(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Improvised explosive device - Wikipedia
Wikipedia

Improvised explosive device

(Redirected from IEDs)

An improvised explosive device (IED) is a bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an artillery shell, attached to a detonating mechanism. IEDs are commonly used as roadside bombs, or homemade bombs.

Ammunition rigged for an IED discovered in Baghdad by the Iraqi Police in November 2005
A U.S. Cougar which was struck by an approximately 90–136 kg (198–300 lb) directed charge IED during the Anbar campaign in September 2007. The crew of the MRAP survived uninjured due to the vehicle's multiple blast protection features.

The term "IED" was coined by the British Army during the Northern Ireland conflict to refer to booby traps made by the IRA, and entered common use in the U.S. during the Iraq War.[1][2]

IEDs are generally utilized in terrorist operations or in asymmetric unconventional warfare or urban warfare by insurgent guerrillas or commando forces in a theatre of operations.[3][4] In the Iraq War (2003–2011), insurgents used IEDs extensively against U.S.-led forces, and by the end of 2007, IEDs were responsible for approximately 63% of coalition deaths in Iraq.[5] They were also used in Afghanistan by insurgent groups, and caused over 66% of coalition casualties in the 2001–2021 Afghanistan War.[6][7]

IEDs were also used frequently by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka during the Sri Lankan Civil War,[8][9] and by Ambazonian separatists in the ongoing Anglophone Crisis.[10]

Background

edit
 
X-ray of a suitcase showing a pipe bomb and a laptop

An IED is a bomb fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy or incapacitate personnel or vehicles. In some cases, IEDs are used to distract, disrupt, or delay an opposing force, facilitating another type of attack.[11] IEDs may incorporate military or commercially sourced explosives, and often combine both types, or they may otherwise be made with homemade explosives (HME).[citation needed] An HME lab refers to a Homemade Explosive Lab, or the physical location where the devices are crafted.[citation needed]

An IED has five components: a switch (activator), an initiator (fuse), container (body), charge (explosive), and a power source (battery). An IED designed for use against armoured targets such as personnel carriers or tanks will be designed for armour penetration, by using a shaped charge that creates an explosively formed penetrator. IEDs are extremely diverse in design and may contain many types of initiators, detonators, penetrators, and explosive loads.[citation needed]

Antipersonnel IEDs typically also contain fragmentation-generating objects such as nails, ball bearings or even small rocks to cause wounds at greater distances than blast pressure alone could.[citation needed] In the conflicts of the 21st century, anti-personnel improvised explosive devices (IED) have partially replaced conventional or military landmines as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians.[citation needed] These injuries were reported in BMJ Open to be far worse with IEDs than with landmines resulting in multiple limb amputations and lower body mutilation.[12] This combination of injuries has been given the name "Dismounted Complex Blast Injury" and is thought to be the worst survivable injury ever seen in war.[13]

IEDs are triggered by various methods, including remote control, infrared or magnetic triggers, pressure-sensitive bars or trip wires (victim-operated). In some cases, multiple IEDs are wired together in a daisy chain to attack a convoy of vehicles[14] spread out along a roadway.

IEDs made by inexperienced designers or with substandard materials may fail to detonate, and in some cases, they detonate on either the maker or the placer of the device. Some groups, however, have been known to produce sophisticated devices constructed with components scavenged from conventional munitions and standard consumer electronics components, such as mobile phones, consumer-grade two-way radios, washing machine timers, pagers, or garage door openers.[citation needed] The sophistication of an IED depends on the training of the designer and the tools and materials available.

IEDs may use artillery shells or conventional high-explosive charges as their explosive load as well as homemade explosives. However, the threat exists that toxic chemical, biological, or radioactive (dirty bomb) material may be added to a device, thereby creating other life-threatening effects beyond the shrapnel, concussive blasts and fire normally associated with bombs. Chlorine liquid has been added to IEDs in Iraq, producing clouds of chlorine gas.[citation needed]

A vehicle-borne IED, or VBIED, is a military term for a car bomb or truck bomb but can be any type of transportation such as a bicycle, motorcycle, donkey (DBIED[15]), etc. They are typically employed by insurgents, in particular ISIS,[citation needed] and can carry a relatively large payload. They can also be detonated from a remote location. VBIEDs can create additional shrapnel through the destruction of the vehicle itself and use vehicle fuel as an incendiary weapon. The act of a person's being in this vehicle and detonating it is known as an SVBIED suicide.

Of increasing popularity among insurgent forces in Iraq is the house-borne IED, or HBIED, from the common military practice of clearing houses; insurgents rig an entire house to detonate and collapse shortly after a clearing squad has entered.[citation needed]

By warhead

edit

The Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (JCS Pub 1-02) includes two definitions for improvised devices: improvised explosive devices (IED) and improvised nuclear device (IND).[16] These definitions address the Nuclear and Explosive in CBRNe. That leaves chemical, biological and radiological undefined. Four definitions have been created to build on the structure of the JCS definition. Terms have been created to standardize the language of first responders and members of the military and to correlate the operational picture.[17]

Explosive

edit

A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from non-military components.[11]

Explosively formed penetrator/projectiles (EFPs)

edit
 
Improvised explosive device in Iraq. The concave copper shape on top defines an explosively formed penetrator/projectile.

IEDs have been deployed in the form of explosively formed projectiles (EFP), a special type of shaped charge that is effective at long standoffs from the target (50 meters or more), however they are not accurate at long distances. This is because of how they are produced. The large "slug" projected from the explosion has no stabilization because it has no tail fins and it does not spin like a bullet from a rifle. Without this stabilization the trajectory can not be accurately determined beyond 50 meters. An EFP is essentially a cylindrical shaped charge with a machined concave metal disc (often copper) in front, pointed inward. The force of the shaped charge turns the disc into a high velocity slug, capable of penetrating the armor of most vehicles in Iraq.[according to whom?]

Directionally focused charges

edit

Directionally focused charges (also known as directionally focused fragmentary charges depending on the construction) are very similar to EFPs, with the main difference being that the top plate is usually flat and not concave. It also is not made with machined copper but much cheaper cast or cut metal. When made for fragmentation, the contents of the charge are usually nuts, bolts, ball bearings and other similar shrapnel products and explosive. If it only consists of the flat metal plate, it is known as a platter charge, serving a similar role as an EFP with reduced effect but easier construction.[18]

Chemical

edit

A device incorporating the toxic attributes of chemical materials designed to result in the dispersal of toxic chemical materials for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon.[citation needed]

Biological

edit

A device incorporating biological materials designed to result in the dispersal of vector borne biological material for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population.[according to whom?]

