Payback periods for road vehicles

Notes

Assumes a conventional powertrain (gasoline car or motorbike and diesel bus) as the reference technology for each of the key markets (United States, China, India and European Union). Ranges show regional differences based on vehicle characteristics (power engine: cars 90-150 kW, motorbikes 6.5 kW, buses 180-220 kW; battery size: cars 50-70 KWh, motorbikes 2.5-4 kWh, buses 210-300 kWh; annual mileage: cars 10 000-17 000 km, motorbikes 6 000-8 000 km, buses 23 000-35 000 km) with gasoline prices of $0.8 1.5 per litre. Abatement costs include tank-to-wheel emissions, including emissions from power generation for EVs. Real gasoline pump prices recorded during April 2020 were used for the $30/barrel case.