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Celeriac (Apium graveolens variety rapaceum), also called celery root, or turnip-rooted celery, has a large edible root used as a raw or cooked vegetable. ...

...region. The Andalusian hemipode, 15 cm (6 in.) long, has streaked, reddish-gray upperparts and pale underparts with an orange breast patch and black-spotted sides. The sexes look much alike. In the barred, or common, button quail (T. suscitator) of India and eastward, females are black-throated in breeding season. The northernmost species, ranging from India to Manchuria, is T.......

The most widely distributed species is the striped button quail, or Andalusian hemipode (Turnix sylvatica). It occurs in southern Spain, Africa, and southeastern Asia to the Philippines. The red-backed button quail (T. maculosa) is its counterpart in the Australo-Papuan region. The Andalusian hemipode, 15 cm (6 in.) long, has streaked, reddish-gray upperparts and pale underparts......

The Canovite system was artificial in that it required the contrived rotation in office (turno pacífico) of a Liberal and a Conservative party; this in turn demanded governmental control of elections, which were run by caciques, or local political bosses, who controlled votes in their districts and delivered......

...that wipes out the preceding image while introducing the next), irising (gradually reducing the old image from the edges to a pinpoint size and then expanding the new one in the reverse way), or a turnover (in which the entire screen seems to turn over, with the new image seeming to appear on what was the reverse side)....

an individual pie, formed by folding a piece of pastry in half over a filling. The open edges are pressed or crimped together to enclose the filling during cooking and eating. Turnovers may be baked or fried. Many turnovers contain savoury fillings; the empanada of South and Central America frequently contains a mixture of chopped meats, hard-boiled eg...

Multistage sales taxes, which are imposed at more than one level of production and distribution, without relief for taxes paid at previous stages, are sometimes called turnover taxes. For reasons of administration and simplicity, such taxes are based on gross receipts; consequently, the taxable value at each stage includes amounts taxed at the previous stage (as well as the taxes already paid......

majestic old town in northern Bulgaria. Veliko Tŭrnovo (“Great Tŭrnovo”) occupies near-vertical slopes above the 800-foot (240-metre) meandering gorge of the Yantra (Jantra) River. The houses, built in terraces, appear to be stacked one atop the other. The river divides the town into three rocky promontories—Sveta Gora, Tsarevets (Carewec), and...

...of this edition for the use of Socinians (Unitarians) was prepared by the Hebraist Szymon Budny (Nieswicz, 1570–82), and another revision, primarily executed by Daniel Mikołajewski and Jan Turnowski (the “Danzig Bible”) in 1632, became the official version of all Evangelical churches in Poland. This edition was burnt by the Catholics and had to be subsequently printe...

...The secondary voltage is calculated by multiplying the primary voltage by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to the number of turns in the primary coil, a quantity called the turns ratio....

either of two species of shorebirds (genus Arenaria) that constitute the subfamily Arenariinae (family Scolopacidae). The birds use their short, flattened bills, which are slightly recurved (upturned at the tip), to overturn pebbles and shells in search of food. Turnstones grow to a length of about 20 cm (8 inches)....

in sound reproduction, rotating platform that carries a phonograph record. Turntables commonly revolve at 16 23, 33 13, 45, or 78 revolutions per minute; many record players have gearing that allows the user to choose among these speeds. For best sound reproduction, constant turning speed is...

city, central Romania. It lies along the Cibin River at an elevation of 1,350–1,400 feet (410–425 metres) above sea level. Sibiu is situated on the north side of the Turnu Roşu (“Red Tower”) Pass, which links Transylvania to southern Romania across the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians)....

city, capital of Mehedinți județ (county), southwestern Romania. It is an important inland port on the Danube near the point where the river leaves the Iron Gate gorge....

legendary warrior and leader of the Rutuli people, best known from his appearance in the second half of Virgil’s Aeneid (19 bc). Virgil identifies him as the son of Daunus and the nymph Venilia and as the brother of the nymph Juturna. The Roman historians Cato the Censor (2nd century bc) and ...

