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| common_name = Egypt
| era = [[Interwar period]] / [[World War II]] / [[Cold War]] / [[Palestine War]]
| status =
| status_text =
| p1 = Sultanate of Egypt
| flag_p1 =
| s1 = Republic of Egypt (1953–1958){{!}}Republic of Egypt
| flag_s1 = Flag of
| image_flag = Flag of Egypt 1922.svg
| flag_alt = Green flag with a white crescent containing three five-pointed white stars.
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| coat_alt =
| national_motto =
| national_anthem = "[[Eslami ya Misr]]" (1923–1936) [[File:اسلمي يا مصر.ogg]]<br />'''Royal anthem:''' "[[Salam Affandina]]" (1936–1953)<br>{{center|[[File:Former national anthem of Egypt, 1914-1958.ogg]]}}{{center|
}}
| image_map = Egypt in 1923.svg
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = <div style="padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;">'''Green:''' Kingdom of Egypt<br/>'''Lighter green:''' [[Condominium (international law)|Condominium]] of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]<br/>'''Lightest green:''' Ceded from Sudan to [[Italian Libya]] in 1934.</div>
| capital = [[Cairo]]
| common_languages = [[Egyptian Arabic]]
| official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[King of Egypt|King]]
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| today = [[Egypt]] <br> [[Sudan]] <br> [[South Sudan]] <br> [[Libya]] (land ceded)
| largest_city = [[Cairo]]
}}
{{History of Egypt}}
The '''Kingdom of Egypt''' ({{lang-ar|المملكة المصرية|Al-Mamlaka Al-Miṣreyya|The Egyptian Kingdom}}) was the legal form of the [[Egypt|Egyptian state]] during the latter period of the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]]'s reign, from the [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|United Kingdom's recognition of Egyptian independence]] in 1922 until the abolition of the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in 1953 following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]]. Until the [[Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936]], the Kingdom was only nominally independent, as the [[United Kingdom]] retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military, and [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]]. Officially, Sudan was governed as a [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] of the two states
The legal status of Egypt had been highly convoluted, due to its ''de facto'' breakaway from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1805, its occupation by Britain in 1882, and the re-establishment of the [[Sultanate of Egypt]] (destroyed by the Ottomans in 1517) as a [[British protectorate]] in 1914. In line with the change in status from sultanate to kingdom, the title of the reigning Sultan, [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]], was changed from [[Sultan of Egypt]] to [[King of Egypt]]. Throughout the Kingdom's existence, [[Sudan]] was formally united with Egypt. However, actual Egyptian authority in Sudan was largely nominal due to United Kingdom's role as the dominant power in [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]. As had been the case during the [[Khedivate of Egypt]], and the Sultanate of Egypt, the Egyptian monarch was styled as the sovereign of "Egypt and Sudan".
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=== Aftermath of World War I ===
A group known as the [[Wafd Party|Wafd]] (meaning "Delegation") attended the [[Paris Peace Conference of 1919]] to demand Egypt's independence.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} Included in the group was political leader, [[Saad Zaghlul]], who would later become Prime Minister. When
From March to April 1919, there were mass demonstrations that turned into uprisings. These are known in Egypt as the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1919|First Revolution]]. In November 1919, the [[Milner Commission]] was sent to Egypt by the British to attempt to resolve the situation. In 1920, Lord Milner submitted his report to [[Lord Curzon]], the British [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]], recommending that the protectorate should be replaced by a treaty of alliance.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
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{{main|Egypt in World War II|North African campaign}}
The government of Egypt was legally neutral in World War II. The army was not in combat. In practice the British made Egypt a major base of operations against
The government of Egypt, and the Egyptian population, played a minor role in the Second World War. When the war began in September 1939, Egypt declared martial law and broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. It did not declare war on Germany, but the Prime Minister associated Egypt with the British war effort. It broke off diplomatic relations with Italy in 1940, but never declared war, even when the Italian army invaded Egypt. King Farouk practically took a neutral position, which accorded with elite opinion among the Egyptians. The Egyptian army did no fighting. It was apathetic about the war, with the leading officers looking on the British as occupiers and sometimes holding some private sympathies toward the Axis.<ref>S. K. Rothwell, "Military Ally or Liability? The Egyptian Army 1936–1942." ''Army Quarterly & Defence Review'' 128#2 (1998): 180-7.</ref> In June 1940, the King dismissed Prime Minister Aly Maher, who got on poorly with the British. A new coalition government was formed with the Independent [[Hassan Pasha Sabri]] as Prime Minister briefly, followed by [[Hussein Sirri Pasha (1894–1960)|Hussein Sirri Pasha]].<ref>John Marlowe, ''A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations, 1800–1953'' (1954) pp. 313–15.</ref>
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=== Post-war period ===
Most British troops were withdrawn to the Suez Canal area in 1947 (
=== Suez Emergency ===
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=== Dissolution ===
On 23 July 1952, the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]], led by [[Mohamed Naguib]] and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], toppled King Farouk in a coup d'état that began the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]]. On 26 July, Farouk abdicated in favour of his seven-month-old son, Ahmed Fuad, who
Popular expectations for immediate reforms led to the workers' riots in [[Kafr Dawar]] on 12 August 1952, which resulted in two death sentences. Following a brief experiment with civilian rule, the Free Officers abolished the monarchy, and declared Egypt a republic on 18 June 1953, abrogating the constitution of 1923. In addition to serving as head of the Revolutionary Command Council, and [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]], Naguib was proclaimed as Egypt's first [[President of Egypt|President]], while Nasser was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister.
==Demographics==
Ethnic Egyptians made up the majority of the population in Egypt. However, thousands of Greeks, Jews, Italians, Maltese, Armenians and Syro-Lebanese were present in Egypt. These communities were known as the [[Mutamassirun]] (Egyptianized). Despite the fact these communities were foreigners, they took part in Egyptian society and were considered to be homogenous groups by Egyptian nationalists. The Mutammassirun community had most of its members leaving Egypt in the 1950s. After the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, more than 1,000 of 18,000 people who carried British or French nationality were expelled and were only allowed to take one suitcase with them and a small sum of cash.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hofstadter |first1=Dan |title=Egypt & Nasser: 1952–56 |date=1973 |isbn=9780871962034 |page=227 |publisher=Facts on File |edition=Vol. 1 Facts on File |url=https://books.google.com
== See also ==
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