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Shangqiu - Wikipedia
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Shangqiu

Shangqiu (Chinese: 商しょう丘おか), alternately romanized as Shangkiu, is a city in eastern Henan province, Central China. It borders Kaifeng to the northwest, Zhoukou to the southwest, and the provinces of Shandong and Anhui to the northeast and southeast respectively. Its population was 7,816,831 inhabitants as of the 2020 Chinese census whom 2,831,814 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made up of two urban districts (Liangyuan and Suiyang) and Yucheng county now being conurbated.

Shangqiu
商しょう丘おか市し
Shangkiu
Prefecture-level city
Aerial view of Shangqiu old city
Aerial view of Shangqiu old city
Shangqiu Prefecture in Henan
Shangqiu Prefecture in Henan
Shangqiu is located in Northern China
Shangqiu
Shangqiu
Location on the North China Plain
Shangqiu is located in China
Shangqiu
Shangqiu
Shangqiu (China)
Coordinates (Shangqiu municipal government): 34°24′54″N 115°39′22″E / 34.415°N 115.656°E / 34.415; 115.656
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceHenan
Municipal seatSuiyang District
Area
[1]
 • Prefecture-level city10,658 km2 (4,115 sq mi)
 • Urban
1,697 km2 (655 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,255 km2 (1,257 sq mi)
Elevation
50 m (165 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Prefecture-level city7,816,831
 • Density730/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,859,723
 • Urban density1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,831,814
 • Metro density870/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
GDP[3][4]
 • Prefecture-level cityCN¥ 198.9 billion
US$ 29.9 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 27,332
US$ 4,115
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal Code
476000
Area code370
ISO 3166 codeCN-HA-14
Major NationalitiesHan
County-level divisions9
Township-level divisions116
License plate prefixes豫よN
Websiteshangqiu.gov.cn
Shangqiu
Chinese商しょう丘おか
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinShāngqiū
Wade–GilesShang1-ch'iu1
IPA[ʂáŋtɕʰjóʊ]
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingSoeng1-jau1
Southern Min
Tâi-lôSiong-khu
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese商しょう邱
Transcriptions

Shangqiu and surrounding area was an important base for the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC), and the city itself was established more than three millennia ago. Shangqiu has grown significantly in recent years. It is located at an important location at the junction of several major railways, making it a major regional transportation hub.

History

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Gongchen Gate, part of the Shangqiu city walls

The history of Shangqiu ("Hills of Shang") is closely related to the very beginning of Chinese history. The tradition dates back to the Three August Ones and Five Emperors periods (c. 25th century BC), when the legendary Emperors Shennong, Zhuanxu and Ku were said to be living in the present Shangqiu area. The son of Emperor Ku, Qi (契ちぎり), who helped Yu the Great to control floods, was enfeoffed the area of Shang, who also became the ancestor of the ancient Shang. Shangqiu was also reportedly one of the capitals defended by the Xia emperor Xiang, troubled by rebellions in his reign. The thirteenth generation grandson of Qi (契ちぎり), Tang overthrew the ruling Xia dynasty and founded the Shang dynasty, with its first capital at Nanbo (南みなみ亳, currently south of Shangqiu). Around the 11th century BC, the Shang dynasty was replaced by the Zhou dynasty. The royal descendants of the Shang dynasty were enfeoffed the area of Shangqiu, which later became the state of Song.

The Song capital, known as Suiyang, was located at present-day Nanguan (南みなみ关) in the south of Shangqiu's urban area.[5] The Song was a major power during the Spring and Autumn era, but declined during the Warring States era and eventually fell to the Qi and Wei in 286 BC. In the Han dynasty, Suiyang served as the capital of the Liang Kingdom. King Xiao of Liang (r. 169 BC – 144 BC) stayed loyal to the Emperor Jing of Han in the Rebellion of the Seven States, during which a failed siege of Suiyang caused the collapse of the main rebel army. The king was also a famous patron of arts and literature who hosted some of the best known Han poets, such as Zhuang Ji and Sima Xiangru, in the Liang capital.

From the Cao Wei dynasty to the early Sui dynasty, Suiyang was the seat of Liang Commandery (梁やな郡ぐん). It became the seat of Song Prefecture (Songzhou) in 596 AD. During the An Lushan rebellion in the Tang dynasty, a ten-month-long siege of Suiyang in 757 turned the tide of the war to the Tang's favor.