(from German turnen, “to practice gymnastics,” and Verein, “club, union”), association of gymnasts founded by the German teacher and patriot Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in Berlin in 1811. The term now also denotes a place for physical exercise. The early turnvereins were centres for the cultivation of health and vigour through gymnastic exerci...

extensive lowland in southwestern Kazakhstan and northwestern Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. It is bounded by the Saryarqa (Kazakh uplands) in the north, the outliers of the Tien Shan, Pamir, and Alay mountains in the east, the Kopet-Dag Range in the south, and the Caspian Sea in the west. It is traversed by the lower courses of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, both of which drain into the Aral...

In Roman times the country was inhabited by the Gallic tribe of the Turones, from whom the name of the province and also that of its capital, Tours, are derived. The Turones were unwarlike and offered practically no resistance to the invader, though they joined in the revolt of Vercingetorix in 52 bc. The capital city, Caesarodunum, which was built on the site of the eastern part of ...

second of six main divisions (in ascending order) in the Upper Cretaceous Series, representing rocks deposited worldwide during the Turonian Age, which occurred 93.5 to 89.3 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period. Rocks of the Turonian Stage overlie those of the Cenomanian Stage and underlie rocks of the Coniacian Stage...

coalfield in Dolnośląskie province, southwestern Poland, at the border of Poland with the Czech Republic and Germany. The Turoszów Coal Basin has an area of 52 square miles (135 square km), making it the largest lignite (brown coal) deposit in Lower Silesia. Two open-cast coal mines (Turów I and Turów II) and a thermoelectric power plant operate in the basin near...

best-selling American novelist, the creator of a genre of crime and suspense novels dealing with law and the legal profession....

...prostectomy) may be considered if examination of the pelvic lymph nodes reveals that they are not cancerous. Surgical risks include impotence and urinary incontinence. A second surgical procedure, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), is used to relieve symptoms but does not remove all of the cancer. TURP is often used in men who cannot have a radical prostectomy because of advanced.....

city in the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China. It lies about 95 miles (150 km) southeast of the city of Urumchi (Wu-lu-mu-ch’i) in a mountain basin between the Po-ko-ta Mountains (an eastern extension of the Tien Shan) and the K’u-lu-k’o-t’a-ko range, on the northern side of the Turfan Depression. It has long been the centre of a fertile oasis and an important...

deep mountain basin in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The Turfan Depression is a fault trough, descending ultimately to 508 feet (155 metres) below sea level (the lowest point in China), whereas the neighbouring Tarim River and Lop Nur areas are between 2,000 and 3,000 feet (600 and 900 metres...

deep mountain basin in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The Turfan Depression is a fault trough, descending ultimately to 508 feet (155 metres) below sea level (the lowest point in China), whereas the neighbouring Tarim River and Lop Nur areas are between 2,000 and 3,000 feet (600 and 900 metres...

the resinous exudate or extract obtained from coniferous trees, particularly those of the genus Pinus. Turpentines are semifluid substances consisting of resins dissolved in a volatile oil; this mixture is separable by various distillation techniques into a volatile portion called oil (or spirit) of turpentine and a nonvolatile portion called rosin. Alt...

...Turpentines are semifluid substances consisting of resins dissolved in a volatile oil; this mixture is separable by various distillation techniques into a volatile portion called oil (or spirit) of turpentine and a nonvolatile portion called rosin. Although the term turpentine originally referred to the whole oleoresinous exudate, it now commonly refers to its volatile turpentine fraction only,...

the resinous exudate or extract obtained from coniferous trees, particularly those of the genus Pinus. Turpentines are semifluid substances consisting of resins dissolved in a volatile oil; this mixture is separable by various distillation techniques into a volatile portion called oil (or spirit) of turpentine and a nonvolatile portion called rosin. Alt...

...Turpentines are semifluid substances consisting of resins dissolved in a volatile oil; this mixture is separable by various distillation techniques into a volatile portion called oil (or spirit) of turpentine and a nonvolatile portion called rosin. Although the term turpentine originally referred to the whole oleoresinous exudate, it now commonly refers to its volatile turpentine fraction only,...

English robber who became celebrated in legend and fiction....

