KEGG PATHWAY Database

Pathway Maps

KEGG PATHWAY is a collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing our knowledge of the molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks for: The pathway map viewer linked from this page is a part of KEGG Web Apps and contains features of KEGG mapping.

Pathway Identifiers

Each pathway map is identified by the combination of 2-4 letter prefix code and 5 digit number (see KEGG Identifier). The prefix has the following meaning:

map: manually drawn reference pathway
ko: reference pathway highlighting KOs
ec: reference metabolic pathway highlighting EC numbers
rn: reference metabolic pathway highlighting reactions
<org>: organism-specific pathway generated by converting KOs to gene identifiers

and the numbers starting with the following:

011: global map (lines linked to KOs)
012: overview map (lines linked to KOs)
013: higher (multi-organism) level overview map (lines linked to KOs) New!
010: chemical structure map (no KO expansion)
07: drug structure map (no KO expansion)
other: regular map (boxes linked to KOs)

are used for different types of maps.

Pathway maps are associated with KEGG modules, reaction modules, KEGG networks and taxonomy mapping.

M - module
R - reaction module
N - network
T - taxonomy mapping New!

1. Metabolism

1.0 Global and overview maps

01100 M: Metabolic pathways
01110 M: Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites
01120 M: Microbial metabolism in diverse environments
01200 M R: Carbon metabolism
01210 M R: 2-Oxocarboxylic acid metabolism
01212 M R: Fatty acid metabolism
01230 M R: Biosynthesis of amino acids
01232 M R: Nucleotide metabolism
01250 M R: Biosynthesis of nucleotide sugars
01240 M R: Biosynthesis of cofactors
01220 M R: Degradation of aromatic compounds
01310 M T: Nitrogen cycle New!

1.1 Carbohydrate metabolism

00010 M N: Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
00020 M N: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
00030 M: Pentose phosphate pathway
00040 M: Pentose and glucuronate interconversions
00051 M: Fructose and mannose metabolism
00052 M N: Galactose metabolism
00053 M: Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism
00500 M N: Starch and sucrose metabolism
00520 M N: Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
00620 M N: Pyruvate metabolism
00630 M: Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
00640 M: Propanoate metabolism
00650 M: Butanoate metabolism
00660 M: C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism
00562 M: Inositol phosphate metabolism

1.2 Energy metabolism

00190 M: Oxidative phosphorylation
00195 M: Photosynthesis
00196: Photosynthesis - antenna proteins
00710 M: Carbon fixation by Calvin cycle
00720 M: Other carbon fixation pathways
00680 M: Methane metabolism
00910 M: Nitrogen metabolism
00920 M: Sulfur metabolism

1.3 Lipid metabolism

00061 M: Fatty acid biosynthesis
00062 M: Fatty acid elongation
00071 M N: Fatty acid degradation
00073: Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis
00074 M: Mycolic acid biosynthesis New!
00100 M N: Steroid biosynthesis
00120 M N: Primary bile acid biosynthesis
00121: Secondary bile acid biosynthesis
00140 M N: Steroid hormone biosynthesis
00561 M: Glycerolipid metabolism
00564 M: Glycerophospholipid metabolism
00565 M: Ether lipid metabolism
00600 M N: Sphingolipid metabolism
00590: Arachidonic acid metabolism
00591: Linoleic acid metabolism
00592 M: alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism
01040 M N: Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids

1.4 Nucleotide metabolism

00230 M N: Purine metabolism
00240 M: Pyrimidine metabolism

1.5 Amino acid metabolism

00250 M: Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
00260 M N: Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
00270 M N: Cysteine and methionine metabolism
00280 M N: Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation
00290 M: Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
00300 M T: Lysine biosynthesis
00310 M N: Lysine degradation
00220 M N: Arginine biosynthesis
00330 M N: Arginine and proline metabolism
00340 M N: Histidine metabolism
00350 M N: Tyrosine metabolism
00360 M: Phenylalanine metabolism
00380 M N: Tryptophan metabolism
00400 M N: Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis

1.6 Metabolism of other amino acids

00410 M: beta-Alanine metabolism
00430 M: Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
00440: Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism
00450: Selenocompound metabolism
00460 M: Cyanoamino acid metabolism
00470 M: D-Amino acid metabolism
00480 M N: Glutathione metabolism

