反はん人類じんるい罪ざい

反はん人類じんるい罪ざい，又また叫さけべ做危害きがい人類じんるい罪ざい，係かかり一種由某個權力推行嘅系統性咁違反人權じんけん嘅罪行ぎょう，通常つうじょう都と係がかり由よし一いち個こ國くに所ところ犯はん。同どう戰爭せんそう罪ざい唔同，反はん人類じんるい罪ざい喺戰爭そう同どう和平わへい時期じき都と有機ゆうき會かい犯はん^[1]。反はん人類じんるい罪ざい一定唔可以係一次性或者獨立事件，而係需要じゅよう有ゆう系統けいとう性せい嘅成分ぶん^[2]。呢啲唔一定要係明確嘅政策，只ただ需要じゅよう係がかり暗くら地ち裏うら受政權せいけん保護ほご已やめ經けい足あし夠成立せいりつ做反人類じんるい罪ざい。

第だい一次有反人類罪被檢控，係がかり喺紐ひも倫りん堡審判ばん期間きかん，針はり對たい納おさめ粹いき德とく國こく嘅猶なお太ふとし人じん大だい屠殺とさつ政策せいさく。自じ從したがえ世界せかい人權じんけん宣言せんげん喺1948年ねん寫うつし低てい咗，已やめ經けい成なり爲ため咗一いち個こ國際こくさい人權じんけん嘅標準ひょうじゅん。除じょ咗納粹いき德とく國こく之の外そと，犯はん過か反はん人類じんるい罪ざい嘅政權せいけん仲なか有ゆう盧の旺達、塞ふさが拉ひしげ利り昂のぼる、紅色こうしょく高だか棉わた、同どう南みなみ斯拉夫おっと等ひとし等ひとし。

奇き怪かい嘅係，到いた依よ家いえ都と只ただ係がかり有ゆう成立せいりつ咗國際こくさい刑事けいじ法ほう院いん嘅羅ら馬うま規約きやく，而反人類じんるい罪ざい到いた今時いまどき今日きょう，都と冇一いち個こ國際こくさい性せい嘅定義ていぎ，所以ゆえん有ゆう唔少組織そしき都と喺度提議ていぎ正式せいしき用よう條約じょうやく嘅方式しき嚟成立せいりつ一いち個こ標準ひょうじゅん定義ていぎ。雖然係がかり咁，不ふ過大かだい家か一般都有一個大概嘅範圍，通つう常任じょうにん何なん嘅侵略しんりゃく罪ざい、戰爭せんそう罪ざい、謀殺ぼうさつ、大だい屠殺とさつ、種族しゅぞく滅めつ絕ぜっ、種族しゅぞく清きよし洗あらい、驅逐くちく出で境さかい、國家こっか恐怖きょうふ主義しゅぎ、奴隸どれい制せい、酷刑こっけい、强つよ奸、政治せいじ迫害はくがい等ひとし等ひとし，只ただ要よう係がかり系統けいとう性せい咁實行じっこう，就會算さん係がかり反はん人類じんるい罪ざい。

睇埋[編輯へんしゅう]

出面でづら網もう頁ぺーじ[編輯へんしゅう]

Crimes of War project
Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
What is a Crime Against Humanity? – an online video
Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity – a learning resource, highlighting the cases of Myanmar, Bosnia, the DRC, and Darfur
Crimes Against Humanity – Bibliographies on the topics of the International Law Commission & International Law Seminar (UNOG Library)

攷[編輯へんしゅう]

↑ Margaret M. DeGuzman,"Crimes Against Humanity" Research Handbook on International Criminal Law, Bartram S. Brown, ed., Edgar Elgar Publishing, 2011.
↑ Zegveld, Liesbeth. Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups. p. 107.

睇多啲[編輯へんしゅう]

Christopher R. Browning, "The Two Different Ways of Looking at Nazi Murder" (review of Philippe Sands, East West Street: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity", Knopf, 425 pp. and Christian Gerlach, The Extermination of the European Jews, Cambridge University Press, 508 pp., The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (November 24, 2016), pp. 56–58. Discusses Hersch Lauterpacht's legal concept of "crimes against humanity", contrasted with Rafael Lemkin's legal concept of "genocide". All genocides are crimes against humanity, but not all crimes against humanity are genocides; genocides require a higher standard of proof, as they entail intent to destroy a particular group.
Macleod, Christopher (2010). "Towards a Philosophical Account of Crimes Against Humanity". European Journal of International Law. 21 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1093/ejil/chq031.
Sadat, Leila Nadya (2013). "Crimes Against Humanity in the Modern Age" (PDF). American Journal of International Law. 107 (2): 334–377. doi:10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.2.0334. S2CID 229167103. 原著げんちょ (PDF)喺22 October 2014歸き檔. 喺11 December 2013搵到.
Schabas, William A. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521782623.
(fr) Jean Albert (dir.), L'avenir de la justice pénale internationale, Institut Presage, Bruylant, 2018, 383 p. ISBN 978-2802753452

[1] Margaret M. DeGuzman,"Crimes Against Humanity" Research Handbook on International Criminal Law, Bartram S. Brown, ed., Edgar Elgar Publishing, 2011.

[2] Zegveld, Liesbeth. Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups. p. 107.

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