English robber who became celebrated in legend and fiction....

...and about 60 species of mainly North Temperate and tropical trees and shrubs that occur irregularly from western North and South America to Europe, eastern Asia, and Japan. The largest genus, Turpinia, contains about 40 species in Central and South America and in Asia from Sri Lanka to Japan. Staphylea has 9 or 10 species in the North Temperate region....

From the beginning of his career, Terence was lucky to have the services of Lucius Ambivius Turpio, a leading actor who had promoted the career of Caecilius, the major comic playwright of the preceding generation. Now in old age, the actor did the same for Terence. Yet not all of Terence’s productions enjoyed success. The Hecyra failed twice: its first production broke up in an uproa...

...eastward from Cape Cruz, at the southern shore of the Gulf of Guacanayabo, to the Guantánamo River valley. The heavily wooded mountains rise sharply from the Caribbean coast, culminating in Turquino Peak, Cuba’s highest peak, 6,470 feet (1,972 m) above sea level. The Sierra Maestra’s slopes yield mahogany, cedar, ebony, and other hardwoods and are used for coffee growing. D...

hydrated copper and aluminum phosphate [CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O] that is extensively used as a gemstone. It is a secondary mineral deposited from circulating waters, and it occurs chiefly in arid environments as blue to greenish, waxy veinlets in alumina-rich, weathered, volcanic, or sedimentary rocks. Turquoise was obtained from the Sin...

hydrated copper and aluminum phosphate [CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O] that is extensively used as a gemstone. It is a secondary mineral deposited from circulating waters, and it occurs chiefly in arid environments as blue to greenish, waxy veinlets in alumina-rich, weathered, volcanic, or sedimentary rocks. Turquoise was obtained from the Sin...

General warfare was now at an end, but the severe reprisals taken by the Republican commander General Louis-Marie Turreau de Garambouville provoked further resistance. With the recall of Turreau (May) and the rise to power of the moderate Thermidorian faction in Paris (July), a more conciliatory policy was adopted. In December the government announced an amnesty, and on Feb. 17, 1795, the......

American jazz musician (b. April 5, 1934, Pittsburgh, Pa.—d. Sept. 12, 2000, New York, N.Y.), played tenor saxophone with a rich, hearty sound and a flair for blues phrasing that made him a popular favourite for four decades. Turrentine originally played cello but at the age of 11 took up the tenor saxophone. In his apprentice years he played in rhythm-and-blues groups with Earl Bostic and ...

Horizontal turret lathes have two features that distinguish them from engine lathes. The first is a multiple-sided main turret, which takes the place of the tailstock on the engine lathe. A variety of turning, drilling, boring, reaming, and thread-cutting tools can be fastened to the main turret, which can be rotated intermittently about its vertical axis with a hand wheel. Either a hand wheel......

...in monasteries to toll a bell that called the monks to prayers. The first mechanical clocks to which clear references exist were large, weight-driven machines fitted into towers and known today as turret clocks. These early devices struck only the hours and did not have hands or a dial....

...used by Simeon North to manufacture firearms. The first fully universal milling machine was built in 1862 by J.R. Brown of the United States and was used to cut helical flutes in twist drills. The turret lathe, also developed in the United States in the middle of the 19th century, was fully automatic in some operations, such as making screws, and it presaged the momentous developments of the......

...The major Calvinist theological statement of the 17th century was the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (1688; Institutes of Elenctic Theology) of François Turretin, chief pastor of Geneva. Although the title of his work recalled Calvin’s masterpiece, the work itself bore little resemblance to the Institutes of the...

...tanks at long range. German and Soviet armies also developed other heavy vehicles for this purpose, such as the 128-millimetre-gun Jagdtiger and the 122-millimetre-gun ISU, which, in effect, were turretless tanks. In addition, all armies developed lightly armoured self-propelled antitank guns. The U.S. Army developed a specialized category of tank destroyers that resembled self-propelled guns.....

...and marginella shells are highly polished and colourful.Superfamily ToxoglossaAuger shells (Terebridae), cone shells (Conidae) and turrid shells (Turridae) are carnivorous marine snails with poison glands attached to highly modified radular teeth; several cone shells have caused human deaths through poisoning and can catc...

