Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture[note 1] is an autonomous prefecture in northern Xinjiang, China. Its capital is Yining, also known as Ghulja or Kulja.
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture | |
---|---|
Name transcription(s) | |
• Chinese | |
• Uyghur | ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى |
• Kazakh | ىلە قازاق اۆتونوميالىق وبلىسى |
![]() Cityscape of Yining, the prefectural capital | |
![]() Ili Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange) | |
Coordinates: 43°55′N 81°19′E / 43.92°N 81.32°E | |
Country | China |
Region | Xinjiang |
Capital | Yining |
Government | |
• Type | Autonomous prefecture |
• Body | Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefectural People's Congress |
• CCP Secretary | Qiu Shuhua |
• Congress Chairman | Abdussalam Sadiq |
• Governor | Qadan Käbenuly |
• CPPCC Chairman | Serikzhan Orynbai |
Area | |
• Land | 56,381.52 km2 (21,769.03 sq mi) |
• inc. Altay & Tacheng | 268,778.71 km2 (103,776.04 sq mi) |
Population (2020) | |
• Total | 6,582,500 |
GDP[1] | |
• Total | CN¥ 222.6 billion US$ 32.2 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 47,390 US$ 6,858 |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
ISO 3166 code | CN-XJ-40 |
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||||||||
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Dunganese name | |||||||||||||
Dungan | Йили Хазах Зыҗыҗу | ||||||||||||
Romanization | Yili Hazah Zıcıcu | ||||||||||||
Uyghur name | |||||||||||||
Uyghur | ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى | ||||||||||||
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Kazakh name | |||||||||||||
Kazakh | ىلە قازاق اۆتونوميالىق وبلىسى Іле Қазақ автономиялық облысы Ile Qazaq avtonomiialyq oblysy |
Covering an area of 268,591 square kilometres (16.18 per cent of Xinjiang), Ili Prefecture shares a 2,019 kilometre-long border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia.[2] There are nine ports of entry in Ili Prefecture at the national level, including Jeminay and Khorgas. Directly administered regions (
Ili is the only prefecture-level division that has other prefecture-level divisions (Altay and Tacheng Prefectures) under its administration. The term "sub-provincial autonomous prefecture" (
History
editEarly history
editBefore the advent of the Qin dynasty (221 BC – 206 BC), Ili was inhabited by the Wusuns, a tributary tribe of the Huns. The Wusuns were driven away in the 6th century AD by the northern Xiongnu, who established the First Turkic Khaganate in 552. The area later became a dependency of Dzungaria. During the Tang dynasty (618–907), the khanate became the Protectorate General to Pacify the West of the Tang Empire.
Ili came under the control of the Uyghur Khaganate in the 8th and 9th centuries, the Qara Khitai in the 12th century, and Genghis Khan in the 13th century. The Oirats, specifically the Dzungars, conquered Ili at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century.[citation needed]
Qing dynasty
editThe Dzungar Khanate controlled both Dzungaria and the Ili basin until 1755, when the region was conquered by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor. Having defeated the Dzungars in the Dzungarian and Ili basins, as well as the Afaqi Khojas in Kashgaria, the Qing court decided to make the Ili basin the main base of their control in Xinjiang.
