Re-Synthesis of CIGS Nanocrystallites Using Oxidation Roasting Pretreatment from Spent CIGS Targets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Procedures
3. Results
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The proper oxidation roasting pretreatment can significantly enhance CIGS leaching. Compared to the literature, the complete leaching of Cu, In, and Ga can reach a lower temperature and shorter time using oxidation roasting pretreatment;
- (2)
- After roasting at 400 °C, the chalcopyrite phase was accompanied by significant residual chalcopyrite, In2O3, and Cu2−xSe as the main phase. As the roasting temperature was raised to 500 °C, Cu2SeO4 and In2O3 were predominant, with a small amount of Cu2−xSe. As the roasting temperature increased to 600 °C, all selenides disappeared and transformed into Cu2SeO4, In2O3, and
β -Ga2O3; - (3)
- For the sample roasted at 400 °C, the Cu and In recoveries were lower than those for other samples roasted at higher temperatures due to the difficult-to-dissolve chalcopyrite phase. The Cu, In, and Ga recoveries reached above 99.9% by leaching CIGS roasted at 500 °C in 1 M H2SO4 at 60 °C for 1 h. However, as the roasting temperature was raised to 600 °C, Ga recovery declined to about 90% due to the difficulty of dissolving
β -Ga2O3; - (4)
- A direct recycling process involving oxidation, leaching, and re-synthesis can yield nearly stoichiometric CIGS nanoparticles that are nearly mono-dispersed and have an average crystallite size of 9 nm. This is very helpful in completing the closed-loop recycling of CIGS targets.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Condition | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Roasting | 400 °C | 500 °C | 600 °C | |||||
at% | Ratio | at% | Ratio | at% | Ratio | at% | Ratio | |
Cu | 25.59 | 1.00 | 29.32 | 1.00 | 36.51 | 1.00 | 45.79 | 1.00 |
In | 17.68 | 0.69 | 19.74 | 0.67 | 25.01 | 0.68 | 31.79 | 0.69 |
Ga | 8.33 | 0.33 | 9.80 | 0.33 | 12.06 | 0.33 | 15.16 | 0.33 |
Se | 48.40 | 1.90 | 41.13 | 1.40 | 26.42 | 0.72 | 7.25 | 0.15 |
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Hsiang, H.-I.; Chen, C.-C.; Chiang, C.-Y. Re-Synthesis of CIGS Nanocrystallites Using Oxidation Roasting Pretreatment from Spent CIGS Targets. Metals 2023, 13, 893. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050893
Hsiang H-I, Chen C-C, Chiang C-Y. Re-Synthesis of CIGS Nanocrystallites Using Oxidation Roasting Pretreatment from Spent CIGS Targets. Metals. 2023; 13(5):893. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050893
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsiang, Hsing-I, Chih-Cheng Chen, and Chung-Yen Chiang. 2023. "Re-Synthesis of CIGS Nanocrystallites Using Oxidation Roasting Pretreatment from Spent CIGS Targets" Metals 13, no. 5: 893. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050893