...and marginella shells are highly polished and colourful.Superfamily ToxoglossaAuger shells (Terebridae), cone shells (Conidae) and turrid shells (Turridae) are carnivorous marine snails with poison glands attached to highly modified radular teeth; several cone shells have caused human deaths through poisoning and can catc...

town, northwestern Sardinia, Italy. It lies along the Gulf of Asinara (an inlet of the Mediterranean) at the mouth of the Mannu River, just northwest of Sassari city, for which it is the port. Originally a Phoenician port, it was later controlled by the Carthaginians and by the Romans, who called it Turris Libisonis. In the Middle Ages it was the chief town of the giudicato...

(genus Turritella), any of several species of gastropods (snails) abundantly represented in fossil and living form from the Cretaceous Period, which began about 144 million years ago, up to the present. Many forms or species of turritellids are known; all are characterized by a high, pointed shell that narrows greatly at the apex. The shell is frequently ornamented by lines, ridges, or gro...

(genus Turritella), any of several species of gastropods (snails) abundantly represented in fossil and living form from the Cretaceous Period, which began about 144 million years ago, up to the present. Many forms or species of turritellids are known; all are characterized by a high, pointed shell that narrows greatly at the apex. The shell is frequently ornamented by lines, ridges, or gro...

Dolphins are popularly noted for their grace, intelligence, playfulness, and friendliness to humans. The most widely recognized species are the common and bottlenose dolphins (Delphinus delphis and Tursiops truncatus). The bottlenose, characterized by a “built-in smile” formed by the curvature of its mouth, has become a familiar performer in......

archbishop of York whose tenure was marked by disputes over precedence with the see of Canterbury and with the Scottish bishoprics. He was made archbishop by King Henry I in 1114, but had to wait for consecration by Pope Calixtus II until October 1119, because he refused to profess obedience to Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury. His obduracy angered Henry, but the two were reconci...

city, Tajikistan. It lies in the west-central part of the republic, near the border with Uzbekistan. The city developed as a regional centre for an agricultural district in the western part of the Gissar valley. In 1975, however, the city’s economic emphasis changed when one of the largest aluminum plants in the Soviet Union began operation there. Power for the complex is supplied by the Nu...

...English as Bukhara); both Fitrat and Ayni were bilingual in Uzbek and Tajik. Abū al-Qāsim Lāhūtī’s poem Taj va bayraq (1935; Crown and Banner) and Mirzo Tursunzade’s Hasani arobakash (1954; Hasan the Cart Driver) respond to the changes of the Soviet era; the latter’s lyric cycle Sadoyi Osiyo (1956;...

city, Tajikistan. It lies in the west-central part of the republic, near the border with Uzbekistan. The city developed as a regional centre for an agricultural district in the western part of the Gissar valley. In 1975, however, the city’s economic emphasis changed when one of the largest aluminum plants in the Soviet Union began operation there. Power for the complex is supplied by the Nu...

one-man submarine, the first to be put to military use, built and designed by the American inventor David Bushnell in 1775 for use against British warships. The pear-shaped vessel, made of oak reinforced with iron bands, measured about 2.3 m (7.5 feet) long by 1.8 m (6 feet) wide. It was equipped with a mine that was to be attached to the hull of an enemy ship. In 1776, in New ...

any reptile with a body encased in a bony shell, including tortoises. Although numerous animals, from invertebrates to mammals, have evolved shells, none has an architecture like that of turtles. The turtle shell has a top (carapace) and a bottom (plastron). The carapace and plastron are bony structures ...

European and North African bird of the pigeon family, Columbidae (order Columbiformes), that is the namesake of its genus. The turtledove is 28 cm (11 inches) long. Its body is reddish brown, the head is blue-gray, and the tail is marked with a white tip. It is a ground feeder that eats prodigious amounts of small seeds. A migratory species, it winters in northern Africa....

Sea-grass beds are found just below low-tide mark in all latitudes. In north temperate waters Zostera is the most common genus, while in tropical climates Thalassia, known as turtle grass, is an important element. As with marsh grasses, it seems that most of the plant material produced is decomposed by fungi and bacteria while the nutrients are recycled. The sea-grass beds slow......

