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皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

皇すめらぎ冠かんむり（英語えいご：imperial crown）是ぜ包括ほうかつ皇帝こうてい在ざい内うち等とう拥有帝みかど号ごう的てき君主くんしゅ于加か冕礼等とう场合下か穿ほじ戴的一いち种冠かんむり冕。

英国えいこく的てき帝国ていこく皇すめらぎ冠かんむり侧面视角，皇すめらぎ冠かんむり的てき正面しょうめん朝あさ左ひだり（黑くろ王子おうじ红宝石せき和わ库里南みなみ二に世せい钻石从该角度かくど仅能看み到いた侧面）

设计

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中世ちゅうせい纪时代的てき欧おう洲しゅう冠かんむり冕在设计和わ风格上じょう各かく有ゆう不同ふどう：

已やめ隱かくれ藏ぞう部分ぶぶん未み翻譯ほんやく内容ないよう，歡迎かんげい參與さんよ翻譯ほんやく。

An open crown is one which consists basically of a golden circlet elaborately worked and decorated with precious stones or enamels. ... The medieval French crown was of this type. ... the closed crown, which had bands of metal crossing usually from one side to the other and from back to front so that they met in the middle, at the top of the head. ... These arches are in part utilitarian, since they serve to strengthen the crown, in part decorative, since they are normally made to serve as supports for a central cross or jewel, and in part traditional, since a contributing element to the evolution of many medieval crowns was the structure of the early Germanic helmet, which had metal bands crossing at the top of the head to protect the skull from injury.

A special case of a closed crown was that of the Holy Roman Empire. This was originally an open crown, made up of eight separate richly jewelled sections incorporating four magnificent enamelled plaques, but the Emperor Conrad II (1024–39) had added to it a kind of jewelled crest, running from front to back, to which he had thoughtfully attached his name, CHVONRADVS DEI GRATIA ROMANORV(M) IMPERATOR AVG(VSTVS). This jewelled crest was so closely associated with the notion of the imperial office that when the Habsburgs made a new imperial crown in the 15th century in which they incorporated two large cusps resembling a mitre seen sideways, they provided it with a similar crest running from front to back and topped with a central jewel. ... Strictly speaking, therefore, the only type of crown whose characteristics can properly be regarded as imperial was one with a single crest running from front to back. In practice, in countries unfamiliar with closed crowns at all, any kind of closed crown was assumed to be imperial in character.

——Philip Grierson[1]

During the Middle Ages the crowns worn by English kings had been described as both closed (or arched) and open designs. This was in contrast with kings of France who always wore an open crown. However, there is academic debate on how often closed crowns were used in England during this period, as the first unequivocal use of the closed crown was by Henry IV of England at his coronation on 13 October 1399.[2][3] However his effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral wears an open crown, so the link in England between the style of the crown and its representation as that worn by a king and an emperor was not established.[3] The use of a closed crown may have been adopted by the English as a way of distinguishing the English crown from the French crown,[4] but it also had other meanings to some. For example, Henry V of England wore a helmet-crown of the arched type at the Battle of Agincourt which the French knight St. Remy commented was "like the imperial crown".[5]

The association of the closed crown with imperial crowns was already established in Continental Europe by the late 14th century, for example the florins minted for Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) sometimes show him with a closed crown (though on the commoner variety, the crown is open). A miniature picture in the Chronica Aulae Regiae written in the great abbey outside Prague depicts his mother Elizabeth, a queen of Bohemia, wearing an open crown, while his two wives, who had imperial titles, have closed ones.[6]

During the machinations that surrounded the introduction of the imperial crown under Henry VIII (see the section below Legal usage), the closed crown, became associated as a symbolic representation of the English Crown as an imperial crown,[7][a][b] and has remained so until this day.[10]

各かく式しき皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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罗马帝国ていこく皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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拜はい占うらない庭にわ帝国ていこく皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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  •  
    查士丁ちょう尼に一世いっせい皇帝こうてい头戴“stemma”皇すめらぎ冠かんむり的てき形象けいしょう
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    君きみ士し坦ひろし丁ひのと九きゅう世せい的てき皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

附ふ有ゆう主教しゅきょう冠かんむり的てき皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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马克西にし米まい连一いち世せい皇帝こうてい头戴附ふ有ゆう主教しゅきょう冠かんむり的てき皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

带有单拱以及可か展てん开式主教しゅきょう冠かんむり的てき皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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带有单拱以及固定こてい式しき主教しゅきょう冠かんむり形状けいじょう的てき皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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具有ぐゆう高だか拱形状じょう的てき皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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奥おく斯曼帝国ていこく皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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普ひろし鲁士-德とく国こく皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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拿破仑皇冠かんむり

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其他基もと于欧洲しゅう式しき冠かんむり冕设计的皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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其他非ひ欧おう洲しゅう式しき冠かんむり冕设计的皇すめらぎ冠かんむり

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参まいり见

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参考さんこう文献ぶんけん

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  1. ^ Henry changed his coinage and his Great Seal from depicting himself with an open crown to a closed one to depict the imperial nature of the English Crown.[8]
  2. ^ Shortly before Henry VIII of England started his breach with the Roman Catholic Church, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, as regent for his son Philip the Handsome, had the real d'or coin struck depicting a closed crown, which due to the close trading links between the Low Countries and England would have made the imagery familiar to English men involved in trade and this may have influenced Henry's choice of a difference style of crown.[9]
  1. ^ Grierson 1964，第だい127–128頁ぺーじ.
  2. ^ Chris Given-Wilson, Henry IV (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), pp. 151-52.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Grierson 1964，第だい129頁ぺーじ.
  4. ^ Grierson 1964，第だい129, 133頁ぺーじ.
  5. ^ Grierson 1964，第だい130頁ぺーじ.
  6. ^ Grierson 1964，第だい130 footnote 3頁ぺーじ.
  7. ^ Grierson 1964，第だい118, 130–131頁ぺーじ.
  8. ^ Grierson 1964，第だい131頁ぺーじ.
  9. ^ Grierson 1964，第だい118, 134頁ぺーじ.
  10. ^ Grierson 1964，第だい132頁ぺーじ.

外部がいぶ链接

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维基共ども享とおる资源上うえ的てき相しょう关多媒体ばいたい资源：皇すめらぎ冠かんむり
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