Incendiary

edit

A device making use of exothermic chemical reactions designed to result in the rapid spread of fire for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population or it may be used with the intent of gaining a tactical advantage. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon. A common type of this is the Molotov cocktail.[citation needed]

Radiological

edit

A speculative device incorporating radioactive materials designed to result in the dispersal of radioactive material for the purpose of area denial and economic damage, and/or for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing nuclear weapon. Also called a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) or "dirty bomb".[citation needed]

Nuclear

edit

Improvised nuclear device of most likely gun-type or implosion-type.[according to whom?]

By delivery mechanism

edit

Car

edit
Main article: Car bomb
 
Artillery shells and gasoline cans discovered in the back of a pick-up truck in Iraq

A vehicle may be laden with explosives, set to explode by remote control or by a passenger/driver, commonly known as a car bomb or vehicle-borne IED (VBIED, pronounced vee-bid). On occasion the driver of the car bomb may have been coerced into delivery of the vehicle under duress, a situation known as a proxy bomb. Distinguishing features are low-riding vehicles with excessive weight, vehicles with only one passenger, and ones where the interior of the vehicles look as if they have been stripped down and built back up.[19] Car bombs can carry thousands of pounds of explosives[20] and may be augmented with shrapnel to increase fragmentation.

ISIS has used truck bombs with devastating effects.[21][22][23]

Boat (WBIED)

edit

Water-borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED), i.e. boats carrying explosives, can be used against ships and areas connected to water.

An early example of this type was the Japanese Shinyo suicide boats during World War II.[24] The boats were filled with explosives and attempted to ram Allied ships, sometimes successfully, having sunk or severely damaged several American ships by war's end. Suicide bombers used a boat-borne IED to attack the USS Cole; US and UK troops have also been killed by boat-borne IEDs in Iraq.[25][26] The Tamil Tigers Sea Tigers have also been known to use SWBIEDs during the Sri Lankan Civil War.[according to whom?]

WBIEDs have been used in the Red Sea.[27][28]

Animal

edit
Main article: Animal-borne bomb attacks

Monkeys and war pigs were used as incendiaries around 1000 AD.[29] More famously the "anti-tank dog" and "bat bomb" were developed during World War II. In recent times, a two-year-old child and seven other people were killed by explosives strapped to a horse in the town of Chita in Colombia.[30] The carcasses of certain animals were also used to conceal explosive devices by the Iraqi insurgency.[citation needed]

Collar

edit
"Collar bomb" redirects here. For the 2021 Indian film, see Collar Bomb (film).

IEDs strapped to the necks of farmers have been used on at least three occasions by guerrillas in Colombia, as a way of extortion.[31][32] American pizza delivery man Brian Douglas Wells was killed in 2003 by an explosive fastened to his neck, purportedly under duress from the maker of the bomb.[33] In 2011 a schoolgirl in Sydney, Australia had a suspected collar bomb attached to her by an attacker in her home. The device was removed by police after a ten-hour operation and proved to be a hoax.[34]

Suicide

edit

Suicide bombing usually refers to an individual wearing explosives and detonating them to kill others including themselves, the bomber will conceal explosives on and around their person, commonly using a vest, and will use a timer or some other trigger to detonate the explosives. The logic behind such attacks is the belief that an IED delivered by a human has a greater chance of achieving success than any other method of attack. In addition, there is the psychological impact of child soldiers prepared to deliberately sacrifice themselves for their cause.[35]

Surgically implanted

edit
Main article: Surgically implanted explosive device

In May 2012 American counter-terrorism officials leaked their acquisition of documents describing the preparation and use of surgically implanted improvised explosive devices.[36][37][38] The devices were designed to evade detection. The devices were described as containing no metal, so they could not be detected by X-rays.[according to whom?]

Security officials referred to bombs being surgically implanted into suicide bombers' "love handles".[36]

According to the Daily Mirror UK security officials at MI-6 asserted that female bombers could travel undetected carrying the explosive chemicals in otherwise standard breast implants.[39][40] The bomber would blow up the implanted explosives by injecting a chemical trigger.[38]

Robot

edit

Robots could also be used to carry explosives. First such documented case was during the aftermath of 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers when a bomb disposal robot was used to deliver explosives to kill Micah Xavier Johnson, who was hiding in a place inaccessible to police snipers.[41] As well, drones carrying explosives were used in a suspected assassination attempt against Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro in 2018.[42]

Tunnel

edit

ISIS[43] and Al-Nusra[44] have used bombs detonated in tunnels dug under targets.

Improvised rocket

edit
Main article: Lob bomb

In 2008, rocket-propelled IEDs, dubbed Improvised Rocket Assisted Munitions, Improvised Rocket Assisted Mortars and (IRAM) by the military, came to be employed in numbers against U.S. forces in Iraq. They have been described as propane tanks packed with explosives and powered by 107 mm rockets.[45] They are similar to some Provisional IRA barrack buster mortars. New types of IRAMs including Volcano IRAM[46] and Elephant Rockets,[47][48] are used during the Syrian Civil War.[46]

Improvised mortar

edit

Improvised mortars have been used by many insurgent groups including during the civil war in Syria and Boko Haram insurgency.[49] IRA used improvised mortars called barrack busters.[according to whom?]

Improvised artillery including hell cannons are used by rebel forces during Syrian Civil War.[according to whom?]

By trigger mechanism

edit

Wire

edit

Command-wire improvised, explosive devices (CWIED) use an electrical firing cable that affords the user complete control over the device right up until the moment of initiation.[35]

Radio

edit

The trigger for a radio-controlled improvised explosive device (RCIED) is controlled by radio link. The device is constructed so that the receiver is connected to an electrical firing circuit and the transmitter operated by the perpetrator at a distance. A signal from the transmitter causes the receiver to trigger a firing pulse that operates the switch. Usually the switch fires an initiator; however, the output may also be used to remotely arm an explosive circuit. Often the transmitter and receiver operate on a matched coding system that prevents the RCIED from being initiated by spurious radio frequency signals or jamming.[35] An RCIED can be triggered from any number of different radio-frequency based mechanisms including handheld remote control transmitters, car alarms, wireless door bells, cell phones, pagers and portable two-way radios, including those designed for the UHF PMR446, FRS, and GMRS services.[35]

Mobile phone

edit

A radio-controlled IED (RCIED) incorporating a mobile phone that is modified and connected to an electrical firing circuit. Mobile phones operate in the UHF band in line of sight with base transceiver station (BTS) antennae sites. In the common scenario, receipt of a paging signal by phone is sufficient to initiate the IED firing circuit.[35]

