CERAMIC SCINTILLATORS

Figure 1: A snapshot of a three-dimensional dendrite in pure Ni with a cubic interfacial energy anisotropy obtained from a phase-field simulation with thermal noises (72) (courtesy of A. Karma). The ...

Figure 2: Morphologies of orthorhombic precipitates in a hexagonal matrix at three representative volume fractions obtained from two-dimensional phase-field simulations (along the basal plane of the ...

Figure 3: A typical grain evolution process obtained from a three-dimensional phase-field simulation of grain growth assuming isotropic grain boundary energy and isotropic boundary mobility (146). Tw...

Figure 4: Three representative domain structures in a (001)-oriented PbTiO3 thin film constrained by a (001)-oriented cubic substrate under different degrees of lattice mismatch between the film and ...

Figure 5: The stress–strain curve obtained from a three-dimensional phase-field simulation of an FCC crystal under a uniaxial loading (σしぐま11) (29, 175, 176). Plastic behavior is reproduced, and the dis...

Figure 1: Growth of machine learning in materials science and engineering as seen in overall publications and review (inset) publications.

Figure 2: (a) Heat map showing number of newly discovered ternary oxide materials across chemical space. (b) Photograph of an autonomous synthesis and characterization robot. (c) Overview of usage of ...

Figure 3: Plot of cross validation root mean squared error (CV RMSE) for various leave-out nested CV tests. The top level-1 split was into training and validation (left of vertical dashed line) and te...

Figure 4: Summary of Gaussian process regression (GPR) and random forest decision tree (RFDT) chemistry tests. (a,b) Chemistry tests showing model errors on predicted values for various solutes in a P...

Figure 1: (a) Properties, typical embodiments, and applications of Ga liquid metals (LMs). The roots represent the key properties of LMs, the trunk represents key embodiments of LMs, and the branches ...

Figure 2: Liquid metals (LMs) can be patterned in unique ways relative to solid metals. (a,b) Injecting (a) and vacuum filling (b) of LMs into a microfluidic channel. (c,d) Direct writing (c) and addi...

Figure 3: Applications enabled by LM in microfluidics. (a) A LM-enabled micromixer using alternating Marangoni flows for mixing laminar flows. (b) Marangoni flows resulting in improved heat transfer. ...

Figure 4: Applications of LM in energy and actuation devices. (a) Energy harvesting using reverse electrowetting. (b) Tribocharging energy harvesting device using LM. (c) Robotic systems driven by LM ...

Figure 5: Applications of LM in soft electronics. (a) An Ashby plot compares stretchability versus conductivity for various conductive elastic materials. (b) Changes in resistance and capacitance of t...

Figure 6: Fabrication and applications of LM particles. (a) Breaking up bulk LM into colloidal droplets by applying shear via routes such as sonication, shearing using high-speed mixing, liquid-based ...

Figure 7: Phase properties of LMNPs. (a) Formation of a solid core when a Ga LMNP rests on a sapphire substrate. When resting on a glass substrate at elevated temperatures, no solid core forms, and th...

Figure 8: LME composites. (a) General process for fabricating LMEs. The shear from mixing breaks LM into micro- to nanosized particles, and curing the elastomer results in LMEs. (b) Redirecting tears ...

Figure 9: Deformation-responsive LME composites. (a) (Top) Piezopermittivity effect exhibited for porous LME foams. (Bottom) Permittivity, εいぷしろん, initially increases when compressed as the air gets displa...

Figure 10: The reactive surface of LM. (a) Formation of 2D materials by reacting LM with ambient molecules. (b) Delaminating and transferring surface films by contacting the surface of LM with a subst...

Figure 11: Electrochemically responsive interfacial tension of LM. (a) The effective interfacial tension of a LM droplet decreases by using electrochemical oxidation. (b) LM spreads as fractals after ...

Figure 12: Emerging directions for future LM research. (a) Biomedical applications in the fields of medical imaging, cancer therapy, nanomedicine, orthopedic treatment, etc. (b) Applications in materi...

Figure 1: Typical combinations of power (P) and velocity (V) in various metal AM processes. Abbreviations: EBF3, electron beam freeform fabrication; LENS, laser-engineered net shaping; SLM, selective ...

