(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Pishan County - Wikipedia
Wikipedia

Pishan County

Pishan County (Chinese: 皮かわ山やま县) as the official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Guma County (Uyghur: گۇما ناھىيىسى; Chinese: 固かた玛县), is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Hotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 39,412 km2 (15,217 sq mi). According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 220,000. The county borders Maralbexi County and Makit County to the north, Karakax County, Hotan County and Kunyu to the east and Kargilik County to the west. The county includes lands near the Karakoram Pass which are part of the Aksai Chin area that is disputed between China and India.

Pishan County
گۇما ناھىيىسى (Uyghur)
皮かわ山やま县 (Chinese)
Guma
County
Location of Pishan/Guma County (red) within Hotan Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang
Location of Pishan/Guma County (red) within Hotan Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang
Guma is located in Southern Xinjiang
Guma
Guma
Location of the seat in Xinjiang
Guma is located in Xinjiang
Guma
Guma
Guma (Xinjiang)
Guma is located in China
Guma
Guma
Guma (China)
Coordinates: 37°37′N 78°17′E / 37.62°N 78.28°E / 37.62; 78.28
CountryChina
Autonomous regionXinjiang
PrefectureHotan
County seatGuma Town
Area
[1][2]
 • Total39,741.52 km2 (15,344.29 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)[3]
 • Total281,573
 • Density7.1/km2 (18/sq mi)
Ethnic groups
 • Major ethnic groupsUyghur[4][5]
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard[a])
Postal code
845100
Websitewww.ps.gov.cn (in Chinese)
Pishan County
Uyghur name
Uyghurگۇما ناھىيىسى‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiGuma Nahiyisi
Yengi YeziⱪGuma Nah̡iyisi
SASM/GNCGuma Nahiyisi
Siril YëziqiГума Наһийиси
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese皮かわ山やま县
Traditional Chinese皮かわ山やま縣けん
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinPíshān Xiàn
Wade–GilesPʻi²-shan¹ Hsien⁴
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese固かた玛县
Traditional Chinese固かた瑪縣けん
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGùmǎ Xiàn

History

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In 1902, Pishan County was created from Guma, Sanju and other areas originally part of Kargilik.[1]

In March 1950, the Pishan County People's Government was established.[4]

In May 2010, Shahidulla (Xaidula/Saitula) was made a town.[1]

On the night of December 28, 2011, Koxtag (Kuoshi Tage) in Pishan was the site of the 2011 Pishan hostage crisis.

In 2012/3, Muji was changed from a township into a town.[1][6]

On July 3, 2015, the 2015 Pishan earthquake occurred, killing three and wounding 71.

On July 24, 2015, Koxtag was changed from a township to a town.[7]

On January 9, 2016, Sanju was changed from a township to a town.[8]

Geography

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The northern part of Pishan/Guma County is made up of sand dunes in the Taklamakan Desert. The main part of the population of the county is grouped around oasis areas at the base of the Kunlun Mountains. The southern part of the county is mountainous including the Qizil Koran Range. A prominent mountain pass in the area is Sanju Pass. A prominent lake in the area is Cuolule Co (Cuolule Cuo, Tsorūl Tso; 错鲁勒错).

