Tingnan ang wikitext ng Europa (buwan)

{{About|buwan ng Hupiter|kontinente|Europa}}

{{Infobox planet
| pangalan = Europa
| iba pang pangalan = Jupiter {{rn|II}}
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|j|ʊ|ˈ|r|oʊ|p|ə}}<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Europa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182116/https://www.lexico.com/definition/europa |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=Europa |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}<br>{{MW|Europa}}</ref>
| adjectives = Europano {{IPAc-en|j|ʊ|ˈ|r|oʊ|p|ə|n}}<ref>G.G. Schaber (1982) "Geology of Europa", in David Morrison, ed., ''Satellites of Jupiter'', vol. 3, International Astronomical Union, p 556 ff.</ref><ref name="Greenberg 2005">Greenberg (2005) ''Europa: the ocean moon''</ref>
| named_after = [[Europa (mythology)|Ευρώπη]] ''Eurōpē''
| image = Europa in natural color.png
| image_size = 275
| caption = Larawan ng Europa na nagpapakita ng tunay na kulay nito na sa pangkalahatan ay puti. Nasipat noong 29 Setyembre 2022 ng sasakyang pangkalawakan na ''[[Juno (sasakyang pangkalawakan)|Juno]]''.
| discoverer = [[Galileo Galilei]]<br />[[Simon Marius]]
| discovered = 8 Enero 1610<ref name="IAUMoonDiscoveries"/>
| orbit_ref = <ref name="horizons">{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi|title=JPL HORIZONS solar system data and ephemeris computation service|work=Solar System Dynamics|publisher=[[NASA]], Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=10 August 2007|archive-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007034731/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi|url-status=live}}</ref>
| epoch = 8 Enero 2004
| mean_orbit_radius = {{val|670900|u=km}}<ref name="factsheet">{{cite web|title=Overview of Europa Facts|work=NASA|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Europa|access-date=27 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326221921/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Europa|archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref>
| eccentricity = 0.009<ref name="factsheet"/>
| periapsis = {{val|664862|u=km}}<ref group=lower-alpha>Ang Periapsis ay hinalaw mula sa semimajor axis (''a'') at eccentricity (''e''): ''a''(1&nbsp;−&nbsp;''e'').</ref>
| apoapsis = {{val|676938|u=km}}<ref group=lower-alpha>Ang Apoapsis ay hinalaw mula semimajor axis (''a'') and eccentricity (''e''): ''a''(1&nbsp;+&nbsp;''e'').</ref>
| period = {{val|3.551181|u=d}}<ref name="factsheet"/>
| avg_speed = {{val| 13743.36|u=m/s}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/by-the-numbers|title=By the Numbers &#124; Europa|website=NASA Solar System Exploration|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506170939/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/by-the-numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| inclination = 0.470° (relatibo sa ekwador ng Hupiter)<br />1.791° (relatibo sa patag ng ekliptik)<ref name="factsheet"/>
| Buwan ng = [[Hupiter]]
| pangkar = [[Galilean moon]]
| mean_radius = {{val|1560.8|.5|u=km}} (0.245 na mga [[Daigdig]])<ref name="jplfact"/>
| surface_area = {{val|3.09|e=7|u=km2}} (0.061 na mga Daigdig)<ref group=lower-alpha>Ang Surface area ay hinalaw mula sa radius (''r''): 4{{pi}}''r''<sup> 2</sup>.</ref>
| volume = {{val|1.593|e=10|u=km3}} (0.015 na mga Daigdig)<ref group=lower-alpha>Ang volume ay hinalaw mula sa radius (''r''): <sup>4</sup>/<sub>3</sub>{{pi}}''r''<sup> 3</sup>.</ref>
| mass = {{val|4.799844|.000013|e=22|u=kg}} (0.008 na mga Daigdig)<ref name="jplfact"/>
| density = {{val|3.013|.005|u=g/cm3}} (0.546 na mga Daigdig)<ref name="jplfact"/>
| surface_grav = {{val|1.314|ul=m/s2}} (0.134 g)<ref group=lower-alpha>Ang Surface gravity ay hinalaw mula sa masa (''m''), ang [[gravitational constant]] (''G'') at radius (''r''): G''m''/''r''<sup>2</sup>.</ref>
| moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val|0.346|0.005}}<ref name="Showman1999">{{cite journal|last1= Showman|first1=A. P.|last2= Malhotra|first2= R.|s2cid=9492520|title=The Galilean Satellites|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1999-10-01_286_5437/page/77|journal= Science|volume= 286|issue= 5437|date= 1 October 1999|pages =77–84|doi= 10.1126/science.286.5437.77|pmid=10506564}}</ref> (estimate)
| escape_velocity = {{val|2.025|u=km/s}}<ref group=lower-alpha>Ang escape velocity ay hinalaw mula sa masa (''m''), [[gravitational constant]] (''G'') at radius (''r''): <math>\textstyle\sqrt{2Gm/r}</math>.</ref>
| pag-inog = [[synchronous na pag-inog|Synchronous]]
| axial_tilt = 0.1°<ref name="Bills2005">{{cite journal|last=Bills|first=Bruce G.|title=Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter|date=2005|volume=175|issue=1|pages=233–247|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.028|bibcode=2005Icar..175..233B|journal=Icarus|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259023|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727063125/https://zenodo.org/record/1259023|url-status=live}}</ref>
| albedo = 0.67&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.03<ref name="jplfact">{{cite web|last=Yeomans|first=Donald K.|date=13 July 2006|title=Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters|publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par|access-date=5 November 2007|archive-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814111752/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par|url-status=live}}</ref>
| magnitude = 5.29 ([[Oposisyon (astronomiya at astrolohiya)|oposisyon]])<ref name="jplfact"/>
| temp_name1 = Ibabaw
| min_temp_1 = ≈&thinsp;50 [[kelvin|K]]
| mean_temp_1 = 102&nbsp;K (−171&nbsp;°C)
| max_temp_1 = 125&nbsp;K
| atmospera = oo
| surface_pressure = 0.1 [[Pascal (unit)|µPa]] (10<sup>−12</sup> [[bar (unit)|bar]])<ref>{{cite book|last=McGrath|editor1=Pappalardo, Robert T.|editor2=McKinnon, William B.|editor3=Khurana, Krishan K.|title=Europa|date=2009|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2844-8|chapter=Atmosphere of Europa }}</ref>
}}

