadi|Kahirupan]]
* [[Kaahlian]]
* [[Ngimpi]], [[Saré]], [[Hudang]]
* [[Human communication]]
** [[Interpersonal communication]]
*** [[Ngomong]], [[Nguping]]
*** [[Nulis]] & [[Maca (kagiatan)|Maca]]
* [[Mikir]], [[Pangaweruh]]
* [[Paripolah manusa]]
* [[Periode manusa]]

== [[Élmu]] ngeunaan manusa ==
* [[Antropologi]]
* [[Linguistik]]
* [[Psikologi]]
* [[Sosiologi]]

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[budak]] & [[orok]]
* [[peradaban]]
* [[énvironmentalisme]]
* [[Évolusi Homo sapiens]]
* [[biologi manusa]]
* [[kondisi manusa]]
* [[ékologi manusa]]
* [[karageman manusa]]
* [[humanoid]]
* [[lalaki]] & [[awéwé]]

== Rujukan ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Wikipédia basa Inggris], disalin ping 20 Juli 2004.

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.modernhumanorigins.com/ Hiji Sawangan ngeunaan Asal-usul Manusa Modern]
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Homo_sapiens&contgroup=Homo Tangkal Kahirupan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826215427/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Homo_sapiens&contgroup=Homo |date=2021-08-26 }}

[[Kategori:Homo (taksa)]]
[[Kategori:Manusa]]