In the 1760s, the Qing built nine fortified towns in the Ili basin:
Original Chinese name | Chinese | Turki (Uyghur) name[5] | Modern name[6] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Huiyuan Cheng | Kürä Shahr | Huiyuan Town ( |
Old Huiyuan was the residence of the General of Ili from 1765 to 1866. New Huiyuan was the residence of the General of Ili from 1894 to 1912. Historically known as New / Manchu Kulja or Ili. | |
Ningyuan Cheng | Kulja (Ghulja) | Yining | Also was known as Old Kulja or Taranchi Kulja. County seat of Ningyuan County (1888–1914) and Yining County (1914–1952). | |
Huining Cheng | Bayandai | Bayandai Town ( |
||
Taleqi Cheng | Tarchi | Within Huocheng County | ||
Zhande Cheng | 瞻德 |
Chaghan Usu | Qingshuihe Town ( |
|
Guangren Cheng | Ukurborosuk | Lucaogou Town ( |
||
Gongchen Cheng | 拱宸 |
Khorgos | Khorgas City (霍爾 |
|
Xichun Cheng | 熙春 |
Khara Bulaq | Area commonly referred to as Chengpanzi ( |
|
Suiding Cheng | 綏定 |
Ukharliq | Shuiding Town ( |
Also known as New / Manchu / Chinese Kulja. Renamed Shuiding in 1965. Residence of the General of Ili from 1762 to 1765 and 1883 to 1894. County seat of Suiding County (1888–1965) and Shuiding County (1965–1966). |
Huiyuan Cheng, as the residence of the General of Ili, the chief commander of Qing troops in Xinjiang, became the administrative capital of the region. It was provided with a large penal establishment and a strong garrison. This city was called "New Kulja", "Manhcu Kulja" or "Chinese Kulja" by foreigners to distinguish it from Ningyuan / Yining, known as "Old Kulja" or "Taranchi Kulja".
The first General of Ili was Ming Rui. The Qing tradition, unbroken until the days of Zuo Zongtang in the 1870s, was to only appoint Manchus as officials in Xinjiang.
During the Muslim revolt of 1864, Dungans and Taranchis of the area formed the Taranchi Sultanate. Huiyuan Cheng was the last Qing fortress in the Ili basin to fall to the rebels. The Dungan rebels massacred most of the city's inhabitants; Governor General Mingsioi (Mingxu) assembled his family and staff in his mansion and blew it up, dying under its ruins.
The insurrection led to the occupation of the Ili basin by the Russians in 1871. Ten years later, part of the territory was returned to China in accordance with the 1881 Treaty of Saint Petersburg.
In October 1884, the Qing government officially approved the establishment of Xinjiang Province and the local political system in Ili consequently went through major reforms. The Amban (
Yita Circuit (
Modern history
editThe Xinhai Revolution broke out on 10 October 1911. Under the leadership of Yang Zuanxu (楊纘
With the end of hostilities between Qing and Republican forces, the position of Grand Coordinator of Xinjiang was abolished and replaced with the position of Military Governor of Xinjiang (
In August 1912, the Republican government adjusted Ili's administrative divisions. The Defence Governor of Ili headquarters were established in Huiyuan Town, the Counsellor's (
The position of Ili Defence Governor became vacant after Guang Fu died of illness on 1 February 1914. Yang Zengxin flew to Beijing to petition the Beiyang government (Republican government) to appoint Yang Feixia (楊飛
In 1919, the Beiyang government placed the Altay Chief under the jurisdiction of the government of Xinjiang Province and Ashan Circuit (
Ili Prefecture (
During the Yi–Ta incident from March to May 1962, a mass exodus of 14,000 people from Ili Prefecture occurred. Chinese citizens, predominantly Kazakhs, left through the border port of Korgas, driven by deteriorating living conditions in Xinjiang and rumours of Soviet citizenship.[12] To compensate for the loss in manpower brought about by the exodus, thousands of Bingtuan soldiers were relocated to northern Xinjiang from the region's interior.[13] The Chinese government also encouraged the migration of hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese youth from major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin.[13] By 1969 the number of Han Chinese in Ili Prefecture had reached 1.2 million, outnumbering the number of Kazakhs and Uyghurs combined.[14]
Geography
editIli Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, in the northwest of Xinjiang, north of the Tian Shan. It covers a total area of 268,591 square kilometres, accounting for 16.18 per cent of the total area of Xinjiang. The autonomous prefecture is bordered to the north by Russia, to the east by Mongolia, to the west by Kazakhstan and Bortala Autonomous Prefecture, and to the south by Aksu Prefecture, Bayingolin Autonomous Prefecture, Changji Autonomous Prefecture, Ürümqi, and Shihezi.[2] Karamay is an enclave within Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.
Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway, G218 National Highway, G217 National Highway and S316 Provincial Highway pass through the autonomous prefecture. It has a 2,019 kilometre-long international border with nine ports of entry, including Khorgas, Bakhty, and Jeminay. Due to its strategic location in the middle of Asia, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture has become an important commercial hub and dry port for trade with Europe and the Middle East.[2]
In the autonomous prefecture, there are four types of landforms: 83,632 square kilometres of mountains, 62,989 square kilometres of hills, 102,974 square kilometres of plains, and 20,439 square kilometres of desert. Three major mountain ranges – the Altai, Dzungarian Alatau, and Tian Shan – stand from the north to south, with year-round ice and snow. Friendship Peak in Burqin County is the highest peak of the Altai mountain range, standing at 4,374 metres high. The snow line is 3,000 to 3,200 metres high, the glacier area is 293.2 square kilometres, and the glacier reserves are 16.4 billion cubic metres. The peaks of the Dzungarian Alatau are 3,500 to 3,700 metres high. The snow line of Tian Shan is 3,600 to 4,400 metres high with a glacier area of 3,139 square kilometres, and its glacier reserves are 118.5 billion cubic metres.[15]
Administrative divisions
editIli Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture administers the directly-administered, county-level city of Yining; 2 other county-level cities; 7 counties; 1 autonomous county; and the two prefectures of Altay and Tacheng, despite Ili being a prefecture-level division itself.[16]
Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture |
|||||||||||
Part | Division code |
Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Kazakh (Arabic script) |
Kazakh Latin alphabet Kazakh Cyrillic Alphabet |
Population (2020 Census) |
Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture | Zìzhìzhōu zhíxiá xiàn jí xíngzhèng dānwèi | ئوبلاستقا بىۋاستە قاراشلىق رايونلار | Oblastqa biwaste qarashliq rayonlar | وبلىسقا تىكەلەي باعىناتىن اۋداندار | Oblysqa tıkelei bağynatyn audandar Облысқа тікелей бағынатын аудандар |
2,778,869 | 56,522.92 | 49.16 | |||
Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture | 654002 | Yining[17] | Yīníng Shì | غۇلجا شەھىرى | Ghulja Shehiri | قۇلجا قالاسى | Qūlja qalasy Құлжа қаласы |
778,047 | 644 | 1208.15 | |
654003 | Kuytun[17] | 奎屯 |
Kuítún Shì | كۈيتۇن شەھىرى | Küytun Shehiri | كۇيتۇن قالاسى | Küitūn qalasy Қойтүн қаласы |
229,122 | 1,171 | 195.66 | |
654004 | Korgas[17] | 霍尔 |
Huò'ěrguǒsī Shì | قورغاس شەھىرى | Qorghas Shehiri | قورعاس قالاسى | Qorğas qalasy Қорғас қаласы |
71,466 | 1,908 | 37.46 | |
654021 | Yining County[17] | Yīníng Xiàn | غۇلجا ناھىيىسى | Ghulja Nahiyisi | قۇلجا اۋدانى | Qūlja aýdany Құлжа ауданы |
365,307 | 4,476 | 81,61 | ||
654020 | Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County | 察布查尔锡伯 |
