废止论

废止论（英語えいご：Nullification）在ざい美国びくに宪政历史中ちゅう，是ぜ一种州有权废止与联邦宪法（也与州しゅう宪法）相あい抵触ていしょく的てき法律ほうりつ。废止论之理り论从未み被ひ联邦法ほう院いん支持しじ^[1]。

废止论的理り论基础在于一种观点てん，即そく各州かくしゅう基もと于互相之あいの间的协议（或ある“契ちぎり约”）而成为联邦くに，并且各州かくしゅう作さく为联邦くに政府せいふ的てき创建者しゃ，各州かくしゅう有ゆう权决定てい联邦政府せいふ的てき权力范围。按这样的契ちぎり约论，各州かくしゅう而非联邦最高法院さいこうほういん拥有关于联邦政府せいふ权力范围的てき最さい终解释权。按这种理论，各州かくしゅう于是可か以废止とめ那な些各州しゅう认为超越ちょうえつ宪法授权的てき联邦法律ほうりつ。干涉かんしょう论相あい关的观点在てんざい于，当とう州しゅう认为联邦政府せいふ之の立法りっぽう违宪时，州しゅう有ゆう权利且有义务干涉かんしょう并介入かいにゅう。托たく马斯·杰斐逊和わ詹姆斯·麦むぎ迪すすむ逊通つう过1789年ねん的てき《肯塔基もと和わ弗どる吉よし尼に亚决议》创制了りょう废止论和干涉かんしょう论。

包括ほうかつ联邦最高法院さいこうほういん在ざい内的ないてき州法しゅうほう院いん和わ联邦法ほう院いん，不断ふだん否ひ决废止とめ论^[2]。法ほう院いん以《宪法》的てき“最高さいこう条じょう款”判定はんてい，联邦法律ほうりつ高だか于州法律ほうりつ，并且根ね据すえ《宪法》第だい三さん条じょう，联邦法ほう院いん拥有对《宪法》的てき最さい终解释权。因よし此，最さい终有权决定てい联邦法律ほうりつ的てき合ごう宪性在ざい于联邦くに法ほう院いん，而非各州かくしゅう，各州かくしゅう并未拥有废止联邦法律ほうりつ的てき权力。

在ざい1798年ねん到いた1861年ねん美国びくに南北なんぼく战争战前，一些州以此威胁或试图废止某些联邦法律。所有しょゆう这些努力どりょく都と不ふ合法ごうほう。《肯塔基もと和わ弗どる吉よし尼に亚决议》被ひ其他各州かくしゅう所しょ拒こばめ斥。美国びくに最高法院さいこうほういん在ざい19世せい纪的一系列判例中拒绝废止论，包括ほうかつ Ableman v.Booth 案あん中ちゅう拒こばめ绝了Wisconsin尝试废止《逃奴法ほう》的てき声こえ张。南北なんぼく战争终结了りょう大だい部分ぶぶん废止论的企くわだて图。

在ざい1950年代ねんだい，南方みなかた各州かくしゅう曾尝试使用しよう废止论和干涉かんしょう论来阻止そし其学校がっこう进行（种族）整合せいごう。最高法院さいこうほういん在ざい Cooper v. Aaron案あん中ちゅう明示めいじ，各州かくしゅう无权废止联邦法律ほうりつ，因いん而南方かた各州かくしゅう遭遇そうぐう失しつ败。

參考さんこう文獻ぶんけん

^ Card, Ryan. "Can States 'Just Say No' to Federal Health Care Reform? The Constitutional and Political Implications of State Attempts to Nullify Federal Law". B.Y.U. Law Review. 2010, 2010 (5): 1795, 1808 [2019-05-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2015-01-18）（英えい语）. [S]tates throughout U.S. history have attempted to use variations of the nullification doctrine to invalidate national law. However, every attempt by states to nullify federal law was clearly rejected by not only the federal government, but also by other states.
^ See Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, 364 U.S. 500 (1960), Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 506 (1859), and United States v. Peters （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, 9 U.S. (5 Cranch) 115 (1809), all of which are discussed below.

延伸えんしん閱讀

Ableman v. Booth （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, 62 U.S. 506 (1859)
Anderson, Frank Maloy. Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. American Historical Review. 1899: 45–63, 225–244. 缺かけ少すくな或ある|title=为空 (帮助)
Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, 188 F. Supp. 916 (E.D. La. 1960)
Cooper v. Aaron （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, 358 U.S. 1 (1958)
Elliot, Jonathan. Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 4 expanded 2nd. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 1907: 532–539 [1836].
Kentucky Resolutions of 1798
Kentucky Resolutions of 1799
Madison, James "Notes, On Nullification" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, Library of Congress, December, 1834
Virginia Report of 1800 （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）
Virginia Resolutions of 1798
Wood, Walter. Nullification: A Constitutional History, 1776-1833. Washington, DC: University Press of America. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7618-4011-4.
Woods, Thomas E. Nullification: How to Resist Federal Tyranny in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Regnery. 2010. ISBN 1-59698-149-0.

外部がいぶ連結れんけつ

2010 State-by-State Nullification Efforts （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）
South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832
Nullification Revisited （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, An article examining the constitutionality of nullification (from a favorable aspect, and with regard to both recent and historical events)
Nullification Overview （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, A research paper examining nullification bluntly (from a student perspective, and keeping other events in mind.)
Know Your States' Rights, Review of historian Thomas Woods' book on the subject in the American Conservative

[1] Card, Ryan. "Can States 'Just Say No' to Federal Health Care Reform? The Constitutional and Political Implications of State Attempts to Nullify Federal Law". B.Y.U. Law Review. 2010, 2010 (5): 1795, 1808 [2019-05-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2015-01-18）（英えい语）. [S]tates throughout U.S. history have attempted to use variations of the nullification doctrine to invalidate national law. However, every attempt by states to nullify federal law was clearly rejected by not only the federal government, but also by other states.

[2] See Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, 364 U.S. 500 (1960), Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 506 (1859), and United States v. Peters （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, 9 U.S. (5 Cranch) 115 (1809), all of which are discussed below.

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