...jazz aesthetic of Ginsberg’s friend the novelist Jack Kerouac. Other Beat poets included Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, and Gary Snyder, a student of Eastern religion who, in Turtle Island (1974), continued the American tradition of nature poetry....

...reached by road from Titusville but are occasionally closed for space launch activity. The park has many shell middens and mounds left by the Timucua people who once inhabited the region, including Turtle Mound (35 feet [11 metres] high). The area is an important nesting place for sea turtles and provides habitat for more than 300 species of birds. The Intracoastal Waterway passes through the.....

city, Rock county, southern Wisconsin, U.S. It lies along the Illinois state line at the confluence of the Rock River and Turtle Creek, about 15 miles (25 km) south of Janesville. The area had recently been inhabited by Ho-Chunk Nation (Winnebago) Indians when the first permanent settler, Caleb Blodgett of New Hampshire, p...

...into synclines, and a circular depression called a rim syncline may encircle or nearly encircle the domal uplift. Unaffected strata develop into highs surrounded by low areas. These highs, called remnant highs or turtleback highs, do not have as much vertical relief as the salt domes among which they are interspersed. Present-day structure of strata around salt domes may not in every instance.....

European and North African bird of the pigeon family, Columbidae (order Columbiformes), that is the namesake of its genus. The turtledove is 28 cm (11 inches) long. Its body is reddish brown, the head is blue-gray, and the tail is marked with a white tip. It is a ground feeder that eats prodigious amounts of small seeds. A migratory species, it winters in northern Africa....

...The middle section rises to 65 feet (19.8 metres) and is joined to the two lower, flanking sections by vaulted corridors. Also on the terrace, just northwest of the Governor’s Palace, is the House of Turtles, a smaller building so called from its frieze of sculptured turtles....

American band popular in the mid-1960s that specialized in vocally rich, craftily arranged pop music. The original members were Howard Kaylan (original name Howard Kaplan; b. June 22, 1947New York, New York, U.S.), Mark Volman (b...

It is not known whether the migrations of the Hurrians ever took the form of aggressive invasion; 18th-century-bc texts from Mari speak of battles with the Hurrian tribe of Turukku south of Lake Urmia (some 150 miles from the Caspian Sea’s southwest corner), but these were mountain campaigns, not the warding off of an offensive. Proper names in cuneiform texts, their frequency...

Some of the basic elements of modern traditional dress in Korea, the chŏgori (jacket), paji (trousers), and turumagi (overcoat), were probably worn at a very early date, but the characteristic two-piece costume of today did not begin to evolve until the period of the Three Kingdoms (c. 57 bc–ad 668). During the early part of thi...

...in Aalto’s career. He received commissions for three important buildings that established him as the most advanced architect in Finland and brought him worldwide recognition as well. These were the Turun Sanomat Building (newspaper office) in Turku, the tuberculosis sanatorium at Paimio, and the Municipal Library at Viipuri (now Vyborg, Russia). His plans for the last two were chosen in ...

any member of a Ṣūfī (Muslim mystic) fraternity, or tariqa. Within the Ṣūfī fraternities, which were first organized in the 12th century, an established leadership and a prescribed discipline obliged the dervish postulant to serve his sheikh, or master, and to establish a rapport with him. The postulant was also expected to learn the ...

in horticulture, the surface layer of soil with its matted, dense vegetation, usually grasses grown for ornamental or recreational use. Such turf grasses include Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bent grass, fine or red fescue, and perennial ryegrass among the popular cool-season types and Bermuda grass, zoysia grass, and St. Augustine grass among the warm-season types....

