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Puning - Wikipedia
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Puning

This article is about the city. For the temple in Chengde, Hebei, see Puning Temple (Hebei).

Puning (Chinese: 普ひろし宁 / 普ひろし寧やすし; Mandarin: Pǔníng; Teochew: Pou2 leng5), officially Puning City, is a county-level city located in Eastern Guangdong, China, under the administration of the city, Jieyang. Nevertheless, its administrative power in economic matters is comparable to that of prefecture-level cities.[ref 1] Puning is geographically situated on the west rim of Chaoshan Plain, leaning against the stretching branch of the Lianhua Mountains at its southwest border, and 90 percent of its territory sits on the south of the Tropic of Cancer. The city has a population of 2.5089 million under its household registration system hukou,[ref 2] marking the largest in all county-level cities in China.[ref 3] Puning's downtown residents amount to 581,900, behind Yiwu,[ref 4] while the entire city's resident population of 1.9986 million is second to cities Kunshan and Jinjiang.[ref 5] It is concurrently the ancestral hometown of 1.95 million overseas Chinese people and 1.4 million 'returned overseas Chinese people' (overseas Chinese who 'returned' to China and/or regained Chinese citizenship) and family members of overseas Chinese people.

Puning
普ひろし宁市 / 普ひろし寧やすし市し
County-level & Sub-prefectural city
Location of Puning within Guangdong
Location of Puning within Guangdong
Puning is located in Guangdong
Puning
Puning
Location of the city center in Guangdong
Coordinates: 23°17′53″N 116°09′58″E / 23.298°N 116.166°E / 23.298; 116.166
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceGuangdong
Prefecture-level cityJieyang
Area
 • Total1,620 km2 (630 sq mi)
Elevation
10.5 m (34.4 ft)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total2,054,703
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
5153**
Area code(0)663
Licence plates粤V (Yuè V)
WebsitePuning Government Website

Puning, having been a key trade hub in eastern Guangdong, was upgraded from county to city status in 1993.[ref 6] It is one of the first 'Chinese textile cities'[ref 7] and where the project 'Chinese TCM Cities' was first launched.[ref 8] Textile and apparel and medicine industries are local pillars,[ref 9] topping or coming second in Guangdong county economies since 2003. It also entered the list of the One Hundred Best Counties and Cities for Health Industry in 2020 by Xiaokang series of Qiushi magazine.[ref 10]

Historically, Puning was one of the eight counties of Chaoshan. In the mid-1900s, the Hakka region, which was historically part of the Huizhou Prefecture, was incorporated into Puning's territory. Subsequently, the city also welcomed back 'returned overseas Chinese' and 'family members of overseas Chinese' due to the political situation in Southeast Asia. The cultures of the various clans formed the multilingual, multicultural landscape of Puning, where customs and traditions differ across the towns and villages. It is recognised as a Chinese Folk Culture Art Village by the Ministry of Culture, China.

Etymology

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'Puning' is the pinyin transliteration of the city in Standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin or putonghua. It is also known as 'Pou Leng', Poh Leng, or Pho Leng in the Chaoshan language, also known as Chaoshan Min or Swatow dialect . It was named after the historical county of the same name, which dates back to the Ming dynasty of China. According to Puning Xian Zhilue (A Brief Account of Puning County), Guangdong Tongzhi (Comprehensive Records of Guangdong), Ming Shi (History of Ming),[ref 11] and Chao Zhong Zaji (Miscellaneous Accounts of Chaozhou),[ref 12] the name 'Puning' was given in 1563, after the phrase pubian ningmi, meaning universally serene. Versions mentioned the county's original name as Pu'an[ref 13] or Anpu,[ref 14] but this was refuted by an inscription on the external walls of a Lords of the Three Mountains temple in Guiyu, Chaoyang, discovered in 1986.[ref 15]

In 1949, the seat of Puning County was administered as Puning City. The City's territory was split in 1950. In 1993, Puning County upgraded to become Puning City, while the original 'Puning City' became its city centre.

History

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Before its founding

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Reproduction scene of early humans making pottery at Hutou Pu Old Kilns Site

The habitation of humans in the territory of Puning dates back to the New Stone Age, evident in archaeological findings, such as the Hutou Pu Old Kilns Site (虎とら头埔古こ窑址) in Mianyuan Village, Guangtai Town, discovered in 1982. The tomb of a Sinicised Baiyue person, discovered in Songbaiwei Village, Lihu Town, illustrates that by the end of the Eastern Han period, Central Plains (Zhongyuan) culture had been introduced into Puning.[ref 16]

During the Pre-Qin era, the succeeding political regimes on Zhongyuan did not have any de facto administration of Puning and its surrounding regions. It was incorporated into Zhongyuan territories during the Qin and Han dynasties, but there had never been any clear administrative borders in the regions.