Chábùchá'ěr Xībó Zìzhìxiàn | چاپچال شىبە ئاپتونوم ناھىيىسى | Chapchal Shibe Aptonom Nahiyisi | شاپشال سىبە اۆتونوميالىق اۋدانى | Şapşal-Sіbe avtonomiyalyq audany Шапшал-Сібе автономиялық ауданы |
157,764 | 4,469 | 35.30 | |
654023 | Huocheng County[17] | 霍城县 | Huòchéng Xiàn | قورغاس ناھىيىسى | Qorghas Nahiyisi | قورعاس اۋدانى | Qorğas audany Қорғас ауданы |
243,303 | 3,546 | 68.61 | |
654024 | Gongliu County[17] | 巩留县 | Gǒngliú Xiàn | توققۇزتارا ناھىيىسى | Toqquztara Nahiyisi | توعىزتاراۋ اۋدانى | Toğyztarau audany Тоғызтарау ауданы |
175,766 | 4,111 | 42.76 | |
654025 | Xinyuan County[17] | Xīnyuán Xiàn | كۈنەس ناھىيىسى | Künes Nahiyisi | كۇنەس اۋدانى | Künes audany Күнес ауданы |
306,525 | 7,581 | 40.43 | ||
654026 | Zhaosu County[17] | Zhāosū Xiàn | موڭغۇلكۈرە ناھىيىسى | Mongghulküre Nahiyisi | موڭعۇلكۇرە اۋدانى | Moŋğolküre audany Моңғолкүре ауданы |
146,887 | 10,427 | 14.09 | ||
654027 | Tekes County | Tèkèsī Xiàn | تېكەس ناھىيىسى | Tëkes Nahiyisi | تەكەس اۋدانى | Tekes audany Текес ауданы |
148,945 | 8,066 | 18.47 | ||
654028 | Nilka County | Nílèkè Xiàn | نىلقا ناھىيىسى | Nilqa Nahiyisi | نىلقى اۋدانى | Nylqy audany Нылқы ауданы |
155,737 | 10,123 | 15.538 | ||
↪ Altay Prefecture | Ālètài Dìqū | ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى | Altay Wilayiti | التاي ايماعى | Altai aimağy Алтай аймағы |
648,173 | 117,710 | 5.51 | |||
↪ Tacheng Prefecture[17] | Tǎchéng Dìqū | تارباغاتاي ۋىلايىتى | Tarbaghatay Wilayiti | تارباعاتاي ايماعى | Tarbağatai aimağy Тарбағатай аймағы |
1,108,747 | 94,869 | 11.69 |
Ethnic groups
editIli is a multi-ethnic autonomous prefecture; there are 13 local ethnic groups: the Han, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, Hui, Mongols, Xibe, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Manchus, Tatar, Russians, Daur, and Chinese Tajiks.[18] As of 2018[update], Ili had a population of 4,582,500, 2,745,500 (59.9 per cent) of whom were part of an ethnic minority.[3]
A 2015 report provided the following ethnic breakdown of the population: 1,934,571 Han (41.2 per cent), 1,257,003 Kazakhs (26.8 per cent), 819,701 Uyghurs (17.45 per cent), 433,045 Hui (9.2 per cent), 75,597 Mongols (1.6 per cent), 34,457 Xibe, 22,428 Kyrgyz, 8,298 Uzbeks, 8,298 Daurs, 5,394 Russians, 5,199 Manchus, 2,852 Tatars, 153 Chinese Tajiks and 91,749 "others".[19]
Year | Kazakhs | Uyghurs | Han Chinese |
---|---|---|---|
1949 | |||
1959 | |||
1969 |
Tourism
editIli's major tourist attractions include the Narati Grassland, Guozigou Lake, and Kanas Lake. In 2015, Ili saw over 25 million visitors and earned over CN¥19 billion (US$2.92 billion) in tourism revenue.[22]
Transport
editRoad and railway
editAn extensive road network is being built across the prefecture for economic development. In 2015, 66 million passengers travelled on Ili's roads.
The railway has extended to the northern extremes of Altay and the westmost city of Khorgas on the China–Kazakhstan border.