1.7 Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism

00510 M N: N-Glycan biosynthesis
00513 M: Various types of N-glycan biosynthesis
00512 M: Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis
00515 M N: Mannose type O-glycan biosynthesis
00514: Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis
00532 M N: Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis - chondroitin sulfate / dermatan sulfate
00534 M N: Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis - heparan sulfate / heparin
00533: Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis - keratan sulfate
00531 M N: Glycosaminoglycan degradation
00563 M N: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis
00601 M N: Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - lacto and neolacto series
00603 M N: Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - globo and isoglobo series
00604 M: Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - ganglio series
00511: Other glycan degradation
00540 M: Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
00542: O-Antigen repeat unit biosynthesis
00541 M: O-Antigen nucleotide sugar biosynthesis
00550: Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
00552: Teichoic acid biosynthesis
00571: Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) biosynthesis
00572 M: Arabinogalactan biosynthesis - Mycobacterium
00543: Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis

1.8 Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins

00730 M: Thiamine metabolism
00740 M: Riboflavin metabolism
00750 M: Vitamin B6 metabolism
00760 M N: Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
00770 M: Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
00780 M: Biotin metabolism
00785 M N: Lipoic acid metabolism
00790 M N: Folate biosynthesis
00670 M N: One carbon pool by folate
00830: Retinol metabolism
00860 M N: Porphyrin metabolism
00130 M: Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis

1.9 Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides

00900 M N: Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
00902: Monoterpenoid biosynthesis
00909: Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis
00904 M: Diterpenoid biosynthesis
Including: Gibberellin biosynthesis
00906 M: Carotenoid biosynthesis
00905 M: Brassinosteroid biosynthesis
00981: Insect hormone biosynthesis
00908: Zeatin biosynthesis
00903: Limonene degradation
00907: Pinene, camphor and geraniol degradation
01052: Type I polyketide structures
00522 M: Biosynthesis of 12-, 14- and 16-membered macrolides
Including: Tylosin biosynthesis, Mycinamicin biosynthesis, Erythromycin biosynthesis, Oleandomycin biosynthesis, Pikromycin/methymycin biosynthesis, Avermectin biosynthesis
01051: Biosynthesis of ansamycins
01059 M T: Biosynthesis of enediyne antibiotics
01056 M: Biosynthesis of type II polyketide backbone
01057 M T: Biosynthesis of type II polyketide products
00253 M: Tetracycline biosynthesis
00523 M T: Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
01054: Nonribosomal peptide structures
01053: Biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides
01055: Biosynthesis of vancomycin group antibiotics

1.10 Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites

00940 M: Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis
00945: Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis
00941 M: Flavonoid biosynthesis
00944: Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis
00942: Anthocyanin biosynthesis
00943 M: Isoflavonoid biosynthesis
00946 M T: Degradation of flavonoids
00901 M T: Indole alkaloid biosynthesis
00403 M: Indole diterpene alkaloid biosynthesis
00950 M: Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
00960: Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis
00996: Biosynthesis of various alkaloids
Including: Cucurbitacin biosynthesis, Solanine and tomatine biosynthesis, Ephedrine biosynthesis, Capsaicin biosynthesis, Acridone alkaloid biosynthesis
00232 M: Caffeine metabolism
00965 M: Betalain biosynthesis
00966 M: Glucosinolate biosynthesis
00402: Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis
00311 M T: Penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis
00332 M: Carbapenem biosynthesis
00261 M: Monobactam biosynthesis
00331 M: Clavulanic acid biosynthesis
00521 M: Streptomycin biosynthesis
00524: Neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis
00525 M T: Acarbose and validamycin biosynthesis
00401: Novobiocin biosynthesis
00404 M T: Staurosporine biosynthesis
00405 M: Phenazine biosynthesis
00333 M T: Prodigiosin biosynthesis
00254 M: Aflatoxin biosynthesis
00998 M T: Biosynthesis of various antibiotics
Including: Kanosamine biosynthesis, Aurachin biosynthesis, Bacilysin biosynthesis, Puromycin biosynthesis, Dapdiamides biosynthesis, Fosfomycin biosynthesis, Cremeomycin biosynthesis, Fumagillin biosynthesis, Pentalenolactone biosynthesis, Terpentecin biosynthesis, Roseoflavin biosynthesis, Cycloserine biosynthesis
00999 M T: Biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites
Including: Crocin biosynthesis, Ginsenoside biosynthesis, Saponin adjuvant biosynthesis, Cannabidiol biosynthesis, Mugineic acid biosynthesis, Pentagalloylglucose biosynthesis, Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis, Gramine biosynthesis, Coumarin biosynthesis, Furanocoumarin biosynthesis, Hordatine biosynthesis, Podophyllotoxin biosynthesis
00997 M T: Biosynthesis of various other secondary metabolites
Including: Ditryptophenaline biosynthesis, Fumiquinazoline D biosynthesis, Paerucumarin biosynthesis, Staphyloferrin B biosynthesis, Cyclooctatin biosynthesis, Lovastatin biosynthesis, Grixazone biosynthesis, Staphyloferrin A biosynthesis, Ethynylserine biosynthesis, Aerobactin biosynthesis