Ming and Qing

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In 1558, Zhang Lian started a rebellion in Raoping and Dabu of eastern Chaozhou (Teochew) Prefecture and subsequently declared himself Emperor of the Feilong Empire. It was suppressed by the Ming Government in 1562.

Republic of China

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In the 1860s many Southern Chinese were caught up in the various Internal conflicts and later in the Foreign conflicts. Later many Families ended up in Hawaii, the Philippines, Hong Kong and even in Thailand and Cambodia. Some of the educated classes married into Japanese Society. Other fled seeking Gold in USA and Australia and others became Traders across Asia.

Beijing Government

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During the Constitutional Protection War, the southern forces had an advantage over the northern forces as they occupied the Peifeng Tower
Xinhai Revolution and Constitutional Protection War
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In October 1911, the National Revolution Army (NRA) started a rebellion in Wuchang, while Fang Cishi (1887-1915) of the Tongmenghui dispatched troops in Puning. Guangdong declared its independence from the Qing Empire the following month and abolished the Chaozhou Prefecture, rendering counties such as Puning under the control of the Governor of Guangdong. Liu Renchen from the Tongmenghui also led his troops into Puning's city area. As a result, there were 13 different rival commanding officers in the Chaoshan region, all from different factions of the NRA. Meanwhile, influential figures in the county Puning supported Fang Zhiting as the county chief,[ref 17] while Zhao Diyun was, on the other hand, appointed Chief of Civil Affairs by Fang Cishi under the name of the Chaoshan Military Government. However, Zhao's appointment was short-lived as he was hindered by local officials and influential figures.[ref 17] In April 1912, the Deputy Governor of Guangdong, Chen Jiongming, sent his trusted aide, Chen Juemin, as the Civil Affairs Chief. The administrative division of Chaodun Circuit was established in 1914 and Puning was drawn into it; the Circuit was abolished in 1920.

In 1917, Duan Qirui led his troops to attack southern China after he abolished the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, while Sun Yat-sen established the Constitutional Protection Junta in Guangzhou, sparking the Constitutional Protection Movement. Both armies fought outside the city walls of Puning, in the villages of Wuli and Minggang.[ref 18] On 25 May 1921, Puning was brought under the control of Chen Jiongming's forces once again.

National Revolution
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Letter of Appointment handwritten by Zhou Enlai during the National Revolution Army's second Eastern Expedition

On 12 March 1925, Chiang Kai-shek, He Yingqin, and Zhou Enlai led the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) to defeat Chen's forces in Lihu of eastern Puning. On 2 November 1925, the NRA arrived in the city area of Puning, and Zhou made speeches there to raise funds for the army. On the same year, the Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou announced that the Chaozhou (Teochew) and Meizhou regions came under the rule of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang; KMT). Fang Zhiting was appointed the chief of Puning while Fang Zhanying became the acting Prosecutor.

The Puning Farmers' Association established the Farmers' Free City under the Peifeng Tower located in the suburb in February 1926, and founded the Farmers' Self-Defence Army in December of the same year, attacking the city twice.

The Shanghai massacre in April 1927 had a repercussion on the county of Puning. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Puning branch joined forces with left-wing KMT members to stage an armed riot on 23 April, and subsequently set up the first county-level revolutionary regime led by the CCP through armed conflict three days later at the Chen (Tan) clan ancestral shrine in Jiujiang, Daba. The CCP declared war against Chiang Kai-shek in a public address to the Chinese nation.[ref 19] However, the Farmers' Free City regime and the CCP's Provisional People's Government regime ceased their activities as they lost their battle to the KMT.

Nanjing Government

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Civil war and infrastructure development
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In October 1927, the Nanchang Uprising forces retreated to Liusha and conducted a military conference in Liusha Christian Church on 3 October. The uprising forces were attacked and defeated by Chen Jitang's forces.

In 1928, Peng Pai led the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army into Puning and met up with remnant forces of the Nanchang Uprising, to discuss setting up a revolutionary base in the Dananshan Mountain area.

War against Japanese Army
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Resumption of civil war and communist takeover
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People's Republic of China

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Geography

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Climate

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Climate data for Puning (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.0
(89.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.1
(100.6) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.2
(99.0) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		29.5
(85.1) 		38.1
(100.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		29.2
(84.6) 		31.5
(88.7) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.9
(91.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		26.7
(80.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.3
(81.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		22.3
(72.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.4
(52.5) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.8
(58.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		19.3
(66.7)
Record low °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.8
(73.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		6.5
(43.7) 		0.7
(33.3) 		0.4
(32.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46.4
(1.83) 		54.5
(2.15) 		104.6
(4.12) 		186.8
(7.35) 		274.5
(10.81) 		378.4
(14.90) 		329.8
(12.98) 		361.4
(14.23) 		215.1
(8.47) 		52.1
(2.05) 		43.9
(1.73) 		47.2
(1.86) 		2,094.7
(82.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.8 10.1 12.5 13.6 16.8 19.2 16.6 17.3 12.0 4.8 4.9 5.8 140.4
Average relative humidity (%) 74 77 78 79 81 83 80 81 78 73 74 72 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 159.4 119.3 115.9 135.4 166.2 187.9 246.7 224.0 211.5 215.6 187.3 171.5 2,140.7
Percent possible sunshine 47 37 31 36 40 46 60 56 58 60 57 52 48
Source: China Meteorological Administration[1][2]

Politics and administration

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Administrative divisions

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Economy

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Demographics

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Education

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Culture

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Cuisine

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Architecture

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Literature

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Festivals

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Sports

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Transport

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The Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway stops at Puning railway station along the high-speed Coastal Corridor.