Victim-operated

edit

Victim-operated improvised explosive devices (VOIED), also known as booby traps, are designed to function upon contact with a victim. VOIED switches are often well hidden from the victim or disguised as innocuous everyday objects. They are operated by means of movement. Switching methods include tripwire, pressure mats, spring-loaded release, push, pull or tilt. Common forms of VOIED include the under-vehicle IED (UVIED), improvised landmines, and mail bombs.[35]

Infrared

edit

The British accused Iran and Hezbollah of teaching Iraqi fighters to use infrared light beams to trigger IEDs. As the occupation forces became more sophisticated in interrupting radio signals around their convoys, the insurgents adapted their triggering methods.[50] In some cases, when a more advanced method was disrupted, the insurgents regressed to using uninterruptible means, such as hard wires from the IED to detonator; however, this method is much harder to effectively conceal. It later emerged however, that these "advanced" IEDs were actually old IRA technology. The infrared beam method was perfected by the IRA in the early 1990s after it acquired the technology from a botched undercover British Army operation. Many of the IEDs being used against the invading coalition forces in Iraq were originally developed by the British Army who unintentionally passed the information on to the IRA.[51] The IRA taught their techniques to the Palestine Liberation Organisation and the knowledge spread to Iraq.[52]

Counterefforts

edit
 
A U.S. Marine in Iraq shown with a robot used for disposal of buried devices
 
Israeli IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer, which is used by the IDF Combat Engineering Corps for clearing heavy belly charges and booby-trapped buildings.
Main articles: Counter-IED efforts and Counter-IED equipment

Counter-IED efforts are done primarily by military, law enforcement, diplomatic, financial, and intelligence communities and involve a comprehensive approach to countering the threat networks that employ IEDs, not just efforts to defeat the devices themselves.

Detection and disarmament

edit

Because the components of these devices are being used in a manner not intended by their manufacturer, and because the method of producing the explosion is limited only by the science and imagination of the perpetrator, it is not possible to follow a step-by-step guide to detect and disarm a device that an individual has only recently developed. As such, explosive ordnance disposal (IEDD) operators must be able to fall back on their extensive knowledge of the first principles of explosives and ammunition, to try and deduce what the perpetrator has done, and only then to render it safe and dispose of or exploit the device.[according to whom?]

Beyond this, as the stakes increase and IEDs are emplaced not only to achieve the direct effect, but to deliberately target IEDD operators and cordon personnel, the IEDD operator needs to have a deep understanding of tactics to ensure they are neither setting up any of their team or the cordon troops for an attack, nor walking into one themselves. The presence of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) material in an IED requires additional precautions. As with other missions, the EOD operator provides the area commander with an assessment of the situation and of support needed to complete the mission.[citation needed]

Military and law enforcement personnel from around the world have developed a number of render-safe procedures (RSPs) to deal with IEDs. RSPs may be developed as a result of direct experience with devices or by applied research designed to counter the threat. The supposed effectiveness of IED jamming systems, including vehicle- and personally-mounted systems, has caused IED technology to essentially regress to command-wire detonation methods.[citation needed] These are physical connections between the detonator and explosive device and cannot be jammed. However, these types of IEDs are more difficult to emplace quickly, and are more readily detected.[according to whom?]

Military forces and law enforcement from India, Canada, United Kingdom, Israel, Spain, and the United States are at the forefront of counter-IED efforts, as all have direct experience in dealing with IEDs used against them in conflict or terrorist attacks. From the research and development side, programs such as the new Canadian Unmanned Systems Challenge will bring student groups together to invent an unmanned device to both locate IEDs and pinpoint the insurgents.[53]

Historical use

edit

The fougasse was improvised for centuries, eventually inspiring factory-made land mines. Ernst Jünger mentions in his war memoir the systematic use of IEDs and booby traps to cover the retreat of German troops at the Somme region during World War I. Another early example of coordinated large-scale use of IEDs was the Belarusian Rail War launched by Belarusian guerrillas against the Germans during World War II.[54][55] Both command-detonated and delayed-fuse IEDs were used to derail thousands of German trains during 1943–1944.[56]

Afghanistan

edit
 
U.S. Marines with Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) destroy an improvised explosive device cache in southern Afghanistan in June 2010.

Starting six months before the invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR on 27 December 1979, the Afghan Mujahideen were supplied by the CIA, among others, with large quantities of military supplies. Among those supplies were many types of anti-tank mines. The insurgents often removed the explosives from several foreign anti-tank mines, and combined the explosives in tin cooking-oil cans for a more powerful blast. By combining the explosives from several mines and placing them in tin cans, the insurgents made them more powerful, but sometimes also easier to detect by Soviet sappers using mine detectors. After an IED was detonated, the insurgents often used direct-fire weapons such as machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades to continue the attack.[according to whom?]

Afghan insurgents operating far from the border with Pakistan did not have a ready supply of foreign anti-tank mines. They preferred to make IEDs from Soviet unexploded ordnance. The devices were rarely triggered by pressure fuses. They were almost always remotely detonated. Since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the Taliban and its supporters have used IEDs against NATO and Afghan military and civilian vehicles. This has become the most common method of attack against NATO forces, with IED attacks increasing consistently year on year.[according to whom?]

A brigade commander said that sniffer dogs are the most reliable way of detecting IEDs.[57] However, statistical evidence gathered by the US Army Maneuver Support Center at Fort Leonard Wood, MO shows that the dogs are not the most effective means of detecting IEDs.[58][59][60] The U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division was the first unit to introduce explosive detection dogs[61] in southern Afghanistan. In less than two years the dogs discovered 15 tons of illegal munitions, IED's, and weapons.[62]

In July 2012 it was reported that "sticky bombs", magnetically adhesive IED's that were prevalent in the Iraq War, showed up in Afghanistan.[63][64] By 2021 there was at least one sticky bomb attack a day in Kabul. They are used in both traditional assassinations and targeted killings and as terror weapons against the population at large.[65]

In November 2013 one of the largest IEDs constructed was intercepted near Gardez City in Eastern Afghanistan. The 61,000 pounds of explosives was hidden under what appeared to be piles of wood. By comparison, the truck bomb that all but razed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and killed 168 people in 1995 weighed less than 5,000 pounds.[66] A United States Army Corps of Engineers officer assigned to the nearby FOB Lightning analyzed the potential blast damage, which resulted in closing FOB Goode due to its proximity to the highway.[67]

ISAF troops stationed in Afghanistan and other IED prone areas of operation would commonly "BIP" (blow in place) IED's and other explosives that were considered too dangerous to defuse.[according to whom?]