Figure 2: Summary of metal additive manufacturing processes, along with their commercial machine supplier names.

Figure 3: Orientation designations for mechanical testing of AM materials.

Figure 4: Possible designations for AM fracture and fatigue testing based on existing ASTM standards. There are eight different orientation and direction combinations. Abbreviations: L, longitudinal; ...

Figure 5: Summary of Ti-6Al-4V AM tensile properties. Abbreviations: DMD, direct metal deposition; DMLS, direct metal laser sintering; EBM, electron beam melting; HT, heat treated; LENS, laser-enginee...

Figure 6: Lack-of-fusion (LoF) defects evident on the fracture surface of a PBF (EBM) as-built Ti-6Al-4V toughness sample tested in the LT-BOTH orientation shown in Figure 4. LoF defects are perpendic...

Figure 7: Large-area EBSD of an as-built PBF (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V sample showing crack growth across versus along reconstructed βべーた grains. Adapted with permission from Reference 10.

Figure 8: μみゅーCT images of a 10×20×100 mm as-built LT-BOTH PBF (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V toughness sample tested to failure in bending. Isolated defects (dark spots) are evident throughout the sample. Notch, fatig...

Figure 9: Illustration of location-dependent toughness values in an as-built PBF (EBM) Ti-6Al-4V sample. Variations in microstructure (prior βべーた grains and αあるふぁ + βべーた microstructure) and defect density were ...

Figure 10: Summary of stress (S) versus cycles to failure (N) (S-N) data for PBF (laser), PBF (EBM), and wire (DED) at R=0.1. Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) data...

Figure 11: The range of mechanical properties typically generated for structural materials. The specific properties of interest depend on the intended application. Abbreviations: LEFM, linear elastic ...

Figure 12: Integrated multiscale approach for the development of additively manufactured alloys for structural applications.

Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the procedure for fabricating PDMS stamps from a master having relief structures on its surface.

Figure 2: Schematic procedures for μみゅーCP of hexadecanethiol (HDT) on the surface of gold: (a) printing on a planar surface with a planar stamp (21), (b) printing on a planar surface over large areas wi...

Figure 3: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of test patterns of silver (a–c, 50 nm thick; d, 200 nm thick), gold (e, 20 nm thick), and copper (f, 50 nm thick) that were fabricated using μみゅーCP w...

Figure 4: Selective wetting, nucleation, and deposition with patterned SAMs as templates: (a) An SEM image of microstructures of polyurethane (PU) assembled using selective dewetting (35). (b) An SEM...

Figure 5: Schematic illustration of procedures for (a) replica molding (REM), (b) microtransfer molding (μみゅーTM), (c) micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC), and (d) solvent-assisted micromolding (SAMIM).

Figure 6: (a,b) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of Cr structures on a master, and a PU replica prepared from a PDMS mold cast from this master (153). (c,d) AFM images of Au structures on another...

Figure 7: Polymeric microstructures fabricated using μみゅーTM (23). (a) A photograph of arrays of 3-cm long waveguides of PU fabricated on Si/SiO2. The waveguides have different lateral dimensions and are...

Figure 8: SEM images of microstructures of various materials fabricated using MIMIC (158, 159). (a) An SEM image of quasi-three-dimensional structures of PU formed on Si/SiO2. (b–d) SEM images of pat...

Figure 9: SEM and AFM images of polymeric microstructures fabricated using SAMIM (25). (a–c) SEM images of quasi-three-dimensional structures in photoresist (Microposit 1805, Shipley; ∼1.6 μみゅーm thick) ...

Figure 10: (a) The SEM image of test patterns of Au on the surface of a capillary that were fabricated using μみゅーCP with HDT, followed by selective etching in an aqueous KCN solution saturated with O2 (...

Figure 11: (a,b) Cross-sectional SEM images of selective regions of a planar, chirped, and blazed PU replica grating that was fabricated by molding against a PDMS mold while it was compressed asymmet...

Figure 12: (a) Schematic diagram of a GaAs/AlGaAs FET. (b) Optical micrograph of a GaAs/AlGaAs FET (L = 26 μみゅーm and Z = 16 μみゅーm) fabricated using MIMIC (182). (c) The performance of a representative GaAs...