Attractions

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Notable people from Puning

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Sister cities

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As of May 2013, Puning established friendly relations with seven other cities in mainland China.

Country Province Sister City Friendship forged
  People's Republic of China Zhejiang Yueqing 8 October 1996
Liaoning Haicheng 25 March 1993
Jiangsu Jiangyin 23 December 1992
Hubei Qianjiang 28 August 1993
Jilin Ji'an 1 May 1997
Sichuan Langzhong 9 December 2010[ref 20]
Zhejiang Yiwu 13 May 2013[ref 21]

Notes

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References

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  1. ^ Puning City People's Government: 发展概がい况 Archived 2009-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ 普ひろし宁市统计局きょく、国家こっか统计局きょく普ひろし宁调查队 (29 April 2021). "2020 年ねん普ひろし宁市国民こくみん经济和わ社会しゃかい发展统计公こう报" (PDF). Puning City People's Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2021.
  3. ^ "中国ちゅうごく县域人口じんこう图鉴：河南かなん百ひゃく万人口大县最多 近きん百ひゃく县市人口じんこう不足ふそく5万まん" (in Simplified Chinese). Sina Finance. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  4. ^ "这22个县级市城いちしろ区く人口じんこう规模堪こらえ比地ひじ级市，义乌最大さいだい普ひろし宁第二に" (in Simplified Chinese). 第だい一いち财经. 21 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  5. ^ "百ひゃく万まん人口じんこう大だい县达91个：昆こん山居さんきょ首くび，江こう苏浙江こう均ひとし占うらない10席せき以上いじょう" (in Simplified Chinese). 第だい一いち财经. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  6. ^ 陈朝辉、蔡人群ぐん、许自策さく：《潮しお汕平原へいげん经济》广东人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ，1994年ねん
  7. ^ "今日きょう往事おうじ" (in Simplified Chinese). 江こう门日报. 24 December 2009. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
  8. ^ ""中国ちゅうごく中ちゅう药名城じょう"试点首くび选普宁" (in Simplified Chinese). 南方なんぽう日び报. 17 November 2007. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  9. ^ "普あまね寧やすし市し兩りょう大だい支柱しちゅう產業さんぎょう ：紡織ぼうしょく服裝ふくそう、醫藥いやく產業さんぎょう" (in Traditional Chinese). 香港ほんこん文ぶん汇报. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  10. ^ 谁在引领健康けんこう产业走はし向こう下した一いち个高地ち——“2020中国ちゅうごく健康けんこう产业百ひゃく佳けい县市”出だし炉ろ.小康しょうこう,2020年ねん10期き
  11. ^ 《明あかり史し》卷まき四よん十じゅう五ご
  12. ^ [明あきら] 郭かく子こ章あきら:《潮しお中ちゅう杂纪》卷まき1《郡ぐん县释名めい》
  13. ^ [清きよし] 乾いぬい隆たかし《大だい清一せいいち统志》广东卷まき
  14. ^ [清きよし] 顾祖禹:《读史方かた舆纪要よう》卷まき103《广东四よん·潮しお州しゅう府ふ》
  15. ^ 陈竞飞：《去さ思おもえ碑ひ与あずか普ひろし宁县名めい》，1988年ねん
  16. ^ 黄き挺てい：《潮しお汕史简编》暨南大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ 2017年ねん12月
  17. ^ a b 十じゅう兄あに、一いち士し：《民みん国こく普ひろし宁县署しょ轶事》，1990年ねん
  18. ^ 1988年版ねんばん《普ひろし宁县志こころざし》，普ひろし宁市地方ちほう志こころざし编纂委い员会编，广东人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ，1995年ねん7月がつ
  19. ^ 《中共ちゅうきょう普ひろし宁党史し》中共ちゅうきょう党とう史し出版しゅっぱん社しゃ，1994年ねん
  20. ^ "四川閬中市與廣東普寧市結成友好城市" (in Traditional Chinese). 大だい公報こうほう. 13 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ "我わが市し与あずか广东普ひろし宁市 "喜き结金兰"" (in Simplified Chinese). 义乌新しん闻网. 14 May 2013. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015.
  1. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  2. ^ "Experience Template" 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

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