1.11 Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism

00362 M T: Benzoate degradation
00627 M: Aminobenzoate degradation
00364: Fluorobenzoate degradation
00625: Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation
00361 M: Chlorocyclohexane and chlorobenzene degradation
00623 M T: Toluene degradation
00622 M: Xylene degradation
00633: Nitrotoluene degradation
00642: Ethylbenzene degradation
00643: Styrene degradation
00791: Atrazine degradation
00930: Caprolactam degradation
00363: Bisphenol degradation
00621 M T: Dioxin degradation
00626 M: Naphthalene degradation
00624 M T: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation
00365: Furfural degradation
00984: Steroid degradation
00980: Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450
00982: Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450
00983: Drug metabolism - other enzymes

1.12 Chemical structure transformation maps

01010: Overview of biosynthetic pathways
01060: Biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites
01061: Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids
01062: Biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids
01063: Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from shikimate pathway
01064: Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine and nicotinic acid
01065: Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from histidine and purine
01066: Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from terpenoid and polyketide
01070: Biosynthesis of plant hormones

2. Genetic Information Processing

2.1 Transcription

03020: RNA polymerase
03022: Basal transcription factors
03040: Spliceosome

2.2 Translation

03010: Ribosome
00970: Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
03013: Nucleocytoplasmic transport
03015: mRNA surveillance pathway
03008: Ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes

2.3 Folding, sorting and degradation

03060: Protein export
04141 N: Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
04130: SNARE interactions in vesicular transport
04120: Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
04122: Sulfur relay system
03050: Proteasome
03018: RNA degradation

2.4 Replication and repair

03030: DNA replication
03410 N: Base excision repair
03420 N: Nucleotide excision repair
03430: Mismatch repair
03440: Homologous recombination
03450: Non-homologous end-joining
03460: Fanconi anemia pathway

2.5 Chromosome

03082: ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling
03083 N: Polycomb repressive complex

2.6 Information processing in viruses

03230: Viral genome structure
03240: Viral replication
03250: Viral life cycle - HIV-1
03260: Virion - Human immunodeficiency virus
03271: Virion - Rotavirus
03262: Virion - Coronavirus
03261: Virion - Influenza virus
03263: Virion - Enterovirus
03264: Virion - Flavivirus and Alphavirus
03265: Virion - Ebolavirus, Lyssavirus and Morbillivirus
03272: Virion - Hepatitis viruses New!
03266: Virion - Herpesvirus
03268: Virion - Orthopoxvirus
03267: Virion - Adenovirus
03259: Virion - Bacteriophages T4 and T7
03258: Virion - Bacteriophage lambda

3. Environmental Information Processing

3.1 Membrane transport

02010: ABC transporters
02060: Phosphotransferase system (PTS)
03070: Bacterial secretion system

