艾 奥 瓦 州
41°52′41″N 93°05′52″W / 41.8780025°N 93.097702°W
| |
State of Iowa | |
綽號: | |
| |
1846 ( | |
( | |
• • | |
联邦 | 查克· |
• 总计 | 145,743 |
• 长度 | 500 |
• 宽度 | 320 |
335 | |
509 | |
146 | |
• | |
• | |
语言 | |
• | |
IA | |
ISO 3166码 | US-IA |
时区 | [[UTC |
www |
「Iowa」 | |
---|---|
歷史
编辑
1673
1803
1917
1980
地理
编辑
30/13 | 36/19 | 48/29 | 61/41 | 72/52 | 81/63 | 85/68 | 83/66 | 76/57 | 65/45 | 48/32 | 35/20 | |
31/14 | 36/19 | 49/30 | 62/41 | 72/52 | 82/62 | 86/67 | 84/65 | 76/55 | 63/43 | 48/31 | 34/18 | |
34/17 | 39/21 | 50/30 | 63/42 | 73/52 | 83/62 | 87/67 | 85/65 | 78/56 | 66/44 | 51/33 | 33/21 | |
24/6 | 29/12 | 41/23 | 57/35 | 69/46 | 79/57 | 82/61 | 80/58 | 73/49 | 60/37 | 43/25 | 28/11 | |
31/10 | 35/15 | 47/26 | 62/37 | 73/49 | 82/59 | 86/63 | 83/63 | 76/51 | 63/38 | 46/25 | 32/13 |
行政 区 划
编辑
重要 城市
编辑
德 梅 因 (Des Moines),艾 奥 瓦 州 首府 - 锡达
拉 皮 兹(Cedar Rapids) 達文 波 特 (Davenport)蘇 城 (Sioux City)愛 荷 華 城 (Iowa City),是 愛 荷 華 大學 (The University of Iowa)所在地 ,原 为艾奥 瓦 州 首府 滑 鐵 盧 (Waterloo)艾 姆斯(Ames),是 愛 荷 華 州立 大學 (Iowa State University)所在地 迪 比 克 (Dubuque)
都会 区
编辑
1 | 655,409 | |
2 | 锡达 |
272,295 |
3 | 爱荷华城 MSA | 173,401 |
4 | 达文 |
173,283 |
5 | 122,730 | |
6 | 169,659 | |
7 | 苏城 MSA ( |
102,539 |
8 | 98,105 | |
9 | 96,854 | |
10 | 50,100 |
人口
编辑
调查 | 备注 | %± | |
---|---|---|---|
1840 | 43,112 | — | |
1850 | 192,214 | 345.8% | |
1860 | 674,913 | 251.1% | |
1870 | 1,194,020 | 76.9% | |
1880 | 1,624,615 | 36.1% | |
1890 | 1,912,297 | 17.7% | |
1900 | 2,231,853 | 16.7% | |
1910 | 2,224,771 | −0.3% | |
1920 | 2,404,021 | 8.1% | |
1930 | 2,470,939 | 2.8% | |
1940 | 2,538,268 | 2.7% | |
1950 | 2,621,073 | 3.3% | |
1960 | 2,757,537 | 5.2% | |
1970 | 2,824,376 | 2.4% | |
1980 | 2,913,808 | 3.2% | |
1990 | 2,776,755 | −4.7% | |
2000 | 2,926,324 | 5.4% | |
2010 | 3,046,355 | 4.1% | |
2020 | 3,190,369 | 4.7% | |
Source: 1910–2020[60] |
2020
3,155,070 | 100% | |
2,835,536 | 89.9% | |
129,335 | 4.1% | |
11,370 | 0.4% | |
76,134 | 2.4% | |
2,029 | 0.1% | |
其他 | 31,951 | 1.0% |
68,248 | 2.2% |
1990[67] | 2000[68] | 2010[69] | 2020[70] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
96.6% | 93.9% | 91.3% | 84.5% | |
1.7% | 2.1% | 2.9% | 4.1% | |
0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.5% | |
0.9% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 2.4% | |
— | — | 0.1% | 0.2% | |
其他 | 0.5% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 2.8% |
— | 1.1% | 1.8% | 5.6% |
2013[71] | 2014[72] | 2015[73] | 2016[74] | 2017[75] | 2018[76] | 2019[77] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
32,302 (82.6%) | 32,423 (81.7%) | 32,028 (81.1%) | 31,376 (79.6%) | 30,010 (78.1%) | 29,327 (77.6%) | 29,050 (77.2%) | |
2,232 (5.7%) | 2,467 (6.2%) | 2,597 (6.6%) | 2,467 (6.3%) | 2,657 (6.9%) | 2,615 (6.9%) | 2,827 (7.5%) | |
1,353 (3.5%) | 1,408 (3.5%) | 1,364 (3.4%) | 1,270 (3.2%) | 1,321 (3.4%) | 1,176 (3.1%) | 1,106 (2.9%) | |
269 (0.7%) | 284 (0.7%) | 242 (0.6%) | 147 (0.4%) | 311 (0.8%) | 152 (0.4%) | 308 (0.8%) | |
3,175 (8.1%) | 3,315 (8.3%) | 3,418 (8.6%) | 3,473 (8.8%) | 3,527 (9.2%) | 3,694 (9.8%) | 3,695 (9.8%) | |