The city is an offshoot of the ancient city of Ṭūs and owes its historical importance to the burial place and shrine of the caliph Hārūn ar-Rashīd (d. ad 809) and that of ʿAlī ar-Riḍā (d. 818), the eighth imam of the Twelver Shīʿīte sect of Islām. Although Meshed was severely damaged in a Mongo...

ancient city located on the left (northeast) bank of the Tigris River about 20 miles (32 km) southeast of modern Baghdad, in east-central Iraq. It served as the winter capital of the Parthian empire and later of the Sāsānian empire. The site is famous for the remains of a gigantic vaulted hall, the Ṭāq Kisrā, which is traditionally regarded as ...

city, seat (1819) of Tuscaloosa county, western Alabama, U.S., on the Black Warrior River about 55 miles (90 km) southwest of Birmingham. Founded in 1816 by Thomas York on land opened to settlement after the Creek War, it was named for the Choctaw chief Tuscaloosa (“Black Warrior”), who fou...

...to be variants of Friulian and Dalmatian (which have the same Illyrian substrate), independent varieties of an archaic type of Italian, or independent varieties of other Romance languages. The Tuscan dialects (including those of Corsica) are often held to form a linguistic group of their own, while in the south and east three broad dialect areas are grouped loosely together: (1) the......

...to be variants of Friulian and Dalmatian (which have the same Illyrian substrate), independent varieties of an archaic type of Italian, or independent varieties of other Romance languages. The Tuscan dialects (including those of Corsica) are often held to form a linguistic group of their own, while in the south and east three broad dialect areas are grouped loosely together: (1) the......

Starting from the north, the main subdivisions of the Apennines are the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, with a maximum height of 7,103 feet at Mount Cimone; the Umbrian-Marchigian Apennines, with their maximum elevation (8,130 feet) at Mount Vettore; the Abruzzi Apennines, 9,554 feet at Mount Corno; the Campanian Apennines, 7,352 feet at Mount Meta; the Lucanian Apennines, 7,438 feet at Mount......

...100-days fresco, which depicts scenes from the life of Pope Paul III, in the Cancelleria in Rome. Vasari’s paintings, often produced with the help of a team of assistants, are in the style of the Tuscan Mannerists and have often been criticized as being facile, superficial, and lacking a sense of colour. Contemporary scholars regard Vasari more highly as an architect than as a painter. H...

the simplest of the orders of classical architecture. See order....

Sicilian poetry continued to be written after the death of Frederick II, but the centre of literary activity moved to Tuscany, where interest in the Provençal and Sicilian lyric had led to several imitations by Guittone d’Arezzo and his followers. Although Guittone experimented with elaborate verse forms, according to Dante in the De vulgari eloquentia, his language ming...

Sicilian poetry continued to be written after the death of Frederick II, but the centre of literary activity moved to Tuscany, where interest in the Provençal and Sicilian lyric had led to several imitations by Guittone d’Arezzo and his followers. Although Guittone experimented with elaborate verse forms, according to Dante in the De vulgari eloquentia, his language ming...

town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy, west of Viterbo. The ancient city was a prosperous Etruscan centre in the 3rd century bc, and Etruscan tombs have been found nearby. Until a disastrous earthquake in 1971, the town contained many relics and treasures of the Etruscan, Roman, and medieval periods. The quake severely damaged the town’s two mag...

town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy, west of Viterbo. The ancient city was a prosperous Etruscan centre in the 3rd century bc, and Etruscan tombs have been found nearby. Until a disastrous earthquake in 1971, the town contained many relics and treasures of the Etruscan, Roman, and medieval periods. The quake severely damaged the town’s two mag...

regione, west-central Italy. It lies along the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian seas and comprises the provincie of Massa-Carrara, Lucca, Pistoia, Prato, Firenze, Livorno, Pisa, Arezzo, Siena, and Grosseto....

river rising in Summit county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., near Akron and Barberton (there dammed to form the Portage Lakes). It flows south past Massillon, Dover, and New Philadelphia and then west to join the Walhonding River near Coshocton after a course of 125 miles (201 km) to form the Muskingum River. A flood-control dam on the Tuscarawas north of Dover impounds the Beach Cit...

Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe. When first encountered by Europeans in the 17th century, the Tuscarora occupied what is now North Carolina. They were noted for their use of indigenous hemp for fibre and medicine; their name derives from an Iroquoian term for “hemp gatherers.”...