Egypt

edit

IEDs are being used by insurgents against government forces during the insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)[68] and the Sinai insurgency.[69]

India

edit

IEDs are increasingly being used by Maoists in India.[when?][70]

On 13 July 2011, three IEDs were used by the Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir to carry out a coordinated attack on the city of Mumbai, killing 19 people and injuring 130 more.[71][72]

On 21 February 2013, two IEDs were used to carry out bombings in the Indian city of Hyderabad. The bombs exploded in Dilsukhnagar, a crowded shopping area of the city, within 150 metres of each other.[73]

On 17 April 2013, two kilos of explosives used in Bangalore bomb blast at Malleshwaram area, leaving 16 injured and no fatalities. Intelligence sources have said the bomb was an Improvised Explosive Device or IED.[74]

On 21 May 2014, Indinthakarai village supporters of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant were targeted by opponents using over half a dozen crude "country-made bombs". It was further reported that there had been at least four similar bombings in Tamil Nadu during the preceding year.[75]

On 28 December 2014, a minor explosion took place near the Coconut Grove restaurant at Church Street in Bangalore on Sunday around 8:30 pm. One woman was killed and another injured in the blast.[76]

During the 2016 Pathankot attack, several casualties came from IEDs.[77]

On 14 February 2019 in 2019 Pulwama attack, several casualties were reported due to IED blast.[78]

On 29 October 2023, a series of IED explosions were used to kill 2 attendees at a Jehovah's Witnesses Convention in Kalamassery, India.[79]

Iraq

edit
 
A Stryker lies on its side following a buried IED blast in Iraq. (2007)

In the 2003–2011 Iraq War, IEDs have been used extensively against Coalition forces and by the end of 2007 they have been responsible for at least 64% of Coalition deaths in Iraq.[5]

Since the detonation of the first IED in Iraq in 2003, more than 81,000 IED attacks have occurred in the country, killing and wounding 21,200 Americans.[80]

Beginning in July 2003, the Iraqi insurgency used IEDs to target invading coalition vehicles. According to The Washington Post, 64% of U.S. deaths in Iraq occurred due to IEDs.[81] A French study[25] showed that in Iraq, from March 2003 to November 2006, on a global 3,070 deaths in the US-led invading coalition soldiers, 1,257 were caused by IEDs, i.e. 41%. That is to say more than in the "normal fights" (1027 dead, 34%). Insurgents now[when?] use the bombs to target not only invading coalition vehicles but Iraqi police as well.[according to whom?]

Common locations for placing these bombs on the ground include animal carcasses, soft drink cans, and boxes. Typically, they explode underneath or to the side of the vehicle to cause the maximum amount of damage. However, as vehicle armour was improved on military vehicles, insurgents began placing IEDs in elevated positions such as on road signs, utility poles, or trees, to hit less protected areas.[according to whom?]

IEDs in Iraq may be made with artillery or mortar shells or with varying amounts of bulk or homemade explosives. Early during the Iraq war, the bulk explosives were often obtained from stored munitions bunkers to include stripping landmines of their explosives.[according to whom?]

Despite the increased armor, IEDs are killing military personnel and civilians with greater frequency. May 2007 was the deadliest month for IED attacks thus far, with a reported 89 of the 129 invading coalition casualties coming from an IED attack.[5] According to the Pentagon, 250,000 tons (out of 650,000 tons total) of Iraqi heavy ordnance were looted, providing a large supply of ammunition for the insurgents.

In October 2005, the UK government charged that Iran was supplying insurgents with the technological know-how to make shaped charge IEDs.[82] Both Iranian and Iraqi government officials denied the allegations.[83][84]

During the Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017), ISIL has made extensive use of suicide VBIEDs, often driven by children, elderly and disabled.[85][86][87]

On August 27, 2023, Israeli security forces successfully foiled an attempt to smuggle Iranian-made explosives into Israel from Jordan. The thwarted smuggling operation in the Jordan Valley aimed to supply terror groups in the West Bank with explosives. Counter-smuggling efforts along the border have led to increased seizures of weapons and explosive devices.[88]

Ireland and the United Kingdom

edit
 
Oil-drum roadside IED removed from culvert in 1984
 
Wheelbarrow counter-IED robot on streets of Northern Ireland in 1978

From 1912-1913, the Suffragettes utilised IEDs in the Suffragette bombing and arson campaign.[according to whom?]

Throughout the Troubles, the Provisional Irish Republican Army made extensive use of IEDs in their 1969–97 campaign, much of which were made in the Republic of Ireland.[89][90] They used barrack buster mortars and remote-controlled IEDs. Members of the IRA developed and counter-developed devices and tactics. IRA bombs became highly sophisticated, featuring anti-handling devices such as a mercury tilt switch or microswitches. These devices would detonate the bomb if it was moved in any way. Typically, the safety-arming device used was a clockwork Memopark timer, which armed the bomb up to 60 minutes after it was placed[91] by completing an electrical circuit supplying power to the anti-handling device. Depending on the particular design (e.g., boobytrapped briefcase or car bomb) an independent electrical circuit supplied power to a conventional timer set for the intended time delay, e.g. 40 minutes. However, some electronic delays developed by IRA technicians could be set to accurately detonate a bomb weeks after it was hidden, which is what happened in the Brighton hotel bomb attack of 1984. Initially, bombs were detonated either by timer or by simple command wire. Later, bombs could be detonated by radio control. Initially, simple servos from radio-controlled aircraft were used to close the electrical circuit and supply power to the detonator. After the British developed jammers, IRA technicians introduced devices that required a sequence of pulsed radio codes to arm and detonate them. These were harder to jam.

The IRA as well as Ulster loyalist paramilitaries have also utilized less sophisticated devices, such as homemade grenades crudely thrown at the target. These are sometimes called "blast bombs".[92]

Roadside bombs were extensively used by the IRA. Typically, a roadside bomb was placed in a drain or culvert along a rural road and detonated by remote control when British security forces vehicles were passing, as with the case of the 1979 Warrenpoint ambush. As a result of the use of these bombs, the British military stopped transport by road in areas such as South Armagh, and used helicopter transport instead to avoid the danger.[according to whom?]