39,094 (100%) | 39,687 (100%) | 39,482 (100%) | 39,403 (100%) | 38,430 (100%) | 37,785 (100%) | 37,649 (100%) |
經濟
编辑
2016
雖然
教育
编辑
政治
编辑
1976 | 48.5% 619,931 | 49.5% 632,863 |
1980 | 38.6% 508,672 | 51.3% 676,026 |
1984 | 45.9% 605,620 | 53.3% 703,088 |
1988 | 54.7% 670,557 | 44.5% 545,355 |
1992 | 43.3% 586,353 | 37.3% 504,891 |
1996 | 50.3% 620,258 | 39.9% 492,644 |
2000 | 48.5% 638,517 | 48.2% 634,373 |
2004 | 49.2% 741,898 | 49.9% 751,957 |
2008 | 53.9% 828,940 | 44.4% 682,379 |
2012 | 51.9% 822,544 | 46.2% 730,617 |
2016 | 41.8% 653,669 | 51.2% 800,983 |
2020 | 44.9% 759,061 | 53.1% 897,672 |
文化
编辑
棒 球
编辑
交通
编辑
機 場
编辑
高速 公 路
编辑
友好 行政 區
编辑
註釋
编辑
- ^
又 譯 「衣 阿 華 」、「愛 阿 華 」、「愛 我 華 」,中 华人民 共和 国 使用 的 正式 译名为「艾 奥 瓦 」。中華民國 外交 部 、國立 編 譯 館 與國 家 教育 研究 院 使用 的 漢語 標準 譯名 為 「愛 荷 華 」。
參考 文獻
编辑
- ^ State Symbols. Iowa Department of Economic Development. [2011-09-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-09-02). - ^
艾 奥 瓦 州 概 况. chicago.mofcom.gov.cn.中国 商 务部. [2023-06-04]. (原始 内容 存 档于2023-06-05). - ^ Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census (PDF). Census.gov. 2021-04-27 [2021-12-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-04-26). - ^ United States Census Bureau. Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010–2018. [2019-06-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-06-02). - ^ N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking; Nevada Ranks as Worst State. Insurance Journal. Wells Publishing. 2009-03-25 [2009-08-08]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-03-15). - ^ 6.0 6.1 USDA. Iowa State Fact Sheets. [2015-02-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-02-22). - ^ Major Industries in Iowa (PDF). Iowa Department of Economic Development. [2009-06-29]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2005-05-20). - ^ Wind Energy in Iowa. Iowa Energy Center. [2009-08-08]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-06-21). - ^ Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa's Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
- ^ Peterson, Cynthia L. Historical Tribes and Early Forts. William E. Whittaker (编). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009: 12–29 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-08-17). - ^ Carlson, Gayle F. Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, 1820–1827, and Other Missouri River Sites. William E. Whittaker (编). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009: 104–120 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-08-17). - ^ Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800. Napoleon-series.org. [2020-04-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-06). - ^ McKusick, Marshall B. Fort Madison, 1808–1813. William E. Whittaker (编). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2009: 55–74 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-08-17). - ^ The History of Jackson County, Iowa, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c., Biographical Sketches of Citizens. Chicago: Western Historical Co. 1879: 531.