Ang '''Europa''' '''{{IPAc-en|j|ʊ|ˈ|r|oʊ|p|ə}}''', o '''Jupiter II''', ay ang pinakamaliit sa apat na buwang Galilean na umiinog sa planetang [[Hupiter (planeta)|Hupiter]]. Ito rin ang ikaanim sa pinakamalaking buwan sa [[Sistemang Solar]]. Magkahiwalay at independiyenteng natuklas ito nina Simon Marius at [[Galileo Galilei]]<ref name="IAUMoonDiscoveries">{{Cite web |last=Blue |first=Jennifer |date=9 November 2009 |title=Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825153846/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html |archive-date=25 August 2009 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=USGS}}</ref> at ipinangalan ni Marius kay Europa, isang tauhan mula sa mitong Griyego.

Pangunahing binubuo ang Europa ng batong silica at [[yelo]]<ref name="NYT-20150315">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=12 March 2015 |title=Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509080640/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html |archive-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> at maaaring yari sa [[bakal]] at [[nikel]] ang [[Kaibuturan ng isang planeta|kaibuturan]] nito. Mayroon lamang itong manipis na [[atmospera]] na pangunahing binubuo ng [[oksihino]]. Ang puti-mapusyaw na kayumangging kulay nito ay may mga gasgas, biyak, at serye ng malapulbos na mga linya subalit napakakaunti ng mga naiwang butas na ibinunga ng mga sumalpok na [[bulalakaw]]. Bukod pa sa mga obserbasyong sinasagawa ng mga teleskopyo sa daigdig, nasiyasat na ang Europa ng ilang mga sasakyang pangkalawakan mula pa noong dekada sitenta. 

