Ecuador
Este capítulo describe las responsabilidades de las principales instancias nacionales con funciones relacionadas con la integridad en Ecuador, que se asignan a diferentes funciones del Estado. Ilustra los mecanismos de cooperación instituidos entre ellos y cómo la creación de un Sistema Nacional de Integridad y Lucha contra la Corrupción podría abordar sus límites y propiciar el diálogo nacional y la cooperación entre las funciones del Estado y los niveles de la administración en materia de integridad pública. El capítulo también analiza los objetivos de integridad, formulados en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2017-2021 y en el Plan Nacional de Integridad Pública y Lucha contra la Corrupción 2019-2023, pero que no han generado el efecto esperado. Por lo tanto, considera cómo desarrollar, de manera participativa y gradual, un enfoque estratégico que sea dirigido por el Sistema Nacional de Integridad y Lucha contra la Corrupción y que genere una visión de integridad de largo plazo para Ecuador.
Public integrity is the glue that holds societies together. It is the consistent alignment of, and adherence to, shared ethical values, principles and norms for upholding, and prioritising the public interest over private interests in the public sector. Not respecting these values and rules undermines sustainable and inclusive development, and can endanger our democracies. As a key driver of trust in government, public integrity is crucial for ensuring the credibility and therefore the support for and success of policies.
El Salvador sigue avanzando en la mejora del acceso digital de todos sus ciudadanos, aunque sigue existiendo una brecha digital considerable. A pesar del progreso en los últimos años, las suscripciones a servicios de banda ancha móvil activa en 2018 fueron inferiores a los promedios de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), los usuarios de Internet representaron el 33.8% de la población, en comparación con el 62.9% en ALC y el 83.4% en la OCDE en 2017. Se requiere avanzar en la mejora de la confianza en el ecosistema digital. En particular, la confianza en la privacidad en línea y el Índice de ciberseguridad global están por debajo de los promedios de ALC y OCDE.
In the last decade, Ecuador has made efforts to enhance digital access and use for all. The share of Internet users as well as active mobile broadband and fixed broadband subscriptions have considerably increased in during this period. In particular, active mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) increased from 8.8 in 2008 to 54.7 in 2018 but remained below the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average (73.5) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (103.6). Perceived e-commerce safety and trust in online privacy are above LAC and OECD averages.
Ecuador has made progress in some development indicators in the past decades. In particular, the country has made improvements in the net secondary enrolment rate (87.2%), which is now on the same level as Chile (87.1%), and above the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) average of 74.4%. Life expectancy at birth improved from 69 to 76.3 years between 1990-2016. The infant mortality rate is 12.5 per 1 000 live births, slightly below the LAC average of 14.7. The homicide rate, at 6.5 per 100 000 inhabitants, is more than three times lower than the LAC average of 21.9.
En las décadas pasadas El Salvador realizó mejoras notorias en las áreas de salud y educación. La tasa de mortalidad infantil del país (12.5 por cada 1 000 nacidos vivos) es menor que el promedio de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) (14.7), aunque dista mucho del promedio de la OCDE (5.7). Al mismo tiempo, la esperanza de vida al nacer aumentó a 73.5 de 64 en 1990, en consonancia con el promedio de ALC de 75.6, y la tasa de mortalidad materna mejoró a 54 por cada 100 000 nacidos vivos, por debajo del promedio de ALC (74.4). La tasa neta de matrícula en educación secundaria del país también aumentó en el periodo 2000-16, de 48.2% a 64.3%.
This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the current state of data collection and availability, in terms of quality and completeness, at the level of the national education system in Ecuador. It shows that Ecuador is in a very good position to respond to the system-level questionnaire: each data table or worksheet in the questionnaire has an institution assigned to it to collect and/or manage the requested information; and metadata are consistently based on well-known legislation (national law or administrative norms) while data are regularly based on advanced information systems. Challenges include statistics coverage of educational expenditure and aligning data on enrolment with the fiscal year, especially as the country has two different school cycles.
The country profile includes data on the income taxes paid by workers, their social security contributions, the family benefits they receive in the form of cash transfers as well as the social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by the employers. Results reported include the average and marginal tax burdens for eight different family types.It also describes the personal income tax systems, all compulsory social security contribution schemes and universal cash transfers as well as recent changes in the tax/benefit system.
The pension system is a defined-benefit system based on earnings. There is also a non-contributory system for the elderly in need.
The Constitution of Ecuador upholds the principle of gender equality and guarantees human rights. It prohibits any form of sexual discrimination without exception and provides for equal opportunity for men and women in access to productive resources and in marriage.