Most IEDs used commercial or homemade explosives made in the Republic of Ireland, with ingredients such as gelignite and ANFO either stolen in construction sites or provided for by supporters in the South,[93][89][90] although the use of Semtex-H smuggled in from Libya in the 1980s was also common from the mid-1980s onward. Bomb Disposal teams from 321 EOD manned by Ammunition Technicians were deployed in those areas to deal with the IED threat. The IRA also used secondary devices to catch British reinforcements sent in after an initial blast as occurred in the Warrenpoint Ambush. Between 1970 and 2005, the IRA detonated 19,000 IEDs in the Northern Ireland and Britain, an average of one every 17 hours for three and a half decades, arguably making it "the biggest terrorist bombing campaign in history".[94]

In the early 1970s, at the height of the IRA campaign, the British Army unit tasked with rendering safe IEDs, 321 EOD, sustained significant casualties while engaged in bomb disposal operations. This mortality rate was far higher than other high risk occupations such as deep sea diving, and a careful review was made of how men were selected for EOD operations. The review recommended bringing in psychometric testing of soldiers to ensure those chosen had the correct mental preparation for high risk bomb disposal duties.[according to whom?]

The IRA came up with ever more sophisticated designs and deployments of IEDs. Booby Trap or Victim Operated IEDs (VOIEDs), became commonplace. The IRA engaged in an ongoing battle to gain the upper hand in electronic warfare with remote controlled devices. The rapid changes in development led 321 EOD to employ specialists from DERA (now Dstl, an agency of the MOD), the Royal Signals, and Military Intelligence. This approach by the British army to fighting the IRA in Northern Ireland led to the development and use of most of the modern weapons, equipment and techniques now used by EOD Operators throughout the rest of the world today.[according to whom?]

The bomb disposal operations were led by Ammunition Technicians and Ammunition Technical Officers from 321 EOD, and were trained at the Felix Centre at the Army School of Ammunition.[according to whom?]

Israel

edit

IEDs have been used in many attacks by Palestinian militants and continue to be used in recent attacks.[95]

Lebanon

edit

The Lebanese National Resistance Front, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, other resistance groups in Lebanon, and later Hezbollah, made extensive use of IEDs to resist Israeli forces after Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Israel withdrew from Beirut, Northern Lebanon, and Mount Lebanon in 1985, whilst maintaining its occupation of Southern Lebanon. Hezbollah frequently used IEDs to attack Israeli military forces in this area up until the Israeli withdrawal, and the end of the invasion of Lebanon in May 2000.[according to whom?]

One such bomb killed Israeli Brigadier General Erez Gerstein[96] on 28 February 1999, the highest-ranking Israeli to die in Lebanon since Yekutiel Adam's death in 1982.[according to whom?]

Also in the 2006 War in Lebanon, a Merkava Mark II tank was hit by a pre-positioned Hezbollah IED, killing all 4 IDF servicemen on board,[97] the first of two IEDs to damage a Merkava tank.[according to whom?]

Libya

edit

Homemade IEDs are used extensively during the post-civil war violence in Libya, mostly in the city of Benghazi against police stations, cars or foreign embassies.[98][99][100]

Nepal

edit

IEDs were also widely used in the 10-years long civil war of the Maoists in Nepal, ranging from those bought from illicit groups in India and China, to self-made devices. Typically used devices were pressure cooker bombs, socket bombs, pipe bombs, bucket bombs, etc. The devices were used more for the act of terrorizing the urban population rather than for fatal causes, placed in front of governmental offices, street corners or road sides. Mainly, the home-made IEDs were responsible for destruction of majority of structures targeted by the Maoists and assisted greatly in spreading terror among the public.[according to whom?]

Nigeria

edit

Boko Haram are using IEDs during their insurgency.[101][102][103][104]

Pakistan

edit

Taliban and other insurgent groups use IEDs against police, military, security forces, and civilian targets.[105][106][107]

Russia

edit

IEDs have also been popular in Chechnya, where Russian forces were engaged in fighting with rebel elements. While no concrete statistics are available on this matter, bombs have accounted for many Russian deaths in both the First Chechen War (1994–1996) and the Second (1999–2009).[according to whom?]

Somalia

edit

Al Shabaab is using IEDs during the Somali Civil War.[108][109][110][111]

Syria

edit
 
Captured IEDs from a cache left behind by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Syria, 26 January 2019.

During the Syrian Civil War, militant insurgents were using IEDs to attack buses, cars, trucks, tanks and military convoys.[112][113][114] Additionally, the Syrian Air Force has used barrel bombs to attack targets in cities and other areas. Such barrel bombs consist of barrels filled with high explosives, oil, and shrapnel, and are dropped from helicopters.[115][116]

Along with mines and IEDs, ISIL also used VBIEDs in Syria,[117] including during 2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing. See also: Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war.

Uganda

edit

On 16 November 2021, suicide bombers set off two powerful explosions in the center of Uganda's capital Kampala during rush hour in an attack later claimed by Islamic State. There have been a number of bomb explosions in 2021. In October, a 20-year-old waitress was killed after a device, left in a shopping bag, detonated in a bar in the city. Days later several people were injured when a suicide bomber blew himself up in a bus near Kampala.[118]

United States

edit
 
The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building two days after the Oklahoma City bombing

In the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols built an IED with ammonium nitrate fertilizer, nitromethane, and stolen commercial explosives in a rental truck, with sandbags used to concentrate the explosive force in the desired direction. McVeigh detonated it next to the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killing 168 people, 19 of whom were children.[according to whom?]

High school students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold used multiple IEDs during the Columbine High School massacre on 20 April 1999, including two large propane bombs that were placed in the cafeteria, powerful enough to kill or injure everyone inside the room, along with pipe bombs, Molotov cocktails, and also two car bombs, designed to attack first responders and news reporters responding to the initial bombing. Both propane bombs and both car bombs failed to detonate correctly. They then went on to shoot and kill 13 people before committing suicide. If all bombs detonated, there could have been hundreds killed in the massacre, but nobody was injured by any of the explosives during the massacre. The pair had planned to exceed the death count during the Oklahoma City bombing four years earlier.[according to whom?]

In January 2011, a shaped pipe bomb was discovered and defused at a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial march in Spokane, Washington. The FBI said that the bomb was specifically designed to cause maximum harm as the explosive device was, according to the Los Angeles Times, packed with fishing weights covered in rat poison, and may have been racially motivated. No one was injured during the event.[according to whom?]

On 15 April 2013, as the annual Boston Marathon race was concluding, two bombs were detonated seconds apart close to the finish line. Initial FBI response indicated suspicion of IED pressure cooker bombs.