Ang Europa ay ang may pinakamakinis na anyo sa anumang solidong selestyal na bagay sa sistemang solar. Ang makinis at batang kutis nito ay nagbibigay kredensiya sa [[ipotesis]] na maaaring may [[dagat]] na nakakubli sa ilalim ng buwang ito na maaaring maglaman ng [[extraterrestrial na buhay]]<ref name="Tritt2002">{{cite web |last=Tritt |first=Charles S. |date=2002 |title=Possibility of Life on Europa |url=http://people.msoe.edu/~tritt/sf/europa.life.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609150109/http://people.msoe.edu/~tritt/sf/europa.life.html |archive-date=9 June 2007 |access-date=10 August 2007 |publisher=Milwaukee School of Engineering}}</ref>. Ang init na nagpapanatiling likido sa karagatang ito ay maaaring mula sa penomenong tidal flexing o dahan-dahang pagkakayupi ng buwan bunga ng mga pwersang [[balani]] na dinaranas nito mula sa hila ng Hupiter at kanugnog nitong mga buwan<ref name="geology" /><ref name="NASA-20140908" />. Tinutulak din ng naturang mga pwersa ang paggalaw ng biyak-biyak na niyebe sa ibabaw ng Europa katulad ng nangyayari sa penomenong [[tektonika ng plaka]] sa daigdig, kung kaya nagkakaroon ng paggalaw ng mga kimikal mula sa ibabaw nito patungo sa karagatan sa ilalim nito at vice versa.<ref name="geology">{{cite web |title=Tidal Heating |url=http://geology.asu.edu/~glg_intro/planetary/p8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329000051/http://geology.asu.edu/~glg_intro/planetary/p8.htm |archive-date=29 March 2006 |work=geology.asu.edu}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20140908">{{cite web |last1=Dyches |first1=Preston |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Buckley |first3=Michael |date=8 September 2014 |title=Scientists Find Evidence of 'Diving' Tectonic Plates on Europa |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-300 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404030841/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-300 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=8 September 2014 |work=[[NASA]]}}</ref> 

== Pagkakatuklas at pagpapangalan ==

Nadiskubre ni Galileo Galilei ang Europa noong 8 Enero 1610, kasabay ng tatlong iba pang mga malalaking buwan ng Hupiter ([[Io (buwan)|Io]], [[Ganymede (buwan)|Ganymede]], at [[Callisto (buwan)|Callisto]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reyes |first=Marvin |date=2018-09-30 |title=Konsepto ng Covering at Ilang mga Awitin noong 2008-2009 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.57106/scientia.v7i2.95 |journal=Scientia - The International Journal on the Liberal Arts |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.57106/scientia.v7i2.95 |issn=2546-194X}}</ref> bagaman maaaring hiwalay at independyente ring natuklasan ito ng astronomong si Simon Marius.

Katukayo ng buwan si [[Europa (mitolohiya)|Europa]], ang anak ng hari ng Tiro sa mitolohiyang Griyego. Tulad ng iba pang mga buwang Galilean, ipinangalan ang buwan na ito sa mga naging kasiping ni [[Zeus]], ang pinunong diyos sa mitong Griyego. Ipinanukala ni Simon Marius ang naturang pangalan bagaman anya, si [[Johannes Kepler]] ang unang nagmungkahi nito<ref>{{Cite web |title=Screenshot of Itunes Library - Archived Platform Itunes 2010 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11435021.cmp.6 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=dx.doi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raymond |first=M. |date=1982-01-01 |title=Solar-energy-system performance evaluation:  Honeywell Salt River Project, Phoenix, Arizona, September, October, December 1981 -January, February, July, August 1982 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6028904}}</ref>

== Inog at pag-ikot ==
[[Talaksan:Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif|right|thumb| Animasyon ng pag-inog ng Io, Europa at Ganymede na nagpapakita ng penomenong [[Laplace resonance]]]]

Umiikot ang Europa sa Hupiter sa loob ng tatlo at kalahating araw sa layong 670,900 kilometro. Ang orbital eccentricity nito ay 0.009 lamang kung kaya ang hugis ng dinaraanang ikot nito ay halos pabilog, samantalang maliit lang ang anggulo ng orbital inclination ng patag na binubuo ng ikot nito kumpara sa patag-equatorial ng Hupiter na 0.470°<ref name="datasheet">{{Cite web |title=Europa, a Continuing Story of Discovery |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/europa/#overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970105180851/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/europa/ |archive-date=5 January 1997 |access-date=9 August 2007 |website=Project Galileo |publisher=NASA, [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref> 

Tulad ng mga kapwa nito buwang Galilean, ang isang bahagi ng Europa ay palaging nakaharap sa parehong lugar sa Hupiter kapag ito ay umiinog (ang penomenong ito ay tinatawag na [[tidal locking]].

