Food Allergy Risk: A Comprehensive Review of Maternal Interventions for Food Allergy Prevention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Maternal Factors Influencing FAs in Offspring
2.1. Genetic Predisposition, Immunomodulation, and Interaction with Environmental Factors
2.2. Role of Maternal Diet and Gut Microbiota in Allergy Development
3. Dietary Modification in Preventing Food Allergy
3.1. Allergen Avoidance vs. Exposure
Guideline Statement
3.2. Probiotics and Prebiotics
Guideline Statement
3.3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Guideline Statement
3.4. Vitamin D
Guideline Statement
3.5. Other Factors Implicated in FA Prevention
Guideline Statement
4. Study Limitations
5. Future Research and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAAAI | American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology |
AAP | American Academy of Pediatrics |
ACAAI | American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology |
AGEs | advanced glycation end products |
ALA | alpha-linolenic acid |
ASCIA | Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy |
CSACI | Canadian Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology |
CM | cow’s milk |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
EAACI | European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
FA | food allergy |
HoloBLG | holo- |
IgE | immunoglobulin E |
IFN- | interferon- |
IL-4 | interleukin-4 |
JPGFA | Japanese Pediatric Guidelines for Food Allergy |
LCPUFA | n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids |
RAGEs | receptors for advanced glycation end products |
SCFA | short-chain fatty acids |
Th-1 | T-helper 2 |
Th-2 | T-helper 2 |
WAO | World Allergy Organization |
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Intervention: Allergen elimination diet during pregnancy | ||
Guidelines | Recommendation | References |
EAACI * | Not recommended | [61] |
AAAAI/ACAAI/CSACI * | Not recommended | [62] |
AAP * | Not recommended | [63] |
JPGFA * | Not recommended | [64] |
ASCIA * | Not recommended | [65] |
Intervention: Supplementation of probiotics and prebiotics during pregnancy | ||
Guidelines | Recommendation | References |
EAACI | No recommendations for or against | [61] |
AAAAI/ACAAI/CSACI | Not recommended | [62] |
JPGFA | Not recommended | [64] |
WAO * | Not recommended | [66] |
Intervention: Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy | ||
Guidelines | Recommendation | References |
EAACI | Not recommended | [61] |
AAAAI/ACAAI/CSACI | Not recommended | [62] |
Intervention: Supplementation of vitamin D during pregnancy | ||
Guidelines | Recommendation | References |
EAACI | Not recommended | [61] |
AAAAI/ACAAI/CSACI | Not recommended | [62] |
Intervention: vitamins A, C, and E, | ||
Guidelines | Recommendation | References |
EAACI | Not recommended | [61] |
AAAAI/ACAAI/CSACI | Not recommended | [62] |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Manti, S.; Galletta, F.; Bencivenga, C.L.; Bettini, I.; Klain, A.; D’Addio, E.; Mori, F.; Licari, A.; Miraglia del Giudice, M.; Indolfi, C. Food Allergy Risk: A Comprehensive Review of Maternal Interventions for Food Allergy Prevention. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071087
Manti S, Galletta F, Bencivenga CL, Bettini I, Klain A, D’Addio E, Mori F, Licari A, Miraglia del Giudice M, Indolfi C. Food Allergy Risk: A Comprehensive Review of Maternal Interventions for Food Allergy Prevention. Nutrients. 2024; 16(7):1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071087
Chicago/Turabian StyleManti, Sara, Francesca Galletta, Chiara Lucia Bencivenga, Irene Bettini, Angela Klain, Elisabetta D’Addio, Francesca Mori, Amelia Licari, Michele Miraglia del Giudice, and Cristiana Indolfi. 2024. "Food Allergy Risk: A Comprehensive Review of Maternal Interventions for Food Allergy Prevention" Nutrients 16, no. 7: 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071087