Border crossings
editIli has nine international ports of entry:
- With Kazakhstan
- Aqimbek (Chinese:
阿 黑木 别克) of Altay Prefecture - Bakhtu (
巴 克 图), 17 km (11 mi) from Tacheng; another primary point or port - Dulat (
都 拉 塔 ), in Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County: under Ili - Jeminay (
吉木 乃) of Altay Prefecture; another primary point or port - Khorgas (霍尔
果 斯), in Huocheng County; under Ili; a primary Chinese "national" border crossing point or port of entry - Muzart (
木 扎尔特 ), in Zhaosu County: directly controlled by Ili; another primary point or port
- Aqimbek (Chinese:
- With Mongolia
- Khiziltaw (红山
嘴 ) of Altay Prefecture - Taskhin (
塔 克 什肯) of Altay Prefecture to Khovd - Dayan-Khunshanzyui of Altay Prefecture to Bayan-Ölgii. Only open during Summer.[23]
- Khiziltaw (红山
Heads
editFirst Secretaries
edit- Zhao Tianjie (赵天杰) (2017 - 2020)
Governors
edit- Pätіhan (Fathan) Dälelhanūly Sügіrbaev (Chinese: 帕提
汗 ·苏古尔巴也夫; Kazakh: Фатхан (Пәтіхан) Дәлелханұлы Сүгірбаев), November 1954 – June 1955 - Jağda Babylyqūly (贾和达·
巴 巴里 科 夫 ; Жағда Бабалықұлы), June 1955 – February 1957 Acting Act, from May 1958 - Qūrmanälі Ospanūly (库尔
班 阿 里 ·乌斯曼诺夫 ; Құрманәлі Оспанұлы), June 1958 – September 1963 - Erğali Äbіlqaiyrūly (
伊 尔哈里 ·阿 不 力 海 依 尔; Ерғали Әбілқайырұлы), September 1963 – May 1969 - Zhong Liangshu (钟良树;[24] Чұң Лияң Шо), May 1969 – May 1970 (military government)
- Wang Zhenzhong (
王 振 中 ;[24] Уаң Жын Жұң), May 1970 – July 1975 (military government) - Xie Gaozhong (谢高
忠 ;[24] Шие Гау Жұң), July 1975 – September 1975 (military government) - Jänäbil Smağūlūly (贾那
布 尔·司 马胡里 ; Жанәбіл Смағұлұлы), September 1975 – February 1978 - Qasymbek Seiіtjanūly (哈生别克·赛依
提 江 ; Қасымбек Сейітжанұлы), March 1979 – April 1983 - Dıar Qūrmaşūly (
迪 牙 尔·库马什; Дияр Құрмашұлы), April 1983 – May 1988 - Ashat Kerimbay (
艾 斯海提 ·克 里 木 拜 ; Асхат Керімбайұлы), May 1988 – May 1993 - Bekmūhammed Mūsaūly (别克
木 哈买提 ·木 沙 ; Бекмұхамет Мұсаұлы), April 1993 – March 1998 - Alpysbai Rahymūly (
阿 勒布斯拜·拉 合 木 ; Алпысбай Рахымұлы), March 1998 – June 2001 - Nurlan Äbilmäjinulı (
努 尔兰·阿 不 都 满金; Нұрлан Әбілмәжінұлы), March 2002 – January 2003 - Qyzaijan Seiіlqojaūly (柯赛
江 ·赛力禾加; Қызайжан Сейілқожаұлы), March 2003 – November 2007 - Mäuken Seiіtqamzaūly (
毛 肯·赛衣提 哈木扎; Мәукен Сейітқамзаұлы), November 2007 – January 2012 - Mänen Zeinelūly (马宁·
再 尼 勒; Мәнен Зейнелұлы), February 2012 – January 2016 - Qūrmaş Syrjanūly (库尔玛什·斯尔
江 ; Құрмаш Сыржанұлы), February 2016 – April 2021[25][26][27] - Qadan Käbenuly (哈丹·卡宾; Қадан Кәбенұлы), from April 2021
Notable people
editSee also
editNotes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ "
伊 犁州2019年 国民 经济和 社会 发展统计公 报" (in Chinese). 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021. - ^ a b c
伊 犁哈萨克自治 州 概 况. xzqh.org. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019. - ^ a b
伊 犁州2018年 国民 经济和 社会 发展统计公 报. tjcn.org. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. - ^ Giumlía-Mai, Alessandra (2013). "METALLURGY AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE HUNNIC GOLD HOARD FROM NAGYSZÉKSÓS" (PDF). The Silkroad Foundation: 21, Fig 14.
