KEGG DISEASE: Malaria

DISEASE: Malaria

Entry

H00361                      Disease

Name

Malaria

Description

Malaria, the most common parasitic disease in the world, is caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted by female Anopheline mosquitoes. Plasmodium infections result in a spectrum of clinical effects, including asymptomatic parasitemia, severe malaria, and death. Most severe cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa. In severe malaria, complications such as anemia, respiratory distress, renal failure, and cerebral malaria are observed in addition to cyclical fevers.

Category

Parasitic infectious disease

Brite

Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
01 Certain infectious or parasitic diseases
  Parasitic diseases
   Malaria
    1F40  Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum
     H00361  Malaria
    1F41  Malaria due to Plasmodium vivax
     H00361  Malaria
    1F42  Malaria due to Plasmodium malariae
     H00361  Malaria
    1F43  Malaria due to Plasmodium ovale
     H00361  Malaria
Genome-based classification of infectious diseases [BR:br08401]
Parasitic infections (protists)
  Infections caused by Alveolates
   H00361  Malaria
Infectious diseases by law in Japan [br08406.html]
H00361

Disease
pathway

hsa05144

Malaria

Gene

ACKR1 (protection) [HSA:2532] [KO:K06574]
CD36 (susceptibility/reduced risk) [HSA:948] [KO:K06259]
CISH (susceptibility) [HSA:1154] [KO:K04701]
CR1 (resistance) [HSA:1378] [KO:K04011]
FCGR2A (susceptibility) [HSA:2212] [KO:K06472]
FCGR2B (resistance) [HSA:2213] [KO:K12560]
G6PD (resistance) [HSA:2539] [KO:K00036]
GYPA (resistance) [HSA:2993] [KO:K06575]
GYPB (resistance) [HSA:2994] [KO:K20925]
GYPC (resistance) [HSA:2995] [KO:K06576]
HBB (resistance) [HSA:3043] [KO:K13823]
ICAM1 (susceptibility) [HSA:3383] [KO:K06490]
NOS2 (resistance) [HSA:4843] [KO:K13241]
SLC4A1 (resistance) [HSA:6521] [KO:K06573]
TIRAP (protection) [HSA:114609] [KO:K05403]
TNF (susceptibility) [HSA:7124] [KO:K03156]

Pathogen

Plasmodium falciparum [GN:pfa pfd pfh] (Falciparum malaria)
Plasmodium vivax [GN:pvx] (Vivax malaria)
Plasmodium knowlesi H [GN:pkn]
Plasmodium malariae [GN:pmal]
Plasmodium brasilianum [GN:pbrs]
Plasmodium ovale

Drug

Doxycycline hyclate [DR:D02129]
Doxycycline calcium [DR:D03903]
Sulfadiazine [DR:D00587]
Chloroquine phosphate [DR:D02125]
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate [DR:D02114]
Primaquine phosphate [DR:D02126]
Tafenoquine succinate [DR:D10670]
Atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride [DR:D02472]
Quinine sulfate [DR:D02262]
Mefloquine hydrochloride [DR:D00831]
Pyrimethamine [DR:D00488]
Artesunate [DR:D02482]
Artemether and lumefantrine [DR:D02484]

Comment

Vector: Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) [GN:aga]

Other DBs

ICD-11:

ICD-10:

MeSH:

MedlinePlus:

OMIM:

Reference

PMID:23088834

Authors

Antinori S, Galimberti L, Milazzo L, Corbellino M

Title

Plasmodium knowlesi: the emerging zoonotic malaria parasite.

Journal

Acta Trop 125:191-201 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.10.008

Reference

PMID:30712767

Authors

Plewes K, Leopold SJ, Kingston HWF, Dondorp AM

Title

Malaria: What's New in the Management of Malaria?

Journal

Infect Dis Clin North Am 33:39-60 (2019)
DOI:10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.002

Reference

PMID:10570183 (ACKR1)

Authors

Zimmerman PA, Woolley I, Masinde GL, Miller SM, McNamara DT, Hazlett F, Mgone CS, Alpers MP, Genton B, Boatin BA, Kazura JW

Title

Emergence of FY*A(null) in a Plasmodium vivax-endemic region of Papua New Guinea.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13973-7 (1999)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.24.13973

Reference

PMID:10890433 (CD36)

Authors

Aitman TJ, Cooper LD, Norsworthy PJ, Wahid FN, Gray JK, Curtis BR, McKeigue PM, Kwiatkowski D, Greenwood BM, Snow RW, Hill AV, Scott J

Title

Malaria susceptibility and CD36 mutation.

