Πρωτοβούλγαροι

Οおみくろんιいおた Πρωτοβούλγαροι ήταν τουρκικές ημινομαδικές φυλές πολεμιστών πぱいοおみくろんυうぷしろん άκμασαν σしぐまτたうηいーたνにゅー Ποντιακή-Κασπική στέπα κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた σしぐまτたうηいーたνにゅー περιοχή τたうοおみくろんυうぷしろん Βόλγα κατά τたうοおみくろんνにゅー 7οおみくろん αιώνα. Έγιναν γνωστοί ως νομαδικοί ιππείς σしぐまτたうηいーたνにゅー περιοχή Βόλγα-Ουραλίων, αλλά ορισμένοι ερευνητές λένε ότι οおみくろんιいおた εθνοτικές τους ρίζες μπορούν νにゅーαあるふぁ εντοπιστούν σしぐまτたうηいーたνにゅー Κεντρική Ασία.^[1] Κατά τたうηいーた διάρκεια της μετανάστευσής τους προς τたうαあるふぁ δυτικά μέσω της ευρασιατικής στέπας, οおみくろんιいおた πρωτοβουλγαρικές φυλές αναμείχθηκαν μみゅーεいぷしろん άλλες φυλετικές ομάδες κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた πολιτιστικές επιρροές σしぐまεいぷしろん μみゅーιいおたαあるふぁ διαδικασία εθνογένεσης, συμπεριλαμβανομένων Ιρανικών, Φιννικών κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた Ουννικών φυλών.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Ηいーた σύγχρονη γενετική έρευνα γがんまιいおたαあるふぁ τους τουρκικούς λαούς της Κεντρικής Ασίας κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた τις εθνοτικές ομάδες πぱいοおみくろんυうぷしろん σχετίζονται μみゅーεいぷしろん τους Πρωτοβούλγαρους υποδεικνύει μみゅーιいおたαあるふぁ σύνδεση μみゅーεいぷしろん τους πληθυσμούς της Δυτικής Ευρασίας.^[7]^[8] Οおみくろんιいおた Πρωτοβούλγαροι μιλούσαν μみゅーιいおたαあるふぁ τουρκική γλώσσα, δηλαδή τたうαあるふぁ πρωτοβουλγαρικά τたうοおみくろんυうぷしろん ογουρικού κλάδου.^[9] Διατήρησαν τους στρατιωτικούς τίτλους, τたうηいーたνにゅー οργάνωση κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた τたうαあるふぁ έθιμα τたうωおめがνにゅー ευρασιατικών στεπών,^[10] καθώς κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた τたうοおみくろんνにゅー παγανιστικό σαμανισμό κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた τたうηいーたνにゅー πίστη σしぐまτたうηいーた θεότητα τたうοおみくろんυうぷしろん ουρανού Τένγκρι.^[11]

Οおみくろんιいおた Πρωτοβούλγαροι κυρίως παρέμειναν κατά τたうοおみくろんνにゅー 7οおみくろん αιώνα σしぐまτたうηいーたνにゅー ποντιακή-κασπική στέπα, καθιερώνοντας τたうηいーたνにゅー πολιτεία της Παλαιάς Μεγάλης Βουλγαρίας περί τたうοおみくろん 630–635, ηいーた οποία συνθλίφτηκε από τたうηいーたνにゅー αυτοκρατορία τたうωおめがνにゅー Χαζάρων τたうοおみくろん 668 μみゅー.Χかい. Περί τたうοおみくろん 679, οおみくろん Χάνος Ασπαρούχ κατέκτησε τたうηいーた Μικρά Σκυθία, ανοίγοντας πρόσβαση σしぐまτたうηいーた Μοισία κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた ίδρυσε τたうηいーたνにゅー Παραδουνάβια Βουλγαρία - τたうηいーたνにゅー Πρώτη Βουλγαρική Αυτοκρατορία, όπου οおみくろんιいおた Πρωτοβούλγαροι καθίσταντο πολιτική κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた στρατιωτική ελίτ. Ακολούθως συγχωνεύτηκαν μみゅーεいぷしろん τたうοおみくろんνにゅー υπάρχοντα βυζαντινό πληθυσμό,^[12]^[13] καθώς κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた μみゅーεいぷしろん προηγουμένως εγκατεστημένες σλαβικές φυλές, κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた τελικά σλαβικοποιήθηκαν, σχηματίζοντας έτσι τους προγόνους τたうωおめがνにゅー σύγχρονων Βουλγάρων.^[14]