Climate

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Climate data for Pishan, elevation 1,375 m (4,511 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		40.3
(104.5) 		41.6
(106.9) 		40.6
(105.1) 		36.0
(96.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.1
(77.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		41.6
(106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		31.8
(89.2) 		33.5
(92.3) 		32.1
(89.8) 		27.7
(81.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		19.9
(67.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.2
(22.6) 		0.8
(33.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		16.9
(62.4) 		21.0
(69.8) 		24.5
(76.1) 		26.0
(78.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		12.9
(55.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		12.8
(55.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −10.6
(12.9) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		18.0
(64.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		6.5
(43.7)
Record low °C (°F) −22.8
(−9.0) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		9.4
(48.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−22.1
(−7.8) 		−22.8
(−9.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.7
(0.11) 		2.4
(0.09) 		2.7
(0.11) 		4.0
(0.16) 		16.6
(0.65) 		10.3
(0.41) 		11.4
(0.45) 		8.7
(0.34) 		5.4
(0.21) 		0.6
(0.02) 		1.6
(0.06) 		1.2
(0.05) 		67.6
(2.66)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.3 1.8 1.2 1.5 2.7 3.6 3.9 3.0 1.9 0.4 0.6 1.8 24.7
Average snowy days 5.1 2.8 0.6 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 3.7 12.9
Average relative humidity (%) 57 47 33 30 34 37 41 43 45 43 45 56 43
Mean monthly sunshine hours 178.8 173.3 210.1 229.7 269.0 280.2 274.4 243.3 244.0 263.0 220.2 180.6 2,766.6
Percent possible sunshine 58 56 56 57 61 64 62 59 67 77 74 61 63
Source: China Meteorological Administration[9][10]

Administrative divisions

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The county is made up of 1 subdistrict, 6 towns, 8 townships, 2 ethnic townships, and two other areas:[1][6][11]

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Administrative division code Notes
Subdistrict
Pishan County Subdistrict 皮かわ山やま县街道どう Píshān Xiàn Jiēdào گۇما كوچا باشقارمىسى guma kocha bashqarmisi 653223001
Towns
Guma Town 固かた玛镇 Gùmǎ Zhèn گۇما بازىرى guma baziri 653223100
Duwa Town 杜もり瓦かわら镇 Dùwǎ Zhèn دۇۋا بازىرى duwa baziri 653223101
Shahidulla Town 赛图拉ひしげ镇 Sàitúlā Zhèn شەيدۇللا بازىرى sheydulla baziri 653223102
Muji Town 木き吉きち镇 Mùjí Zhèn مۇجى بازىرى muji baziri 653223103 formerly Muji Township (مۇجى يېزىسى / 木き吉きち乡)
Koxtag Town[12] 阔什塔とう格かく镇 Kuòshítǎgé Zhèn قوشتاغ بازىرى qoshtagh baziri 653223104 formerly Koxtag Township (قوشتاغ يېزىسى / 阔什塔とう格かく乡)
Sanju Town 桑くわ株かぶ镇 Sāngzhū Zhèn سانجۇ بازىرى sanju baziri 653223105 formerly Sanju Township (سانجۇ يېزىسى / 桑くわ株かぶ乡)
Towns
Kilian Township 克かつ里さと阳乡 Kèlǐyáng Xiāng كىلىياڭ يېزىسى kiliyang yëzisi 653223201
Kokterak Township 科か克かつ铁热克かつ乡 Kēkètiěrèkè Xiāng كۆكتېرەك يېزىسى[13] köktërek yëzisi 653223202
Choda Township 乔达乡 Qiáodá Xiāng چودا يېزىسى choda yëzisi 653223205
Mokoyla Township
(Mo-kuei-la[14]) 		木き奎拉乡 Mùkuílā Xiāng موكويلا يېزىسى mokoyla yëzisi 653223206
Zangguy Township 藏くら桂かつら乡 Zàngguì Xiāng زاڭگۇي يېزىسى zangguy yëzisi 653223207
Piyalma Township 皮かわ亚勒玛乡 Píyàlèmǎ Xiāng پىيالما يېزىسى piyalma yëzisi 653223208
Pixna Township[15] 皮かわ西にし那な乡 Píxīnà Xiāng پىشنا يېزىسى pishna yëzisi 653223209
Bashlengger Township 巴ともえ什兰干ひ乡 Bāshénlángàn Xiāng باشلەڭگەر يېزىسى bashlengger yëzisi 653223210
Ethnic townships
Nawabat Tajik Ethnic Township 垴阿巴ともえ提ひさげ塔とう吉よし克かつ民族みんぞく乡 Nǎo'ābātí Tǎjíkè Mínzúxiāng ناۋئابات تاجىك يېزىسى naw'abat tajik yëzisi 653223211 (Sarikoli)
ناۇئاباد تۇجىك دىيۇر
Nouobod Tujik diyur[b]