On 17–19 September 2016, several explosions occurred in Manhattan and New Jersey. The sources of the explosions were all found to be IEDs of various types, such as pressure cooker bombs and pipe bombs.[according to whom?]

Many IED-related arrests are made each year in circumstances where the plot was foiled before the device was deployed, or the device exploded but no one was injured.[119]

A number of deaths and property damage occurring during gender reveal parties have been caused by the detonation of improvised explosive devices. These include the 2017 Sawmill Fire, which was started by the detonation of a mass of tannerite intended to disperse coloured powder,[120] and an incident in 2019 where an IED similarly designed to release powder exploded in a manner similar to a pipe bomb, killing a 56-year-old woman after shrapnel struck her in the head.[121]

Ukraine

edit

IEDs are in use in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[122][123] and have also been used there for assassinations.[124]

Vietnam

edit

IEDs were used during the Vietnam War by the Viet Cong against land- and river-borne vehicles as well as personnel.[125] They were commonly constructed using materials from unexploded American ordnance.[126] Thirty-three percent of U.S. casualties in Vietnam and twenty-eight percent of deaths were officially attributed to mines; these figures include losses caused by both IEDs and commercially manufactured mines.[127]

Yemen

edit

Houthis are using IEDs[128] against Saudi-led coalition and Hadi's forces during Yemeni Civil War (2015–present),[129][better source needed] Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and Saudi–Yemeni border conflict.[130][131][132][133]

Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and ISIL in Yemen are also known to use IEDs.[134]