- ^ Drexler, Ken. Research Guides: Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction. guides.loc.gov. [2020-04-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-04-05). - ^ Schwieder, Dorothy. History of Iowa. Iowa State University. [2009-06-06]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-09-03). - ^ Jackson County, Iowa History Information. Jackson County, Iowa. [2019-11-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-11-04). - ^ Lendt, David L. "Iowa and the Copperhead Movement." The Annals of Iowa 40 (1970), 412-427. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.7965 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Hosted by Iowa Research Online - ^ Iowa Official Register, Volume No. 60, page 315
- ^ "1860 Census: Population of the United States" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2019. - ^ Bureau, US Census. 1880 Census: Volume 1. Statistics of the Population. The United States Census Bureau. [2020-04-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-06-11). - ^ Types of Business and Industry. Iowa PBS. 2016-07-25 [2020-04-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-06-11). - ^ Early Industry. Iowa PBS. 2016-07-25 [2020-04-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-06-11). - ^ Schwieder, Dorothy. History of Iowa. publications.iowa.gov. [2020-04-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-09-03). - ^ The Midwest Farm Crisis of the 1980s, Tripod.com 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2008-07-06. - ^ Population Trends: The Changing Face of Iowa, State.ia.us 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2006-10-06. - ^ Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia. 50states.com. [2013-02-24]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-01-28). - ^ About Carter Lake. [2020-10-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-10-09). - ^ Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa. [2009-08-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-08-02). - ^ Morrison, Jeff. Forty-Thirty-five or fight? Sullivan's Line, the Honey War, and latitudinal estimations. 2005-01-13 [2009-08-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2007-01-01). - ^ Prior, Jean Cutler. Geology of Iowa: Iowa's Earth History Shaped by Ice, Wind, Rivers, and Ancient Seas. Adapted from Iowa Geology 2007, Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey. [2009-08-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-04-16). - ^ Prior, Jean C. Landforms of Iowa. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. 1991. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-03-02). - ^ Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa. United States Geological Survey. July 1999 [2008-03-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-03-28). - ^ Landforms of Iowa (PDF). Uni.edu. [2020-04-07]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2012-07-31). - ^ Odessa. Iowa Department of Natural Resources. [2009-06-06]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-09-21). - ^ Wetlands. Iowadnr.gov. [2020-04-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-04-07). - ^ Iowa DNR: Iowa's Statewide Land Cover Inventory, Uiowa.edu 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2009-05-02. - ^ Terrestrial ecoregions of North America : a conservation assessment. Ricketts, Taylor H. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 1999. ISBN 1-55963-722-6. OCLC 40856986.