Kangkir Kyrgyz Ethnic Township 康かん克かつ尔柯尔克孜つとむ民族みんぞく乡 Kāngkè'ěr Kē'ěrkèzī Mínzúxiāng كەڭقىر قىرغىز يېزىسى kengqir qirghiz yëzisi 653223212 (Kyrgyz)
كەڭقىر قىرعىز ايىلى
Кеңқыр Кыргыз айылы

Other:

  • Pishan Sanxia Industrial Park (سەنشىيا گۇما ناھىيىلىك باغچىلاشقان سانائەت رايونى, 皮かわ山やま三峡工业园区)

Economy

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Fields in the county

The county produces rice, wheat, cotton, apricots, peaches, grapes, silkworms and furs. Coal, gypsum and mica are mined in the county. Industries include tractor repair, carpet making and food processing. Local specialities include sangpi paper and walnuts.[2]

As of 1885, there was about 54,600 acres (360,891 mu) of cultivated land in Guma.[17]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
2000216,024—    
2010258,210+1.80%
[1][18]

In the late 2010s, ethnic minorities made up 98.4% of the population of the county,[4] mainly Uyghurs.[18] In 2011, Han Chinese accounted for less than 2% of the population of Pishan.[19]

As of 2015, 290,016 of the 296,075 residents of the county were Uyghur, 3,788 were Han Chinese and 2,271 were from other ethnic groups.[20]

As of 1999, 97.85% of the population of Guma (Pishan) County was Uyghur and 1.32% of the population was Han Chinese.[21]

Transportation

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Notable persons

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Historical maps

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  •  
    Map including Cuolule Co (labeled as Tsorūl Tso) in southern Pishan County (AMS, 1955)[c]
  •  
    Map including Pishan (labeled as P’I-SHAN (GUMA BAZAR)) and the northern part of the county (USATC, 1971)[d]
  •  
    Map including part of southern Guma (Pishan) County (DMA, 1973)
  •  
    Map including the southern part of the county and areas disputed between China and India (AMS, 1950)[e]
  •  
    Map including Pishan (labeled as PISHAN (P’I-SHAN)) and surrounding region (DMA, 1980)[f]