edit

The film The Hurt Locker follows an Iraq War Explosive Ordnance Disposal team who are targeted by insurgents and shows their psychological reactions to the stress of combat.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ van Rij, Armida; Bryce, Hannah; Wilkinson, Benedict; Vining, Maxine (April 2017). "Defining the device: The need for international humanitarian standards for improvised explosive device disposal" (PDF). kcl.ac.uk. King's College London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2022.
  2. ^ "IEDS – Learning from History". Defence Industry Reports. 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011.
  3. ^ Singer, Peter W. (7 February 2012). "The Evolution of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)". Brookings. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  4. ^ Manglik, Rohit. ESIC STENO PHASE – I 2020 | 12 Full Length Mock Test.
  5. ^ a b c "iCasualties: OIF – Deaths by IED". Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
  6. ^ Joseph, Paul (15 June 2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781483359915. Explosives accounted for over two thirds of the casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan, mostly caused by IEDs.
  7. ^ Combs, Cynthia C. (2017). Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9781317206798. More than two thirds of combat deaths in Iraq by 2007 were caused by IEDs.
  8. ^ "Suicide Terrorism: A Global Threat". Pbs.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  9. ^ "13 killed in blasts, arson in Sri Lanka". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 13 April 2006. Archived from the original on 14 April 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  10. ^ "Cameroon Says Separatists Relaunch Attacks, IED Use After Death of Self Proclaimed General". Voice of America. 3 February 2023. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  11. ^ a b NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (AAP-6) (PDF). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2010. pp. 2–1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  12. ^ Smith S, et al. (2017). "Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study". BMJ Open. 7 (7): e014697. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014697. PMC 5691184. PMID 28835410.
  13. ^ Cannon JW, et al. (2016). "Dismounted Complex Blast Injuries: A Comprehensive Review of the Modern Combat Experience". J Am Coll Surg. 223 (4): 652–664. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.07.009. PMID 27481095. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  14. ^ genel bakış (30 May 2013). "Insane IED Daisy Chain Attack in Syria". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 – via YouTube.
  15. ^ Clammer, Paul (2007), Afghanistan, Country Travel Guide Series, Lonely Planet, p. 171, ISBN 9781740596428
  16. ^ "JP 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  17. ^ "CBRNe World pages" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  18. ^ "Superbomb Mystery: The Herrhaussen Assassination". WIRED.
  19. ^ "Improvised explosive device Background, Counterefforts, Historical Usage". EPaperNews. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  20. ^ "ISIS is dropping bombs with drones in Iraq". Popular Science. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  21. ^ "Drone View Of New ISIS Car Bombs in the Battle For Mosul". YouTube. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017.
  22. ^ Non Mirage Truth Vision (22 November 2016). "ISIS Using Suicide Trucks To Destroy Iraqi Tanks (Mosul Battlefield)". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 – via YouTube.
  23. ^ "+18 – "Islamic State" jihadists' VBIED attacks – March 2017 – Mosul, Iraq". YouTube. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017.
  24. ^ Oliver, Mark (4 September 2021). "Inside The Kamikaze, The Last-Ditch Suicide Attacks Of World War 2 Japan". All That's Interesting. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  25. ^ a b Jean-Pierre Steinhoffer : " Irak : les pertes de la Coalition par EEI ", in le Casoar January 2007.
  26. ^ "UK | Iraq boat attack personnel named". BBC News. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  27. ^ "Water Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED)".
  28. ^ "1 INTERIM INDUSTRY TRANSIT ADVICE, SOUTHERN RED SEA, AND GULF OF ADEN – NOVEMBER 2023" (PDF). maritimeglobalsecurity.org. 24 November 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  29. ^ "In Ancient Rome flaming war pigs were used to counter elephants". The Vintage News. 15 September 2016. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  30. ^ "Americas | 'Horse bomb' hits Colombia town". BBC News. 11 September 2003. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  31. ^ "Americas | Experts defuse necklace bomb". BBC News. 1 July 2003. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  32. ^ "AMERICAS | 'Necklace' bomb halts Colombia talks". BBC News. 16 May 2000. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  33. ^ Caniglia, John (11 July 2007). ""Brian Wells" Erie bombing 'victim' was in on bank robbery". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023.
  34. ^ "'Bomb' device attached to Mosman schoolgirl was a 'very, very elaborate hoax'". smh.com.au. 4 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Hunter, Major Chris (2008). Eight Lives Down. London: Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-15571-7.
  36. ^ a b Daniel Klaidman, Christopher Dickey (14 May 2012). "Ibrahim al-Asiri: The Body Bomb Menace". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 14 May 2012. Newsweek has learned that U.S. intelligence officials circulated a secret report that laid out in vivid detail how doctors working for al-Asiri had developed the surgical technique. An American government source familiar with the report described it as 15 to 20 pages, single spaced, and replete with schematics and pictures. "It was almost like something you'd see in Scientific American," the source said.mirror
  37. ^ David Pescovitz (14 May 2012). "You da bomb! (surgically-implanted explosives)". Boing boing. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012. According to Newsweek, US intelligence officials report that al Qaeda's explosives expert Ibrahim al-Asiri and medical doctors have been designing bombs to be surgically implanted into the bodies of suicide bombers. The idea is that the technique would somehow foil airport scanners. Gives a whole new meaning to the phrase, "You da bomb!"
  38. ^ a b Anissa Haddadi (14 May 2012). "Al-Qaida's 'Body Bombs' increase Fears of Global Attacks by Master Bomb-Maker Ibrahim Hassan Tali al-Asiri". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012. Experts and intelligence sources say the terrorists could use the powerful explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate, known as PETN and insert it in the bodies of would-be suicide bombers. According to reports they would then be able to detonate the implanted explosives via injections. The bombs would not be detectable to airport body scanner, increasing risks of attacks similar to the 2011 September attack on the Twin Towers in New York and on the Pentagon.
  39. ^ "Breast bombers: Doctors trained to plant explosives inside chest of female suicide bombers". Daily Mirror. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012. MI6 chiefs believe doctors have been trained to plant explosives inside the breasts of female suicide bombers.
  40. ^ Lines, Andy (16 August 2013). "Breast implants suicide bomb threat: Heathrow on high alert over "credible" intelligence". The Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013. Security has been beefed up after intelligence al-Qaeda is plotting attacks on airlines flying out of London.
  41. ^ Thielman, Sam (8 July 2016). "Use of police robot to kill Dallas shooting suspect believed to be first in US history". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023.
  42. ^ Brocchetto, Marilia (5 August 2018). "Venezuelan President survives apparent drone assassination attempt". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023.
  43. ^ Raw Leak (4 May 2016). "New tunnel bomb footage from Aleppo". Archived from the original on 15 July 2016 – via YouTube.
  44. ^ World Conflict Films (5 March 2015). "Al Nusra Tunnel Bomb Collapses Syrian Intelligence Building in Aleppo". Archived from the original on 29 May 2019 – via YouTube.
  45. ^ Londoño, Ernesto (10 July 2008). "U.S. Troops in Iraq Face A Powerful New Weapon: Use of Rocket-Propelled Bombs Spreads". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008.
  46. ^ a b "A new type of Volcano rocket spotted in Idlib". Syria Direct. 4 June 2015. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023.
  47. ^ World Conflict Films (15 May 2015). "Syrian Army Elephant Rockets Used Against Rebels". Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 – via YouTube.
  48. ^ "'Elephant rockets' kill dozens in Damascus suburb". Archived from the original on 1 July 2022.
  49. ^ lisa ann (4 May 2013). "Syria: Innovations for freedom #3 more DIY trebuchets, pipe weapons and vehicles". Archived from the original on 29 May 2019 – via YouTube.
  50. ^ "Bomb Making Skills Spread Globally". National Defense. June 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007.
  51. ^ Harkin, Greg; Elliott, Francis; Whitaker, Raymond (16 October 2005). "Revealed: IRA bombs killed eight British soldiers in Iraq". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  52. ^ Myers, Kevin (9 April 2010). "Kevin Myers: The death of the tank took place around Crossmaglen". Opinion. The Independent. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  53. ^ "Messenger, Scott (2009-03-01). "The Unmanned Mission". Retrieved on 2009-03-26". Unlimitedmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  54. ^ State Archival Service. "Historical background". World War Two. Republic of Belarus, Ministry of Justice, Department of Archives and Records Management. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
  55. ^ "Belarus during the Great Patriotic War". History. belarus.by. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
  56. ^ Stockfish, David; Yariv Eldar; Daniella HarPaz Mechnikov (1970). Dokszyc-Parafianow Memorial Book – Belarus (Sefer Dokshitz-Parafianov). Tel Aviv: Association of Former Residents of Dokszyce-Parafianow in Israel. p. 274. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022.