Οおみくろんιいおた υπόλοιποι Πόντιοι Βούλγαροι μετανάστευσαν τたうοおみくろんνにゅー 7οおみくろん αιώνα σしぐまτたうοおみくろんνにゅー ποταμό Βόλγα, όπου ίδρυσαν τたうηいーた Βουλγαρία τたうοおみくろんυうぷしろん Βόλγα· διατήρησαν τたうηいーたνにゅー ταυτότητά τους μέχρι τたうοおみくろんνにゅー 13οおみくろん αιώνα.^[9] Οおみくろんιいおた σύγχρονοι Τάταροι τたうοおみくろんυうぷしろん Βόλγα κかっぱαあるふぁιいおた οおみくろんιいおた Τσουβάσοι ισχυρίζονται ότι προέρχονται από τους Βούλγαρους τたうοおみくろんυうぷしろん Βόλγα.^[9]^[15]

Παραπομπές

↑ Hyun Jin Kim (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. σελίδες 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243. ISBN 9781107009066.
↑ Golden 1992, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 253, 256: "[Pontic Bulgars] With their Avar and Türk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained." ... "The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ..."
↑ McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 229. ISBN 9780521362924. The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.
↑ Sophoulis 2011, σελίδες 65–66, 68–69: "The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically Oğuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions." ... "It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations."
↑ Brook 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 13: "Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together."
↑ «Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars». Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 3 Ιουνίου 2015. The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day Bulgaria. ^{[νεκρός σύνδεσμος]}
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 «Bulgar». Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 3 Ιουνίου 2015. Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian populations.
↑ Suslova (October 2012). «HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals).». International Journal of Immunogenetics (Blackwell Publishing Ltd) 39 (5): 375–392. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. PMID 22520580.
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 Waldman, Mason 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 106–107.
↑ Waldman, Mason 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 108–109.
↑ Waldman, Mason 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 109.
↑ Waldman, Mason 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 108.
↑ Golden 2011, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 145, 158, 196.
↑ Fiedler 2008, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 151: "...ethnic symbiosis between Slavic commoners and Bulgar elites of Turkic origin, who ultimately gave their name to the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians."
↑ Shnirelʹman 1996, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 22–35.

[Kim-1] Hyun Jin Kim (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. σελίδες 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243. ISBN 9781107009066.

[FOOTNOTEGolden1992253,_256-2] Golden 1992, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 253, 256: "[Pontic Bulgars] With their Avar and Türk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained." ... "The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ..."

[3] McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 229. ISBN 9780521362924. The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.

[FOOTNOTESophoulis201165–66,_68–69-4] Sophoulis 2011, σελίδες 65–66, 68–69: "The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically Oğuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions." ... "It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations."

[FOOTNOTEBrook200613-5] Brook 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 13: "Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together."

[EB_Arrival-6] «Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars». Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 3 Ιουνίου 2015. The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day Bulgaria. ^{[νεκρός σύνδεσμος]}

[EB_Bulgars-7] 7,0 ^7,1 «Bulgar». Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Ανακτήθηκε στις 3 Ιουνίου 2015. Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian populations.

[Suslova-8] Suslova (October 2012). «HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals).». International Journal of Immunogenetics (Blackwell Publishing Ltd) 39 (5): 375–392. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. PMID 22520580.

[FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006106–107-9] 9,0 ^9,1 ^9,2 Waldman, Mason 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 106–107.

[FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108–109-10] Waldman, Mason 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 108–109.

[FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006109-11] Waldman, Mason 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 109.

[FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-12] Waldman, Mason 2006, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 108.

[FOOTNOTEGolden2011145,_158,_196-13] Golden 2011, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 145, 158, 196.

[FOOTNOTEFiedler2008151-14] Fiedler 2008, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 151: "...ethnic symbiosis between Slavic commoners and Bulgar elites of Turkic origin, who ultimately gave their name to the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians."

[FOOTNOTEShnirelʹman199622–35-15] Shnirelʹman 1996, σしぐまεいぷしろんλらむだ. 22–35.

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