- ^ Central tall grasslands | Ecoregions | WWF. World Wildlife Fund. [2020-04-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-08-10). - ^ Iowa's Threatened and Endangered Species Program, Iowadnr.gov 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2015-09-24. - ^ Iowa Works to Reduce Run-off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico. The Iowa Journal. Iowa Public Television. 2009-09-17 [2009-11-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-11-06). - ^ Living with Hogs in Rural Iowa. Iowa Ag Review. Iowa State University. 2003 [2009-11-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10). - ^ Heldt, Diane. Report: Many Iowa coal plants among nation's oldest. Cedar Rapids Gazette. 2009-11-24 [2009-11-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-12-08). - ^ Love, Orlan. Heavy use draining aquifer. Cedar Rapids Gazette. 2009-12-06 [2009-12-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-12-09). - ^ Climate Iowa: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Iowa - Climate-Data.org. en.climate-data.org. [2020-04-06]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-04-24). - ^ US Thunderstorm distribution. src.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2008. 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2006-10-15. - ^ Average Annual Snowfall Totals in Iowa - Current Results. Currentresults.com. [2020-04-06]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-02-21). - ^ Des Moines, IA. noaa.gov. [2015-02-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-08-21). - ^ Keokuk Comprehensive Plan 2018 (PDF) (报告). June 2018 [2020-04-06]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-02-20). - ^ Munson, Kyle. Site of Iowa's coldest temp shivers with rest of state. USA TODAY. [2020-04-06]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-02-28). - ^ Average Annual Precipitation Iowa, 1961–1990 (GIF File) (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)—Christopher Daly, Jenny Weisburg - ^ Average Weather for Des Moines, IA—Temperature and Precipitation, Weather.com, Retrieved 2009-01-07. Weather.com. [2010-07-31]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-12-03). - ^ Iowa Weather-Iowa Weather Forecast-Iowa Climate. ustravelweather.com. [2011-02-17]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-01-31). - ^ Monthly Averages for Davenport, Iowa. Weather.com. [2008-11-01]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-10-08). - ^ Average Weather for Des Moines, IA—Temperature and Precipitation. Weather.com. [2012-02-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-24). - ^ Daily Averages for Keokuk, IA. weather.com. [2012-02-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-24). - ^ Average Weather for Mason City, IA—Temperature and Precipitation. Weather.com. [2012-02-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-24). - ^ Average Weather for Sioux City, IA—Temperature and Precipitation. Weather.com. [2012-02-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-24). - ^ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 - 2018 Population Estimates. US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau. [2019-09-17]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-02-13). - ^ Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. [2021-12-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-04-29). - ^ Numeric and Percent Change in Resident Population (PDF). 2020 Census Apportionment Results. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2021-04-26 [2021-04-27]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-04-26). - ^ U.S. Census quickfacts. United States Census Bureau. [2015-04-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-05-27). - ^ U.S. Census website. [2020-01-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于1996-12-27). - ^ 2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates. United States Census Bureau. [2018-11-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-02-13). - ^ 2016 American Community Survey—Selected Social Characteristics. United States Census Bureau. [2018-11-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-02-13). - ^ 2019 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates. United States Census Bureau. [2021-04-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于1996-12-27). - ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States. Census.gov. [2014-07-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-07-25). - ^ Population of Iowa: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts. Censusviewer.com. [2014-07-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-04). - ^ 2010 Census Data. 2010 Census Data. Census.gov. [2014-07-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-05-22). - ^ Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census. U.S. Census Bureau. 2021-08-12 [2021-08-12]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-08-15). - ^ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ. National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2013 (PDF) (报告) 64. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: 35–6. 2015-01-15 [2019-02-03]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2017-09-11).|issue=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ. National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2014 (PDF) (报告) 64. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: 35–6. 2015-12-23 [2019-02-03]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2017-02-14).|issue=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK. National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data for 2015 (PDF) (报告) 66. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: 38, 40. 2017-01-05 [2019-02-03]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2017-08-31).|issue=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Drake P. National Vital Statistics Reports—Births: Final Data 2016 (PDF) (报告) 67. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: 26. 2018-01-31 [2019-02-03]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2018-06-03).|issue=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK, Drake P. National Vital Statistics Reports—Births, by race and origin of mother: United States, each state and territory, 2017 (PDF) (报告) 67: 20. 2018-11-07 [2021-12-09]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2019-02-01).|number=