Notes

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  1. ^ Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe UTC+6 (Xinjiang Time), 2 hours behind Beijing.
  2. ^ There is no official orthography for Sarikoli in China. This is the spelling used in the Sarikoli-Chinese dictionary written by linguist Gao Erqiang.[16]
  3. ^ From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"
  4. ^ From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE".
  5. ^ From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE.".
  6. ^ From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f 皮かわ山やま县历史し沿革えんかく [Pishan County Historical Development] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2019. 光ひかり绪二に十じゅう八はち年ねん（1902年ねん）由ゆかり叶かのう城じょう县析固かた玛、桑くわ株かぶ等とう三さん十じゅう八庄置皮山县，县治固かた玛，隶属莎车府ふ。{...}2000年ねん第だい五ご次じ人口じんこう普ひろし查，皮かわ山やま县常住じょうじゅう总人口じんこう216024人にん，{...}2003年ねん，全ぜん县总面めん积39741.52平方へいほう千せん米めーとる，{...}2010年ねん5月がつ，自治じち区く政府せいふ批准ひじゅん设立赛图拉ひしげ镇。2010年ねん第だい六ろく次じ人口じんこう普ひろし查，皮かわ山やま县常住じょうじゅう总人口じんこう258210人にん，其中：街道かいどう办事处18424人にん，固かた玛镇28163人にん，杜もり瓦かわら镇8631人にん，县直辖村镇1199人にん，阔什塔とう格かく乡15200人にん，克かつ里さと阳乡6414人にん，科か克かつ铁热克かつ乡35414人にん，桑くわ株かぶ乡30906人にん，木き吉きち乡23273人にん，乔达乡12450人にん，木き奎拉乡19591人にん，藏くら桂かつら乡13727人にん，皮かわ亚勒玛乡6094人にん，皮かわ西にし那な乡7496人にん，巴ともえ什兰干ひ乡4862人にん，瑙阿巴ともえ提ひさげ塔とう吉よし克かつ民族みんぞく乡932人にん，康かん克かつ尔柯尔克孜つとむ民族みんぞく乡1902人にん，国くに营牧场1005人にん，兵へい团皮山やま农场22527人にん。 2012年ねん，自治じち区く政府せいふ（新政しんせい函はこ[2012]364号ごう）批准ひじゅん撤销木き吉きち乡，设立木たちき吉きち镇（2013年ねん实施，皮かわ政せい发[2013]8号ごう）。调整后きさき，全ぜん县辖4个镇、12个乡（其中2个民族ぞく乡）：固かた玛镇、杜もり瓦かわら镇、赛图拉ひしげ镇、木き吉きち镇、阔什塔とう格かく乡、克かつ里さと阳乡、科か克かつ铁热克かつ乡、桑くわ株かぶ乡、乔达乡、木き奎拉乡、藏くら桂かつら乡、皮かわ亚勒玛乡、皮かわ西にし那な乡、巴ともえ什兰干ひ乡、垴阿巴ともえ提ひさげ塔とう吉よし克かつ族ぞく乡、康かん克かつ尔柯尔克孜つとむ族ぞく乡。
  2. ^ a b 夏なつ征ただし农; 陈至立りつ, eds. (September 2009). 辞じ海うみ：第だい六ろく版はん彩いろどり图本 [Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese). 上海しゃんはい. Shanghai: 上海しゃんはい辞じ书出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. p. 1726. ISBN 9787532628599. 面めん积3.97万まん平方へいほう米まい。{...}农、牧まき业均盛もり，产玉米まい、小麦こむぎ、棉花めんか、杏あんず、桃もも、葡萄ぶどう、蚕かいこ、毛皮けがわ等とう。矿产有ゆう煤すすけ、石膏せっこう、云うん母はは。工こう业有农机修造しゅうぞう、地ち毯编织、食品しょくひん加工かこう等とう。特とく产桑皮がわ纸、核かく桃もも。
  3. ^ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
  4. ^ a b c 皮かわ山やま概がい况. 皮かわ山やま县人民じんみん政府せいふ. Retrieved 29 December 2019. 1950年ねん3月がつ，皮かわ山やま县人民じんみん政府せいふ成立せいりつ。{...}目前もくぜん，全ぜん县总人口じんこう25.8万まん人にん，少数しょうすう民族みんぞく占うらない98.4%。
  5. ^ 1997年ねん皮かわ山やま县行政ぎょうせい区く划 [1997 Guma County Administrative Divisions]. XZQH.org. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2020. 面めん积41167平方へいほう千せん米めーとる，人口じんこう20.2万まん，有ゆう维吾尔、汉、塔とう吉よし克かつ、柯尔克かつ孜つとむ等とう民族みんぞく，辖2镇13乡。{...}有ゆう维吾尔、汉等民族みんぞく。{...}，均ひとし系けい维吾尔族。{...}有ゆう维吾尔、柯尔克かつ孜つとむ等とう民族みんぞく，
  6. ^ a b 行政ぎょうせい区く划. 皮かわ山やま县人民じんみん政府せいふ (in Simplified Chinese). 18 November 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2019. 皮かわ山やま县辖6个镇、10个乡（包括ほうかつ2个民族ぞく乡）：固かた玛镇、杜もり瓦かわら镇、阔什塔とう格かく镇（2015年ねん）、克かつ里さと阳乡、科か克かつ铁热克かつ乡、桑くわ株かぶ镇（2016年ねん）、木き吉きち镇（2013年ねん）、乔达乡、木き奎拉乡、藏くら桂かつら乡、皮かわ亚勒玛乡、皮かわ西にし那な乡、巴ともえ什兰干ひ乡、赛图拉ひしげ镇、垴阿巴ともえ提ひさげ塔とう吉よし克かつ族ぞく乡、康かん克かつ尔柯尔克孜つとむ族ぞく乡。