== Mga katangiang pisikal ==
[[Talaksan:Europa,_Earth_&_Moon_size_comparison.jpg|thumb| Paghahambing ng laki ng Europa (''kaliwa sa ibaba'') kumpara sa Buwan (''kaliwa sa itaas'' ) at Daigdig (''kanan'')]]
Ang Europa ay bahagyang mas maliit kaysa sa [[Buwan (astronomiya)|Buwan]]. Sa mahigit lang na 3,100 kilometrong [[Diyametro|diameter]], ito ang [[Talaan ng mga Buwan sa Sistemang Pang-araw|ikaanim na pinakamalaking buwan]] at [[Talaan ng mga bagay sa Sistemang Pang-araw batay sa laki|ikalabinlimang pinakamalaking bagay]] sa [[Sistemang Solar]]. Batay sa kabuuang densidad nito, maaaring binubuo ang buwan pangunahin ng silicate na mga [[Bato (heolohiya)|bato]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kargel |first=Jeffrey S. |last2=Kaye |first2=Jonathan Z. |last3=Head |first3=James W. |last4=Marion |first4=Giles M. |last5=Sassen |first5=Roger |last6=Crowley |first6=James K. |last7=Ballesteros |first7=Olga Prieto |last8=Grant |first8=Steven A. |last9=Hogenboom |first9=David L. |date=November 2000 |title=Europa's Crust and Ocean: Origin, Composition, and the Prospects for Life |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229838 |url-status=live |journal=Icarus |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=226–265 |bibcode=2000Icar..148..226K |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6471 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731043909/https://zenodo.org/record/1229838 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Panloob na istraktura ===
[[Talaksan:Europa_USGS_map.jpg|thumb|443x443px| Mapa ng Europa na ginawa ng Heolohikal na Kilatisan ng Estados Unidos]]
Tinataya na ang balat ng Europa ay binubuo ng 100 km na kapal na [[Yelo|yelong tubig]] na nakaibabaw sa salansan ng likidong karagatan. Batay sa datos ng [[Galileo (behikulong pangkalawakan)|''Galileo'']], may induced magnetic field ang buwan mula sa interaksyon nito sa magnetic field ng Hupiter na indirektang patunay ng presenya ng isang nakakubling karagatang nakapagdadala ng [[dagitab]]<ref name="Phillips 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Cynthia B. |author-link=Cynthia B. Phillips |last2=Pappalardo |first2=Robert T. |date=20 May 2014 |title=Europa Clipper Mission Concept |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=95 |issue=20 |pages=165–167 |bibcode=2014EOSTr..95..165P |doi=10.1002/2014EO200002}}</ref>, kung kaya maaari ring tubig-alat ang karagatang ito. Ang Europa ay malamang na naglalaman ng isang [[bakal]] na [[Kaibuturan ng isang planeta|kaibuturan]]. <ref name="Kivelson">{{Cite journal |last=Kivelson |first=Margaret G. |last2=Khurana, Krishan K. |last3=Russell, Christopher T. |last4=Volwerk, Martin |last5=Walker, Raymond J. |last6=Zimmer, Christophe |date=2000 |title=Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=289 |issue=5483 |pages=1340–1343 |bibcode=2000Sci...289.1340K |doi=10.1126/science.289.5483.1340 |pmid=10958778}}</ref> <ref name="Bhatia2017">{{Cite journal |last=Bhatia |first=G.K. |last2=Sahijpal |first2=S. |year=2017 |title=Thermal evolution of trans-Neptunian objects, icy satellites, and minor icy planets in the early solar system |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=52 |issue=12 |pages=2470–2490 |bibcode=2017M&PS...52.2470B |doi=10.1111/maps.12952}}</ref>


== Paggalugad ==
Ang paggalugad sa Europa ay nagsimula nang dumaan sa Hupiter ang mga sasakyang pangkalawakan na [[Pioneer 10]] at [[Pioneer 11]] noong 1973 at 1974. Sa pagdaan ng [[Voyager 1]] at [[Voyager 2]] sa naturang planeta noong 1979, nakasipat ng mas detalyadong larawan ng buwang ito. Noon namang 1995 hanggang 2003, nadaanan ng sasakyang pangkalawakan na [[Galileo (sasakyang pangkalawakan)|Galileo]] ang buwan na ito sa panahong umikot ito sa planetang Hupiter; ang mga pinakamalinaw na larawan ng Europa sa petsa ng pagkakasulat ng artikulong ito ay mula sa naturang behikulo. Noon namang 2007, nasipatan ng [[New Horizons (sasakyang pangkalawakan)|New Horizons]] ang Europa nang dumaan ito sa Hupiter sa paglalakbay nito patungo sa [[Pluto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=PIA09246: Europa |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09246 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211111/http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09246 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=9 March 2016 |website=NASA photojournal}}</ref> Noong 2022, linapitan ng sasakyang pangkalawakan na [[Juno (sasakyang pangkalawakan)|Juno]] ang buwang ito sa layong 352 km.<ref name="NYT-20220930">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=30 September 2022 |title=New Europa Pictures Beamed Home by NASA's Juno Spacecraft - The space probe has been studying Jupiter since 2016 and just flew within about 200 miles of the surface of the ice-covered ocean moon. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/30/science/europa-nasa-juno-photos.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930091805/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/30/science/europa-nasa-juno-photos.html |archive-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> <ref name="nasa-20220929">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=NASA's Juno Shares First Image From Flyby of Jupiter's Moon Europa |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-shares-first-image-from-flyby-of-jupiter-s-moon-europa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001003306/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-shares-first-image-from-flyby-of-jupiter-s-moon-europa/ |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[NASA]]}}</ref>