3.2 Signal transduction

02020: Two-component system
04010 N: MAPK signaling pathway
04013: MAPK signaling pathway - fly
04016: MAPK signaling pathway - plant
04011: MAPK signaling pathway - yeast
04012 N: ErbB signaling pathway
04014 N: Ras signaling pathway
04015: Rap1 signaling pathway
04310 N: Wnt signaling pathway
04330 N: Notch signaling pathway
04340 N: Hedgehog signaling pathway
04341: Hedgehog signaling pathway - fly
04350 N: TGF-beta signaling pathway
04390: Hippo signaling pathway
04391: Hippo signaling pathway - fly
04392: Hippo signaling pathway - multiple species
04370: VEGF signaling pathway
04371: Apelin signaling pathway
04630 N: JAK-STAT signaling pathway
04064 N: NF-kappa B signaling pathway
04668 N: TNF signaling pathway
04066 N: HIF-1 signaling pathway
04068: FoxO signaling pathway
04020 N: Calcium signaling pathway
04070: Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
04072: Phospholipase D signaling pathway
04071: Sphingolipid signaling pathway
04024 N: cAMP signaling pathway
04022: cGMP-PKG signaling pathway
04151 N: PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
04152: AMPK signaling pathway
04150 N: mTOR signaling pathway
04075: Plant hormone signal transduction

3.3 Signaling molecules and interaction

04080: Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction
04060: Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
04061: Viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor
04512: ECM-receptor interaction
04514: Cell adhesion molecules

4. Cellular Processes

4.1 Transport and catabolism

04144: Endocytosis
04145 N: Phagosome
04142: Lysosome
04146: Peroxisome
04140 N: Autophagy - animal
04138: Autophagy - yeast
04136: Autophagy - other
04137 N: Mitophagy - animal
04139: Mitophagy - yeast
04148 N: Efferocytosis

4.2 Cell growth and death

04110 N: Cell cycle
04111: Cell cycle - yeast
04112: Cell cycle - Caulobacter
04113: Meiosis - yeast
04114: Oocyte meiosis
04210 N: Apoptosis
04214: Apoptosis - fly
04215: Apoptosis - multiple species
04216 N: Ferroptosis
04217 N: Necroptosis
04115: p53 signaling pathway
04218: Cellular senescence

4.3 Cellular community - eukaryotes

04510 N: Focal adhesion
04520: Adherens junction
04530 N: Tight junction
04540: Gap junction
04550: Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells

4.4 Cellular community - prokaryotes

02024: Quorum sensing
05111: Biofilm formation - Vibrio cholerae
02025: Biofilm formation - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
02026: Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli

4.5 Cell motility

02030: Bacterial chemotaxis
02040: Flagellar assembly
04814: Motor proteins
04820 N: Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
04810: Regulation of actin cytoskeleton

5. Organismal Systems

5.1 Immune system

04640: Hematopoietic cell lineage
04610 N: Complement and coagulation cascades
04611: Platelet activation
04613: Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
04620 N: Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
04624: Toll and Imd signaling pathway
04621 N: NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
04622 N: RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
04623 N: Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
04625: C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway
04650: Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
04612 N: Antigen processing and presentation
04660 N: T cell receptor signaling pathway
04658: Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation
04659: Th17 cell differentiation
04657: IL-17 signaling pathway
04662 N: B cell receptor signaling pathway
04664: Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway
04666 N: Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
04670: Leukocyte transendothelial migration
04672: Intestinal immune network for IgA production
04062 N: Chemokine signaling pathway

5.2 Endocrine system

04911: Insulin secretion
04910: Insulin signaling pathway
04922: Glucagon signaling pathway
04923: Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes
04920 N: Adipocytokine signaling pathway
03320: PPAR signaling pathway
04929 N: GnRH secretion
04912 N: GnRH signaling pathway
04913: Ovarian steroidogenesis
04915 N: Estrogen signaling pathway
04914: Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation
04917 N: Prolactin signaling pathway
04921: Oxytocin signaling pathway
04926: Relaxin signaling pathway
04935 N: Growth hormone synthesis, secretion and action
04918 N: Thyroid hormone synthesis
04919 N: Thyroid hormone signaling pathway
04928 N: Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action
04916: Melanogenesis
04924 N: Renin secretion
04614 N: Renin-angiotensin system
04925 N: Aldosterone synthesis and secretion
04927 N: Cortisol synthesis and secretion

5.3 Circulatory system

04260: Cardiac muscle contraction
04261 N: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes
04270: Vascular smooth muscle contraction

