Κανονικές συνθήκες
- Πρότυπες συνθήκες θερμοκρασίας
κ α ι πίεσης (STP): Θερμοκρασία 273,15 K (0 °C, 32 °F)κ α ι απόλυτη πίεση ακριβώς 100 kPa (1 bar, 14,504 psi, 0,98692 atm). - Πρότυπες συνθήκες περιβάλλοντος θερμοκρασίας
κ α ι πίεσης (Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure, SATP): Θερμοκρασία 298,15Κ (25 °C, 77 °F)κ α ι απόλυτη πίεση ακριβώς 100 kPa (1 bar, 14,504 psi, 0,98692 atm).
Τόσο
Τόσο
Ιστορικά
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Αυτές τις συνθήκες χρησιμοποιούν
Σύγχρονη χρήση
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Πολλοί διαφορετικοί ορισμοί είναι σήμερα
Σήμερα, λόγω
Θερμοκρασία | Πίεση | Σχετική υγρασία | Δημοσίευση ή Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης |
---|---|---|---|
°C | kPa | % RH | |
0 | 100.000 | IUPAC (present definition)[3] | |
0 | 101.325 | IUPAC (former definition)[3], NIST[4], ISO 10780[5] | |
15 | 101.325 | 0[6][7] | ICAO's ISA,[6] ISO 13443,[7] EEA,[8] EGIA[9] |
20 | 101.325 | EPA,[10] NIST[11] | |
25 | 101.325 | EPA[12] | |
25 | 100.000 | SATP[13] | |
20 | 100.000 | 0 | CAGI[14] |
15 | 100.000 | SPE[15] | |
20 | 101.3 | 50 | ISO 5011[16] |
°F | psi | % RH | |
60 | 14.696 | SPE,[15] U.S. OSHA,[17] SCAQMD[18] | |
60 | 14.73 | EGIA,[9] OPEC,[19] U.S. EIA[20] | |
59 | 14.503 | 78 | U.S. Army Standard Metro[21][22] |
59 | 14.696 | 60 | ISO 2314, ISO 3977-2[23] |
°F | in Hg | % RH | |
70 | 29.92 | 0 | AMCA,[24][25] air density = 0.075 lbm/ft³. This AMCA standard applies only to air. |
Εκφράσεις
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Κ Σ - Υπό κανονικές συνθήκες
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Άλλες χρησιμοποιούμενες συνθήκες αναφοράς
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]«Κανονικές συνθήκες περιβάλλοντος»
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]«Συνθήκες δωματίου»
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Σημειώσεις κ α ι αναφορές
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- ↑ A. D. McNaught· A. Wilkinson (1997). IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2
η έκδοση). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8.Standard conditions for gases: ... and pressure of 105 pascals. The previous standard absolute pressure of 1 atm (equivalent to 1.01325 × 105 Pa) was changed to 100 kPa in 1982. IUPAC recommends that the former pressure should be discontinued.
- ↑ Natural gas – Standard reference conditions (ISO 13443). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 1996.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 A. D. McNaught· A. Wilkinson (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book (PDF) (2
η έκδοση). Blackwell Science. ISBN 0865426848. Αρχειοθετήθηκε απότ ο πρωτότυπο (PDF) στις 24 Μαΐου 2016. Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Ιανουαρίου 2010.Standard conditions for gases: Temperature, 273.15 K [...] and pressure of 105 pascals. IUPAC recommends that the former use of the pressure of 1 atm as standard pressure (equivalent to 1.01325 × 105 Pa) should be discontinued.
- ↑ NIST (1989). «NIST Standard Reference Database 7 – NIST Electron and Positron Stopping Powers of Materials Database». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 29 Ιουνίου 2011. Ανακτήθηκε στις 25 Ιουλίου 2008.If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by M/V, where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414 cm3 at standard conditions (0 deg C and 1 atm).
- ↑ ISO (1994), ISO 10780:1994 : Stationary source emissions - Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts, http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=18855
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Robert C. Weast, επιμ. (1975). Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (56
η έκδοση). CRC Press. σελίδες F201–F206. ISBN 0-87819-455-X. - ↑ 7,0 7,1 "Natural gas – Standard reference conditions", ISO 13443, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO Standards Catalogue Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2011-10-12
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ "Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels", Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201 - 050303, September 1999, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark Emission Inventory Guidebook[νεκρός σύνδεσμος]
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 "Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131 (defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units) Canadian Laws Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2005-01-03
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ "Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990 New Source Performance Standards
- ↑ "Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard", Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol.108, Number 1, 2003 NIST Journal Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2006-04-14
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998 National Ambient Air Standards
- ↑ "Table of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties", National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Journal of Physics and Chemical Reference Data, 1982, Vol. 11, Supplement 2.
- ↑ "Glossary", 2002, Compressed Air and Gas Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Glossary Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2007-10-28
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ 15,0 15,1 The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2008-09-20
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. (Notes for Table 2.3, on PDF page 25 of 42 PDF pages, define two different sets of reference conditions, one for the standard cubic foot and one for the standard cubic meter) - ↑ "Air Intake Filters", ISO 5011:2002, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2008-08-08
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ "Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR--Labor, Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993 Storage/Handling of LPG Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2006-07-19
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ "Rule 102, Definition of Terms (Standard Conditions)", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA SCAQMD Rule 102 Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2008-12-19
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ "Annual Statistical Bulletin", 2004, Editor-in-chief: Dr. Omar Ibrahim, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Vienna, Austria OPEC Statistical Bulletin Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2008-12-19
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ "Natural Gas Annual 2004", DOE/EIA-0131(04), December 2005, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, D.C., USA Natural Gas Annual 2004 Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2009-04-27
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ Sierra Bullets L.P. «Chapter 3 – Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions». Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από
τ ο πρωτότυπο στις 9 Μαρτίου 2006. Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Ιανουαρίου 2010."Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions", Exterior Ballistics Section, Sierra's "Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition", Sedalia, MO, USA Exterior Ballistics Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2006-03-09σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ The pressure is specified as 750 mmHg. However, the mmHg is temperature dependant, as mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0-20 °C range are given.
- ↑ "Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings", ISO 3977-2:1997 and "Gas turbines - Acceptance tests", ISO 2314:1989, Edition 2, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2008-08-08
σ τ ο Wayback Machine. - ↑ ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied here: http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf when accessed on October 17, 2007
- ↑ The standard is given as 29.92 inHg at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at 32 °F)
- ↑ Peter Gribbon (2001). Excel HSC Chemistry Pocket Book Years 11–12. Pascal Press. ISBN 1-74020-303-8.