=== Mga misyong paggalugad sa hinaharap ===
Ang mga hinuha tungkol sa maaaring pag-iral ng extraterrestrial na buhay sa buwang ito ay nagtulak sa mga siyentista na isulong ang pagpondo ng misyong pupunta sa buwang ito nang masuri nang mas malapitan at matagalan.<ref name="Europabudget">{{Cite web |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 February 2006 |title=Europa Mission: Lost In NASA Budget |url=http://www.space.com/news/060207_europa_budget.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224030016/http://www.space.com/news/060207_europa_budget.html |archive-date=24 December 2010 |access-date=25 February 2007 |publisher=Space.com}}</ref> <ref name="PlanetarySocEuropa">{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Louis |date=14 December 2005 |title=Projects: Europa Mission Campaign; Campaign Update: 2007 Budget Proposal |url=http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/explore_europa/update_12142005.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002508/http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/explore_europa/update_12142005.html |archive-date=11 August 2011 |publisher=The Planetary Society}}</ref> Malaki ang hamong hinaharap ng anumang misyong pupunta sa Europa sapagkat mataas ang antas ng [[radiyasyon]] sa ibabaw ng buwang ito bunga ng pwesto nito malapit sa Hupiter.<ref name="PlanetarySocEuropa" /> Sa kasalukuyan, nakatakdang ipadala ang sasakyang pangkalawakan na [[Europa Clipper]] sa buwang ito sa taong 2024.

== Kakayanan nitong maging kanlungan ng buhay ==
Sa ngayon, walang katibayan na may buhay sa Europa, ngunit mataas ang potensyal nito bilang tirahan. <ref name="ChemDisequilib">{{Cite journal |last=Hand, Kevin P. |last2=Carlson, Robert W. |last3=Chyba, Christopher F. |date=December 2007 |title=Energy, Chemical Disequilibrium, and Geological Constraints on Europa |journal=Astrobiology |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1006–1022 |bibcode=2007AsBio...7.1006H |citeseerx=10.1.1.606.9956 |doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0156 |pmid=18163875}}</ref> <ref name="Schulze-Makuch2001">{{Cite journal |last=Schulze‐Makuch |first=Dirk |last2=Irwin |first2=Louis N. |date=2001 |title=Alternative energy sources could support life on Europa |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=82 |issue=13 |pages=150 |bibcode=2001EOSTr..82..150S |doi=10.1029/EO082i013p00150 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ang buhay ay maaaring umiral sa ilalim ng yelong karagatan nito, marahil sa isang kapaligirang katulad sa mga hydrothermal vent sa ilalim ng karagatan sa daigdig.<ref name="EuropaLife">{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=David L. |date=20 October 2002 |title=Thin ice opens lead for life on Europa |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514182430/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2929 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |access-date=27 August 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> <ref name="Jones2001">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Nicola |date=11 December 2001 |title=Bacterial explanation for Europa's rosy glow |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1647-bacterial-explanation-for-europas-rosy-glow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227111850/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1647 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=26 September 2016 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> 

Noong 2015, inanunsyo ng ilang siyentista na may asin sa ibabaw ng Europa na maaaring nanggaling sa nakakubling karagatan nito sa ilalim.<ref name="NASA-20150512">{{Cite web |last=Dyches |first=Preston |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |date=12 May 2015 |title=NASA Research Reveals Europa's Mystery Dark Material Could Be Sea Salt |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4586 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515013057/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4586 |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=12 May 2015 |website=[[NASA]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=9 June 2015 |title=NASA Aiming for Multiple Missions to Jupiter Moon Europa |work=Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/29604-nasa-jupiter-moon-europa-surface-mission.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611133540/http://www.space.com/29604-nasa-jupiter-moon-europa-surface-mission.html |archive-date=11 June 2015}}</ref> Maaaring indikasyon ito ng presensya ng likidong tubig na nakikipagreaksyon sa mabatong [[mantel]] ng Europa at pinapanukalang magpadala rin ng robot doon upang siyasatin ang karagatang ito.

==Mga tala==

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Sanggunian==

{{Reflist}}

[[Kategorya:Astronomiya]]