5.4 Digestive system

04970: Salivary secretion
04971: Gastric acid secretion
04972: Pancreatic secretion
04976: Bile secretion
04973: Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
04974: Protein digestion and absorption
04975: Fat digestion and absorption
04979 N: Cholesterol metabolism
04977 N: Vitamin digestion and absorption
04981: Folate transport and metabolism New!
04980 N: Cobalamin transport and metabolism
04978: Mineral absorption

5.5 Excretory system

04962 N: Vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption
04960: Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption
04961 N: Endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption
04964: Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation
04966: Collecting duct acid secretion

5.6 Nervous system

04724 N: Glutamatergic synapse
04727: GABAergic synapse
04725: Cholinergic synapse
04728 N: Dopaminergic synapse
04726: Serotonergic synapse
04720 N: Long-term potentiation
04730 N: Long-term depression
04723: Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling
04721: Synaptic vesicle cycle
04722: Neurotrophin signaling pathway

5.7 Sensory system

04744: Phototransduction
04745: Phototransduction - fly
04740: Olfactory transduction
04742: Taste transduction
04750: Inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels

5.8 Development and regeneration

04320: Dorso-ventral axis formation
04360: Axon guidance
04361: Axon regeneration
04380: Osteoclast differentiation

5.9 Aging

04211: Longevity regulating pathway
04212: Longevity regulating pathway - worm
04213: Longevity regulating pathway - multiple species

5.10 Environmental adaptation

04710: Circadian rhythm
04713: Circadian entrainment
04711: Circadian rhythm - fly
04712: Circadian rhythm - plant
04714 N: Thermogenesis
04626: Plant-pathogen interaction

6. Human Diseases

6.1 Cancer: overview

05200 N: Pathways in cancer
05202: Transcriptional misregulation in cancer
05206: MicroRNAs in cancer
05205: Proteoglycans in cancer
05204 N: Chemical carcinogenesis - DNA adducts
05207 N: Chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation
05208 N: Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species
05203: Viral carcinogenesis
05230: Central carbon metabolism in cancer
05231: Choline metabolism in cancer
05235: PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer

6.2 Cancer: specific types

05210 N: Colorectal cancer
05212 N: Pancreatic cancer
05225 N: Hepatocellular carcinoma
05226 N: Gastric cancer
05214 N: Glioma
05216 N: Thyroid cancer
05221 N: Acute myeloid leukemia
05220 N: Chronic myeloid leukemia
05217 N: Basal cell carcinoma
05218 N: Melanoma
05211 N: Renal cell carcinoma
05219 N: Bladder cancer
05215 N: Prostate cancer
05213 N: Endometrial cancer
05224 N: Breast cancer
05222 N: Small cell lung cancer
05223 N: Non-small cell lung cancer

6.3 Infectious disease: viral

05166 N: Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection
05170 N: Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection
05161 N: Hepatitis B
05160 N: Hepatitis C
05171 N: Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
05164 N: Influenza A
05162 N: Measles
05168 N: Herpes simplex virus 1 infection
05163 N: Human cytomegalovirus infection
05167 N: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection
05169 N: Epstein-Barr virus infection
05165 N: Human papillomavirus infection

6.4 Infectious disease: bacterial

05110: Vibrio cholerae infection
05120: Epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection
05130 N: Pathogenic Escherichia coli infection
05132 N: Salmonella infection
05131 N: Shigellosis
05135 N: Yersinia infection
05133: Pertussis
05134: Legionellosis
05150: Staphylococcus aureus infection
05152: Tuberculosis
05100: Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells

6.5 Infectious disease: parasitic

05146: Amoebiasis
05144: Malaria
05145: Toxoplasmosis
05140: Leishmaniasis
05142: Chagas disease
05143: African trypanosomiasis

6.6 Immune disease

05310: Asthma
05322: Systemic lupus erythematosus
05323: Rheumatoid arthritis
05320: Autoimmune thyroid disease
05321: Inflammatory bowel disease
05330: Allograft rejection
05332: Graft-versus-host disease
05340: Primary immunodeficiency

6.7 Neurodegenerative disease

05010 N: Alzheimer disease
05012 N: Parkinson disease
05014 N: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
05016 N: Huntington disease
05017 N: Spinocerebellar ataxia
05020 N: Prion disease
05022 N: Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases

6.8 Substance dependence

05030: Cocaine addiction
05031: Amphetamine addiction
05032: Morphine addiction
05033: Nicotine addiction
05034: Alcoholism