  7. ^ 关于同意どうい皮がわ山やま县阔什塔格かく乡撤乡设镇的批复(新政しんせい函はこ【2015】187号ごう). 新しん疆民政みんせい (in Simplified Chinese). 30 July 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  8. ^ 关于同意どうい皮がわ山やま县桑株かぶ乡撤乡设镇的批复. The Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China (in Simplified Chinese). 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  9. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Experience Template" 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  11. ^ 2018年ねん统计用よう区く划代码和城じょう乡划分ぶん代だい码：皮かわ山やま县 [2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Pishan County] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2019. 统计用よう区く划代码 名称めいしょう 653223001000 街道かいどう办事处 653223100000 固かた玛镇 653223101000 杜もり瓦かわら镇 653223102000 赛图拉ひしげ镇 653223103000 木き吉きち镇 653223104000 阔什塔とう格かく镇 653223105000 桑くわ株かぶ镇 653223201000 克かつ里さと阳乡 653223202000 科か克かつ铁热克かつ乡 653223205000 乔达乡 653223206000 木き奎拉乡 653223207000 藏ぞう桂かつら乡 653223208000 皮かわ亚勒玛乡 653223209000 皮かわ西にし那な乡 653223210000 巴ともえ什兰干ひ乡 653223211000 垴阿巴ともえ提ひさげ塔とう吉よし克かつ民族みんぞく乡 653223212000 康かん克かつ尔柯尔克孜つとむ民族みんぞく乡 653223401000 皮かわ山やま三峡工业园区 653223500000 兵へい团皮山やま农场
  12. ^ Koxtag (Approved - N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  13. ^ زۇلخۇمار تۇردى مەسئۇل, ed. (29 September 2019). ئاپتونوم رايونىمىزدىن مەملىكەت بويىچە مىللەتلەر ئىتتىپاقلىقى-تەرەققىياتىدىكى نەمۇنىلىك كوللېكتىپ ۋە نەمۇنىچى شەخسلەرنىڭ ئىسىملىكى. جۇڭگو قەشقەر تورى (in Uyghur). Retrieved 13 May 2020. .28خوتەن ۋىلايىتىنىڭ گۇما ناھىيەسى كۆكتېرەك يېزىسى بەلقۇم كەنتى كەنت ئاھالە كومىتېتى
  14. ^ "NJ 44 Ho-tien". Washington, D. C.: U.S. Army Topographic Command. 1971 – via Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection. P'I-SHAN (GUMA BAZAR){...}Mo-kuei-la
  15. ^ Pixna (Approved - N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  16. ^ Gao, Erqiang (高こう尔锵) (1996). 塔とう吉よし克かつ汉词典てん [Tajik-Chinese Dictionary] (in Simplified Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House (四川しせん民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ). ISBN 978-7-5409-1744-9.
  17. ^ Herold J. Wiens (November 1966). "Cultivation Development and Expansion in China's Colonial Realm in Central Asia". The Journal of Asian Studies. 26 (1): 75. doi:10.2307/2051832. JSTOR 2051832. S2CID 162339064.
  18. ^ a b ying (ed.). "Xinjiang earthquake kills 3, injures 71". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015. With a population of 258,000, the county is mainly inhabited by people of Uygur ethnicity.
  19. ^ Wong, Edward (2011-12-30). "Reports Describe Deadly Shootout in Restive Region of China". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-30. The Han make up less than 2 percent of the population in Pishan.
  20. ^ 3-7 各地かくち、州しゅう、市し、县(市し)分ぶん民族みんぞく人口じんこう数すう (in Simplified Chinese). شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى 新しん疆维吾われ尔自治ち区く统计局きょく Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  21. ^ Morris Rossabi, ed. (2004). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers (PDF). University of Washington Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-295-98390-6.
 
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