被 忽 略 (帮助) - ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. Births: Final Data for 2018 (PDF) (报告). 2019-11-27 [2021-12-09]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2019-11-28). - ^ Data (PDF). Cdc.gov. [2021-03-29]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-03-24). - ^ QuickFacts: Iowa. Census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. [2020-01-01]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-11-10). - ^ America's Top States for Business in 2010. CNBC. [2011-05-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-12-26). - ^ Iowa State University. Gross domestic product by sector and state. Regional Capacity Analysis Program. Retrieved on: April 26, 2008. 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2008-10-09. - ^ Iowa Quick Facts—State Data Center. Statelibraryofiowa.org. 2010-06-28 [2010-07-31]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-11-04). - ^ Iowa officials tout credit rating, argue it shows state's finances are strong, Associated Press July 3, 2009, Timesrepublican.com 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2010-09-07. - ^ Iowa's Unemployment Rate Falls To 4.0 Percent In September. 2021-10-22 [2021-12-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-11-08). - ^ Our story-locations. Tysonfoods.com. [2014-07-16]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-07-04). - ^ Electric Power Monthly. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. [2020-06-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2018-02-06). - ^ Eller, Donnelle. Looking for greater profits, more Iowa farmers move to organic corn, soybeans. The Des Moines Register. 2017-11-03 [2019-01-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-20). - ^ Iowa Organic Association. [2019-04-16]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-04-16). - ^ Northeast Iowa Local Foods Expansion Plan (PDF), Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development, [2019-01-21], (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2019-01-21) - ^ Grow The Local Food System, Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development, [2019-01-21], (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-01-22) - ^ Swenson, David A; Eathington, Liesl. Multiple Measures of the Role of Agriculture in Iowa's Economy. Iowa State University, Department of Economics. Staff General Research Papers, number 10180. 2002-12-01 [2014-07-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-07-15). - ^ Ethanol mandate wouldn't help prices. Cedar Rapids Gazette. 2010-02-26 [2010-04-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-12-08). - ^ Goldin C, Katz LF. Why the United States Led in Education: Lessons from Secondary School Expansion, 1910 to 1940 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). In: Eltis D, Lewis F, Sokoloff K Human Capital and Institutions. Cambridge University Press ; 2009. - ^ About the Iowa Education System. Iowa Department of Education. [2019-11-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-11-03). - ^ Rankings And Estimates Report 2018 (PDF). National Education Association. [2019-11-03]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2019-11-12). - ^ Boden, Sarah. Lawmakers Scrounge Up Bus Money for Rural School Districts. Iowa Public Radio. 2015-02-03 [2018-06-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2018-06-17). - ^ Bellevue school board sets referendum for $16 million bond issuance. Telegraph Herald. [2019-11-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-11-03). - ^ What is the Board of Regents?. Iowaregents.edu. 2016-06-22 [2020-04-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-06-11). - ^ Carnegie Classifications | Standard Listings. carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. [2020-04-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-06-11). - ^ Our Members | Association of American Universities (AAU). Aau.edu. [2020-04-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-11-11). - ^ Donovan, Todd; Redlawsk, David; Tolbert, Caroline. The 2012 Iowa Republican Caucus and Its Effects on the Presidential Nomination Contest. Presidential Studies Quarterly. September 2014, 44 (3): 447–466. doi:10.1111/psq.12132.
- ^ Swenson, David, The Economic Impact of the Iowa Caucus: Gauging the Worth of Its First‐in‐the‐Nation Position? (PDF), April 2008 [2020-04-22], (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2020-04-04) - ^ Leip, David. General Election Results – Iowa. United States Election Atlas. [2021-01-29]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2018-07-09). - ^ James Q. Lynch. What happens at a caucus?. iowacaucus.com. 2007-11-19. (
原始 内容 存 档于2007-12-22). - ^ Donovan, Todd; Hunsaker, Rob. Beyond expectations: effects of early elections in U.S. presidential nomination contests. PS: Political Science & Politics. January 2009, 42 (1): 45–52 [2016-01-30]. S2CID 42839320. doi:10.1017/S1049096509090040. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-07-15). - ^ American Religious Identification Survey 2001 (PDF). The Graduate Center of the City University of New York. [2012-01-04]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2012-05-16). - ^ The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report. thearda.com. [2013-11-12]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-11-12). - ^ Explore Census Data. data.census.gov. [2021-05-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-03). - ^ 2000 U.S. Census: Census.gov (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Iowa-Languages. City Data. [2010-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-11-01). - ^ Religious composition of adults in Iowa. Pew Research Center. [2019-08-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-08-01). - ^ Iowa Sister States. Iowa Sister States. [2023-08-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-08-02) (英 语).
外部 链接
编辑
州 政府 主 页 (英文 )