6.9 Cardiovascular disease

05417: Lipid and atherosclerosis
05418: Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis
05410: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
05412: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
05414: Dilated cardiomyopathy
05415: Diabetic cardiomyopathy
05416: Viral myocarditis

6.10 Endocrine and metabolic disease

04930: Type II diabetes mellitus
04940: Type I diabetes mellitus
04950: Maturity onset diabetes of the young
04936: Alcoholic liver disease
04932: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
04931: Insulin resistance
04933: AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
04934 N: Cushing syndrome

6.11 Drug resistance: antimicrobial

01501: beta-Lactam resistance
01502: Vancomycin resistance
01503: Cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance

6.12 Drug resistance: antineoplastic

01521: EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance
01524: Platinum drug resistance
01523: Antifolate resistance
01522: Endocrine resistance

7. Drug Development

7.1 Chronology: Antiinfectives

07011: Penicillins
07012: Cephalosporins - parenteral agents
07013: Cephalosporins - oral agents
07021: Aminoglycosides
07019: Tetracyclines
07020: Macrolides and ketolides
07014: Quinolones
07023: Rifamycins
07026: Antifungal agents
07044: Antiviral agents
07053: Anti-HIV agents

7.2 Chronology: Antineoplastics

07040: Antineoplastics - alkylating agents
07041: Antineoplastics - antimetabolic agents
07042: Antineoplastics - agents from natural products
07043: Antineoplastics - hormones
07045: Antineoplastics - protein kinase inhibitors

7.3 Chronology: Nervous system agents

07032: Hypnotics
07030: Anxiolytics
07033: Anticonvulsants
07015: Local analgesics
07039: Opioid analgesics
07028: Antipsychotics
07029: Antipsychotics - phenothiazines
07031: Antipsychotics - butyrophenones
07027: Antidepressants
07056: Agents for Alzheimer-type dementia
07057: Antiparkinsonian agents

7.4 Chronology: Other drugs

07055: Sulfonamide derivatives - overview
07016: Sulfonamide derivatives - sulfa drugs
07017: Sulfonamide derivatives - diuretics
07018: Sulfonamide derivatives - hypoglycemic agents
07037: Antiarrhythmic drugs
07038: Antiulcer drugs
07046: Immunosuppressive agents
07047: Osteoporosis drugs
07048: Antimigraines
07049: Antithrombosis agents
07050: Antirheumatics - DMARDs and biological agents
07051: Antidiabetics
07052: Antidyslipidemic agents
07054: Antiglaucoma agents

7.5 Target-based classification: G protein-coupled receptors

07220: Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs
07215: alpha-Adrenergic receptor agonists/antagonists
07214: beta-Adrenergic receptor agonists/antagonists
07213: Dopamine receptor agonists/antagonists
07212: Histamine H1 receptor antagonists
07227: Histamine H2/H3 receptor agonists/antagonists
07211: Serotonin receptor agonists/antagonists
07228: Eicosanoid receptor agonists/antagonists
07224: Opioid receptor agonists/antagonists
07229: Angiotensin receptor and endothelin receptor antagonists

7.6 Target-based classification: Nuclear receptors

07225: Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor agonists/antagonists
07226: Progesterone, androgen and estrogen receptor agonists/antagonists
07223: Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists/antagonists
07222: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists

7.7 Target-based classification: Ion channels

07221: Nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonists
07230: GABA-A receptor agonists/antagonists
07036: Calcium channel blocking drugs
07231: Sodium channel blocking drugs
07232: Potassium channel blocking and opening drugs
07235: N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists

7.8 Target-based classification: Transporters

07233: Ion transporter inhibitors
07234: Neurotransmitter transporter inhibitors

7.9 Target-based classification: Enzymes

07216: Catecholamine transferase inhibitors
07219: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors
07024: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
07217: Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
07218: HIV protease inhibitors

7.10 Structure-based classification

07025: Quinolines
07034: Eicosanoids
07035: Prostaglandins

7.11 Skeleton-based classification

07110: Benzoic acid family
07112: 1,2-Diphenyl substitution family
07114: Naphthalene family
07117: Benzodiazepine family

Last updated: October 1, 2024