...in the floor of the western North Pacific Ocean. It is one of a series of depressions stretching south from the Kuril Trench and the Bonin Trench to the Mariana Trench. The 27,929-foot (8,513-metre) Tuscarora Deep (north) was once considered the deepest point in the world (subsequently found to be in the Mariana Trench)....

Another method that is quite common is the so-called tusche-and-glue method, which is similar to lift-ground aquatint etching. The design is painted on the screen with tusche and, when dry, the whole screen is covered with glue. When the glue dries, the design is washed out with either kerosene or turpentine. The tusche comes in liquid form for brushing or in solid crayon form. The use of the......

member of an ancient people of Etruria, in Italy (between the Tiber and Arno rivers west and south of the Apennines), whose urban civilization reached its height in the 6th century bc. Many features of Etruscan culture were adopted by the Romans, their successors to power in the peninsula....

...though large, island. Herodotus described one such trader from the later Archaic period, Sostratus of Aegina, a man of fabulous wealth. Then in the early 1970s a remarkable inscription was found in Etruria—a dedication to Apollo in the name of Sostratus of Aegina. This discovery revealed that the source of his wealth was trade with Etruria and other parts of Italy. Aegina is an island......

...enemies, had they triumphed. This was his second period of intensive literary production, works of this period including the Brutus, Paradoxa, Orator in 46; De finibus in 45; and Tusculanae disputationes, De natura deorum, and De officiis, finished after Caesar’s murder, in 44....

pope from 1012 to 1024, the first of several pontiffs from the powerful Tusculani family....

ancient Italic city (modern Frascati) in Latium, 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Rome, a favourite resort of wealthy Romans under the late republic and the empire (1st century bc–4th century ad). Tusculum was a Latin settlement during the early Iron Age (early 1st millennium bc) and was probably under Etruscan influence. According to Roman tradition, ...

city, seat (1870) of Colbert county, northwestern Alabama, U.S. It is situated in the Muscle Shoals area on the Tennessee River, about 65 miles (105 km) west of Huntsville, and forms with Florence, Sheffield, and the city of Muscle Shoals a four-city metropolitan area. Founded in 1817 ...

...went over to a second False Dmitry, who had ridden a wave of discontent and freebootery from the Cossack south into the centre of Muscovy. A kind of shadow government was formed in the village of Tushino, 9 miles (14 km) west of Moscow, in which the boyars and bureaucrats of the Romanov circle took leading posts. It managed to gain Cossack support and to manipulate Dmitry’s pretensions w...

Rumours spread that Dmitry had survived the coup d’état, and in August 1607 another pretender appeared at Starodub claiming to be the recently deposed tsar. Although the second False Dmitry bore no physical resemblance to the first, he gathered a large following among Cossacks, Poles, Lithuanians, and rebels who had already risen against Shuysky. He gained control of southern Russia,...

...devatas, the goddesses generally have a secondary role). Within this destiny there are many heavens, each inhabited by many deities. Mythologically, the most important are the Tushita Heaven, where the future buddha Maitreya awaits the time for his coming to earth; the Heaven of the Thirty-three Gods, which is presided over by Inda (Sanskrit: Indra; sometimes called Sakka...

...states was never fixed, even under Saustatar’s successors Artatama I and Shuttarna II, who married their daughters to the pharaohs Thutmose IV (1400–1390) and Amenhotep III (1390–1353). Tushratta (c. 1365–c. 1330), the son of Shuttarna, was able to maintain the kingdom he had inherited for many years. In his sometimes very long letters—one of the...

outstanding Persian philosopher, scientist, and mathematician....

outstanding Persian philosopher, scientist, and mathematician....

Elephant tusks are enlarged incisor teeth made of ivory. In the African elephant both the male and the female possess tusks, whereas in the Asian elephant it is mainly the male that has tusks. When present in the female, tusks are small, thin, and often of a uniform thickness. Some male Asian elephants are tuskless and are known as muknas. Tusk size and shape are inherited. Tusks are......

...League of Polish Families—and called for an early parliamentary election. In a stunning result, the PiS was defeated by the centre-right Civic Platform party, which under the premiership of Donald Tusk formed a coalition government with the PSL....