  57. ^ Johnson, Andrew (10 January 2010). "Taliban make 'undetectable' bombs out of wood". Independent. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  58. ^ Loofe, Cpl. Jenna (16 March 2022). "Military working dogs participate in C-IED Training". United States Marine Corps Flagship. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  59. ^ Ahlgrimm, Perry (27 May 2016). "Military Protection Dogs Save Lives By Sniffing Out IEDs In War-Torn Areas". CC Protection Dogs. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  60. ^ Deluca, Asheleigh N. (9 November 2014). "Billions Have Been Spent on Technology to Find IEDs, but Dogs Still Do It Better". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  61. ^ "Reliable Explosives Detection Dogs – Patriot K-9". Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  62. ^ government contract GSO7F-5391P
  63. ^ "Sticky bombs, like those used in Iraq, now appearing in Afghanistan". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022.
  64. ^ "Sticky bombs showing up in Afghanistan". UPI. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022.
  65. ^ Gannon, Kathy. "Sticky Bombs Latest Weapon in Afghanistan's Arsenal of War". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  66. ^ "Afghan forces discover truck loaded with 61,000 pounds of explosives". UPI. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  67. ^ Kemper, Bart (January 2019). "Blast Modeling for Facility Security Management". International Society of Explosives Engineers. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Techniques: 477–486.
  68. ^ Awad, Mokhtar; Hashem, Mostafa. "Egypt's Escalating Islamist Insurgency". Archived from the original on 8 December 2022.
  69. ^ "A dozen Egyptian security personnel killed in Sinai fighting". Reuters. 23 March 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022.
  70. ^ Sethi, Aman (4 April 2010). "Troop fatality figures show changing Maoist strategy". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  71. ^ "Three blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured". NDTV. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  72. ^ "Blasts: ATS claims good leads, suicide bomber ruled out". DD News. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  73. ^ "Hyderabad blasts: Indian Mujahideen suspected, ammonium nitrate found on site – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013.
  74. ^ NDTV, NDTV (17 April 2013). "Bangalore blast: Two kilos of explosives used, say police; CCTV footage offers clues". NDTV. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  75. ^ Sudipto Mondal. "Explosions at village near Kudankulam plant: Reports". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  76. ^ "Minor explosion at Church Street in Bengaluru". Deccan Herald. 28 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  77. ^ "Pathankot operation continues; 2 terrorists still holed up – Rediff.com India News". Archived from the original on 5 April 2016.
  78. ^ "Pulwama terror attack: Suicide bomber drives SUV packed with 300 kg explosives into CRPF bus, 44 men martyred – indiatoday.in". 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023.
  79. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (29 October 2023). "Bomb blasts kill three, injure 41 worshippers at Jehovah's Witnesses convention in Kerala's Kalamassery". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 October 2023. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  80. ^ Handbook of Defence Politics: International and Comparative Perspectives. Taylor and Francis. 2011. p. 578. ISBN 9781136639470.
  81. ^ "More Attacks, Mounting Casualties". The Washington Post. 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  82. ^ "Middle East | Iran 'behind attacks on British'". BBC News. 5 October 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  83. ^ "Middle East | Blair warns Iran over Iraq bombs". BBC News. 6 October 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  84. ^ "British Official Warns Iran Not to Meddle in Iraq". Nyjtimes.com. 8 June 2004. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  85. ^ "Why ISIS Is Building Mad Max Truck Bombs". 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022.
  86. ^ "ISIS Forcing Children and Disabled People to Drive VBIEDs, Says Isler – Qasion News Agency". Archived from the original on 18 October 2017.
  87. ^ "ISIS Releases Photos of Militants Using U.S. M113s as VBIEDS – Defensetech". 30 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014.
  88. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (27 August 2023). "Israel says it foiled bid to smuggle Iran-made explosives over Jordan border". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  89. ^ a b Republic of Ireland played integral role in supporting IRA, says historian, News Letter, 5 April 2019
  90. ^ a b John Manley (6 April 2019). "Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims". The Irish News.
  91. ^ Parry, Gareth; Pallister, David. Timer clue to Brighton bombing, The Guardian; 10 May 10, 1986
  92. ^ Examples:
  93. ^ Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-7853-7245-2.
  94. ^ "IRA TECHNOLOGY". Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.
  95. ^ "Wave of terror (October 2015)". Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  96. ^ Eiran, Ehud (May 2007). The Essence of Longing: General Erez Gerstein and the War in Lebanon (in Hebrew). Miskal – Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books.
  97. ^ Arkin, William M. (August 2007). "Divine Victory for Whom? Airpower in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War" (PDF). Strategic Studies Quarterly. Winter 2007. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command Air University: 9. Retrieved 3 December 2008. [permanent dead link]
  98. ^ IED Attack in Benghazi Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Embassy of the United States, Tripoli-Libya, 6 June 2012
  99. ^ UK experts help Libya with IED detection Archived May 6, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Libya Herald, 1 October 2012
  100. ^ IED explodes in front of Benghazi police station, injures 3 Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Tavernkeepers.com, 5 November 2012
  101. ^ "Boko Haram IED kills three soldiers in Borno". 21 April 2017. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022.
  102. ^ Sawab, Ibrahim (14 December 2016). "Nigeria: Boko Haram IED Kills Another Lieutenant Colonel" – via AllAfrica.
  103. ^ Buari, Jasmine (29 May 2016). "Just In: Boko Haram kills four people as Buhari marks one year in office". Archived from the original on 18 May 2017.
  104. ^ "Nigeria: Troops Destroy Boko Haram IED factory, Rescue 4 Women, 6 Children". 24 March 2017 – via AllAfrica.
  105. ^ "Pakistan, IEDs and the law: an overview – AOAV". 5 March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022.
  106. ^ Yousafzai, Salman (7 September 2016). "Why IEDs are weapon of choice for militants in KP". Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.
  107. ^ "Majority of IEDs are traced to Pakistan - USATODAY.com". Archived from the original on 6 May 2022.
  108. ^ "KDF soldier killed, five injured in al Shabaab attack near Kenya-Somali border". Archived from the original on 22 April 2017.
  109. ^ NBS TV Uganda (3 September 2016). "AMISOM Calls for Support against Al Shabab's IEDs". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017 – via YouTube.
  110. ^ "Bomb hits AMISOM convoy near Leego district – idalenews.com". Archived from the original on 22 April 2017.
  111. ^ "Somalia: Huge Blast Targets Amisom Convoy, Two Dead". 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  112. ^ "YouTube". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015.
  113. ^ Syrian security forces set off Damascus bombs blamed on al-Qaida – defectors Guardian, 18 May 2012
  114. ^ "Like Afghan Counterparts, Syrian Rebels Now Using IEDs". 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022.
  115. ^ "US condemns Aleppo barrel bomb raids". BBC News. 5 February 2014.
  116. ^ Marcus, Jonathan (20 December 2013). "Barrel bombs a sign of brutal Syria war". BBC News.
  117. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (24 August 2015). "ISIS Used This Huge Crudely Modified Truck To Attack A Key Syrian Air Base". Archived from the original on 6 May 2022.
  118. ^ "Kampala blasts: Suicide bombers target Ugandan capital". BBC News. 16 November 2021.
  119. ^ Domonoske, Camila (13 October 2017). "Suspect in Would-Be Airport Bombing Nabbed With Help From REI". NPR. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022.
  120. ^ Andrea Diaz (28 November 2018). "Officials release video from gender reveal party that ignited a 47,000-acre wildfire". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  121. ^ "Sheriff: Gender reveal party explosion was a stunt gone awry | Iowa | lacrossetribune.com". 30 October 2019. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  122. ^ "NATO: IEDs: NEUTRALIZED: 49000 IEDs in Ukraine – Soldier of Fortune Magazine". Archived from the original on 15 March 2016.
  123. ^ "Ukraine IED Incidents". nato-project.github.io. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022.
  124. ^ Walker, Shaun (17 October 2016). "Prominent rebel warlord Arseny 'Motorola' Pavlov dies in Donetsk blast". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023.
  125. ^ "Mine Warfare in South Vietnam". History.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 27 April 2004. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  126. ^ "American Experience | Vietnam Online | Transcript | PBS". pbs.org. Archived from the original on 12 September 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  127. ^ "In Its Own Words". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  128. ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (26 April 2016). "Number of civilians killed or injured by explosives rises 50% in five years". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022.
  129. ^ Ram_Z (14 October 2016). "Yemen: Houthi IED Ambush on Pro-Hadi Convoy near al-Ba'aqa Crossing". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 – via YouTube.
  130. ^ News Of Yemen (8 February 2016). "Yemen war 2016– Houthis fighters destroyed Saudi M1 Abrams Tank by IED in Jizan". Archived from the original on 31 October 2021 – via YouTube.
  131. ^ Al-Masdar News (26 January 2016). "Houthis ambush a convoy of Saudi Vehicles in Najran". Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 – via YouTube.
  132. ^ YEMEN WAR (11 March 2017). "Ambush against a #Saudi military vehicle in Alhgelh site in #Najran". Archived from the original on 6 April 2017 – via YouTube.
  133. ^ "When Houthis attack IV – March 2017 – Saudi Arabia". YouTube. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017.
  134. ^ "National C-IED initiatives: Middle East – Yemen – AOAV". 1 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Improvised explosive devices.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&oldid=1254401147"