- ^ As per Kim (2004), pp. 54, 229
- ^ "History". Yining County Historical Development. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007.
- ^ Direct distance from modern maps
- ^ Road distance from Lansdell (1885), p. 190
- ^ a b c d
阿 拉 腾奥其尔著 (1996).清 代 伊 犁将军论稿 . Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. also see清 代 伊 犁将军论稿 . book118.com. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019. - ^
新 疆伊犁哈萨克自治 州 来 源 、地位 及与塔 城 、阿 勒泰地区 关系. fangdd.com. 3 June 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019. - ^
伊 犁哈萨克自治 州 历史沿革 . xzqh.org. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019. - ^ Kraus, Charles (June 2019). "Laying Blame for Flight and Fight: Sino-Soviet Relations and the 'Yi–Ta' Incident in Xinjiang, 1962". The China Quarterly. 238: 516. doi:10.1017/S0305741018001789. ISSN 0305-7410.
- ^ a b Kraus 2019, p. 516.
- ^ Mao, Sheng (2018). "More Than a Famine: Mass Exodus of 1962 in Northwest Xinjiang". China Review. 18 (2): 165. ISSN 1680-2012. JSTOR 26435651.
- ^
伊 犁哈萨克自治 州 地理 概 况与生 态环境 . Yili Normal University. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. - ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 943–944.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i The official spelling according to
中国 地名 录. Beijing: SinoMaps Press (中国 地 图出版 社 ). 1997. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4. - ^ Office of the Ili Prefecture Historical Almanac (
新 疆伊犁地区史 志 办公室 ) (2000).伊 犁历代 移民 开发与世 居 民族 的 形成 .新 疆大学 学 报(社会 科学 版 ). Retrieved 13 August 2019. - ^ 2016
年 新 疆统计年鉴. xingjiang.stats.gov.cn. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2019. - ^ a b 3–7
各地 、州 、市 、县(市 )分 民族 人口 数 [3–7 Population by Ethnic Group by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)]. tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021. - ^ Mao, Sheng (2018). "More Than a Famine: Mass Exodus of 1962 in Northwest Xinjiang". China Review. 18 (2): 165. ISSN 1680-2012. JSTOR 26435651.
- ^ "National Data". Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
- ^ "Travelers' Information | Discover Bayan-Olgii". Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
- ^ a b c
伊 犁哈萨克自治 州 地方 志 编纂委 员会 (June 2004).伊 犁哈萨克自治 州 志 (in Chinese (China)). Ürümqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. p. 282. ISBN 7-228-08827-1. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019. - ^ (ҚЫТАЙДАҒЫ ІЛЕ ҚАЗАҚ АВТОНОМИЯЛЫ ОБЛЫСЫН БАСҚАРҒАНДАР. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.)
- ^ (Ауыт Мұқибек. О, менің Іле Қазақ облысым!. Абай ақпарат порталы. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.)
- ^ (Дауылбек, ed. (5 February 2017). Қытайдағы қазақ облсы басшыларының қысқаша өмір баяны, іле қазақ Автономиялы облысы құрылғаннан бергі облыс бастықтарының қысқаша өмір баяны (in Kazakh). Жүңгө қазақ радио торабы. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.)
Sources
edit- Henry Lansdell, "Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv". Full text Archived 10 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine available at Google Books; there is also a 2001 facsimile reprint of the 1885 edition, ISBN 1-4021-7762-3. (Chapters XIV-XVI describe Lansdell visit to the area in the early 1880s, soon after the Russian withdrawal). (in English)
External links
edit- Official website (in Chinese)