Journal

Nature 405:1015-6 (2000)
DOI:10.1038/35016636

Reference

PMID:20484391 (CISH)

Authors

Khor CC, Vannberg FO, Chapman SJ, Guo H, Wong SH, Walley AJ, Vukcevic D, Rautanen A, Mills TC, Chang KC, Kam KM, Crampin AC, Ngwira B, Leung CC, Tam CM, Chan CY, Sung JJ, Yew WW, Toh KY, Tay SK, Kwiatkowski D, Lienhardt C, Hien TT, Day NP, Peshu N, Marsh K, Maitland K, Scott JA, Williams TN, Berkley JA, Floyd S, Tang NL, Fine PE, Goh DL, Hill AV

Title

CISH and susceptibility to infectious diseases.

Journal

N Engl J Med 362:2092-101 (2010)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0905606

Reference

PMID:18954261 (CR1)

Authors

Teeranaipong P, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Kimura R, Nuchnoi P, Hananantachai H, Naka I, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Tokunaga K

Title

A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the CR1 promoter region contributes to protection against cerebral malaria.

Journal

J Infect Dis 198:1880-91 (2008)
DOI:10.1086/593338

Reference

PMID:12421634 (FCGR2A)

Authors

Omi K, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Naka I, Looareesuwan S, Tokunaga K

Title

Fcgamma receptor IIA and IIIB polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria.

Journal

Parasitol Int 51:361-6 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/s1383-5769(02)00040-5

Reference

PMID:17435165 (FCGR2B)

Authors

Clatworthy MR, Willcocks L, Urban B, Langhorne J, Williams TN, Peshu N, Watkins NA, Floto RA, Smith KG

Title

Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated defects in the inhibitory receptor FcgammaRIIb reduce susceptibility to malaria.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:7169-74 (2007)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0608889104

Reference

PMID:13682585 (G6PD)

Authors

ALLISON AC, CLYDE DF

Title

Malaria in African children with deficient erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Journal

Br Med J 1:1346-9 (1961)
DOI:10.1136/bmj.1.5236.1346

Reference

PMID:26416757 (GYPA GYPB GYPC)

Authors

Band G, Rockett KA, Spencer CC, Kwiatkowski DP

Title

A novel locus of resistance to severe malaria in a region of ancient balancing selection.

Journal

Nature 526:253-7 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/nature15390

Reference

PMID:11713529 (HBB)

Authors

Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rastrelli E, Olivieri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, D'Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M

Title

Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Journal

Nature 414:305-8 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35104556

Reference

PMID:9259284 (ICAM1)

Authors

Fernandez-Reyes D, Craig AG, Kyes SA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Berendt AR, Marsh K, Newbold CI

Title

A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya.

Journal

Hum Mol Genet 6:1357-60 (1997)
DOI:10.1093/hmg/6.8.1357

Reference

PMID:9457101 (NOS2)

Authors

Kun JF, Mordmuller B, Lell B, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Kremsner PG

Title

Polymorphism in promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene and protection against malaria.

Journal

Lancet 351:265-6 (1998)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78273-8

Reference

PMID:10403343 (SLC4A1)

Authors

Allen SJ, O'Donnell A, Alexander ND, Mgone CS, Peto TE, Clegg JB, Alpers MP, Weatherall DJ

Title

Prevention of cerebral malaria in children in Papua New Guinea by southeast Asian ovalocytosis band 3.

Journal

Am J Trop Med Hyg 60:1056-60 (1999)
DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.1056

Reference

PMID:17322885 (TIRAP)

Authors

Khor CC, Chapman SJ, Vannberg FO, Dunne A, Murphy C, Ling EY, Frodsham AJ, Walley AJ, Kyrieleis O, Khan A, Aucan C, Segal S, Moore CE, Knox K, Campbell SJ, Lienhardt C, Scott A, Aaby P, Sow OY, Grignani RT, Sillah J, Sirugo G, Peshu N, Williams TN, Maitland K, Davies RJ, Kwiatkowski DP, Day NP, Yala D, Crook DW, Marsh K, Berkley JA, O'Neill LA, Hill AV

Title

A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis.

Journal

Nat Genet 39:523-8 (2007)
DOI:10.1038/ng1976

Reference

PMID:7935762 (TNF)

Authors

McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D

Title

Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria.

Journal

Nature 371:508-10 (1994)
DOI:10.1038/371508a0

LinkDB

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