德とく国こく医い疗制度せいど

德とく国こく拥有一个覆盖全民^[1] 多おお方かた参与さんよ的てき医い疗系统．德とく国こく的てき医い疗保险主要よう有ゆう两种: 一いち种是"法定ほうてい医い疗保险" (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung) 也叫疾病しっぺい基金ききん，第だい二に种是 "私人しじん医い疗保险" (Private Krankenversicherung).^[2]^[3]^[4]

强制きょうせい医い疗保险适用よう于收入しゅうにゅう低てい于设定てい标准之の下した的てき人ひと群ぐん，由ゆかり私立しりつ非ひ营利性的せいてき＂疾病しっぺい基金ききん＂提供ていきょう．它对所有しょゆう参さん保ほ人じん实行相しょう同どう的まと医い疗保障ほしょう，保ほ费由参さん保ほ人じん和わ参さん保ほ人じん雇主やといぬし联合承うけたまわ担．强制きょうせい医い疗保险的补偿标准是ぜ在ざい州しゅう一级由各个自主利益集团（例れい如医师协会かい）通どおり过复杂的社会しゃかい协商来らい决定．疾病しっぺい基金ききん按规定てい必须覆盖广大だい的てき人ひと群ぐん，它不能ふのう通どおり过按精算せいさん方法ほうほう来らい歧视或ある决绝任にん何人なんにん参さん保ほ．另外有ゆう少数しょうすう人的じんてき保ほ险是由よし税ぜい收支しゅうし付づけ的てき政府せいふ公こう务员保ほ险或者しゃ或ある者もの社会しゃかい福利ふくり保ほ险．收入しゅうにゅう高だか于强制きょうせい医い疗保险设定てい标准之の上うえ的てき人じん，可か以参加さんか疾病しっぺい基金ききん（多数たすう人じん确实是ぜ这么做的），也可以购买私人じん医い疗保险. 各かく式しき各かく样的对疾病びょう基金ききん的てき补充性せい私人しじん保ほ险可供人ともびと们选择．

历史沿革えんかく

1970至いたり今いま

管理かんり

医い疗保险

保ほ险体制たいせい

公共こうきょう保ほ险

私立しりつ保ほ险

统计数すう据すえ

主要しゅよう疾病しっぺい

医院いいん

引用いんよう

^ Bump, Jesse B. The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy (PDF). Seattle: PATH. October 19, 2010 [March 10, 2013]. （原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)存そん档于2014-01-18）. Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck’s first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to minimum benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered by public and private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.
Carrin, Guy; James, Chris. Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage (PDF). International Social Security Review. January 2005, 58 (1): 45–64 [March 10, 2013]. doi:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档 (PDF)于2020-06-27）. Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals.⁶ It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total population.
Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer. One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries? (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. May 2002, 54 (10): 1559–1587 [March 10, 2013]. PMID 12061488. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-05-15）. As Germany has the world’s oldest SHI [social health insurance] system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses. Authors list列れつ表ひょう中ちゅう的てき|first3=缺かけ少すくな|last3= (帮助)
^ The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States. Cthealth.server101.com. [2011-08-06]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2018-04-23）.
^ Health Insurance in Germany – Information in the English & German Language. [2014-03-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-04-06）.
^ 存そん档副本ふくほん (PDF). [2012-01-21]. （原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)存そん档于2006-02-21）.

[Bump_2010-1] Bump, Jesse B. The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy (PDF). Seattle: PATH. October 19, 2010 [March 10, 2013]. （原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)存そん档于2014-01-18）. Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck’s first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to minimum benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered by public and private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.
Carrin, Guy; James, Chris. Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage (PDF). International Social Security Review. January 2005, 58 (1): 45–64 [March 10, 2013]. doi:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档 (PDF)于2020-06-27）. Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals.⁶ It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total population.
Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer. One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries? (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. May 2002, 54 (10): 1559–1587 [March 10, 2013]. PMID 12061488. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-05-15）. As Germany has the world’s oldest SHI [social health insurance] system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses. Authors list列れつ表ひょう中ちゅう的てき|first3=缺かけ少すくな|last3= (帮助)

[2] The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States. Cthealth.server101.com. [2011-08-06]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2018-04-23）.

[3] Health Insurance in Germany – Information in the English & German Language. [2014-03-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-04-06）.

[4] 存そん档副本ふくほん (PDF). [2012-01-21]. （原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)存そん档于2006-02-21）.

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