Before he ascended to the imperial throne as the Emperor Taizu of Song, Zhao Kuangyin was the jiedushi (military governor) of Guidejun (歸かえり德とく軍ぐん), a region centered in Songzhou. Thus, he chose "Song" as the name of the new dynasty he founded in 960. The city was the southern capital of the Northern Song dynasty under the name Nanjing.[6] Shangqiu was the first in a series of temporary capitals that the Song dynasty government moved to during their retreat from the north,[7][8] when most of northern China had been conquered by the Jurchens in the Jin–Song wars.[9] The Song court had retreated south to the city from their original capital in Kaifeng, after it was captured by the Jurchens in the Jingkang Incident of 1127.[7][8] The court moved to Shangqiu because of its historical importance to Emperor Taizu. The symbolism of the city was meant to secure the political legitimacy of the new Emperor Gaozong, who was crowned emperor of China in Shangqiu on June 12, 1127. The capital was again moved in 1128 to Yangzhou, and finally to Hangzhou in 1129.[8] In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Shangqiu was governed as Guide Prefecture (歸かえり德とく府ふ). The current name appeared in 1545, when a new Shangqiu County was created to administer the city and its surrounding areas.

Under the Republic, Shangqiu was considered a key city in eastern Henan owing to its position along the Lunghai Railway between the port of Haizhou on the East China Sea and Lanzhou in central China.[10] It was known at the time as Kweiteh, Kwei-teh, or Kuei-te (歸かえり德とく; Guīdé)[11] and had both a Catholic diocese and an Anglican mission, the later of which ran St Paul's Hospital.[12] It changed hands frequently during the fighting among the Chinese warlords in 1927.[11] Following the Manchurian Incident, Gui'de (Kwei-teh) Airbase was established, and became an auxiliary/forward airbase of the Nationalist Air Force of China during the War of Resistance-World War II (1937–1945), and supported aerial-attack missions against Imperial Japanese positions in the northern-front of the war; the 4th Fighter-Attack Group of the Chinese Air Force flew from Gui'de Airbase in March–April 1938 in support of Chinese ground forces at the Battle of Taierzhuang.[13] Gui'de Airbase is now known as Shangqiu Airport.[14]

Geography and climate

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Map including Shangqiu (labeled as SHANG-CH'IU (KWEITEH) (walled) 商しょう邱) (AMS, 1955)

Shangqiu is the easternmost prefecture of Henan province. Its administrative area ranges in longitude from 114 °49′ E to 116° 39′ E and in latitude from 33° 43′ N to 34° 52′ N, covering 10,704 square kilometres (4,133 sq mi). The city lies on the North China Plain and is mostly flat, with elevations ranging from 30 to 70 metres (98 to 230 ft), though the northwest part of the prefecture is more elevated than the southeast.

Shangqiu has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool and mostly dry while summers are hot and humid; spring is warm and sees some, but not much rainfall, while autumn weather is crisp and drier. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from around the freezing mark in January to 27.0 °C (80.6 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 14.4 °C (57.9 °F). Close to two-thirds of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September. The average temperature is below 10 °C for winter, 22 °C for summer, and between 10 and 22 °C for spring and autumn. Shangqiu City has a long winter, followed by summer, and a significantly shorter spring and autumn.

The average annual precipitation in the urban area of Shangqiu City has been 711.9 mm, and the corresponding total precipitation is 59.13 million cubic meters. The average annual runoff depth is 76.8 mm and the total runoff is 6.405 million cubic meters.

Climate data for Shangqiu (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		25.9
(78.6) 		28.2
(82.8) 		33.5
(92.3) 		38.1
(100.6) 		41.3
(106.3) 		39.4
(102.9) 		37.9
(100.2) 		35.8
(96.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		41.3
(106.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		15.0
(59.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		26.7
(80.1) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.0
(89.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		21.9
(71.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		20.2
(68.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		3.6
(38.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		20.9
(69.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.3
(81.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		2.1
(35.8) 		14.6
(58.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		10.1
(50.2)
Record low °C (°F) −15.2
(4.6) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		4.2
(39.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−15.4
(4.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 14.2
(0.56) 		18.1
(0.71) 		26.4
(1.04) 		40.6
(1.60) 		61.8
(2.43) 		85.9
(3.38) 		168.3
(6.63) 		165.5
(6.52) 		74.2
(2.92) 		40.3
(1.59) 		31.9
(1.26) 		13.8
(0.54) 		741
(29.18)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 4.1 4.7 5.1 5.8 7.1 7.5 11.1 10.2 8.0 5.7 5.5 4.0 78.8
Average snowy days 3.6 3.0 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 2.1 10.6
Average relative humidity (%) 67 66 64 67 69 68 80 84 79 73 72 69 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 118.5 127.0 167.9 192.4 206.7 179.4 165.3 157.5 155.7 153.9 137.0 122.8 1,884.1
Percent possible sunshine 38 41 45 49 48 41 38 38 42 44 44 40 42
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[15][16]
Source 2: Weather China[17]

Government

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The government of Shangqiu is responsible for the making and implementing of local policies. Since agriculture is still a major part of the economy of Shangqiu, many of the work is related to farmers and the development of the rural area. It is also observed that the government is exerting more and more efforts to attract foreign investment to spur local development. The current mayor is Tao Minglun.

Demographics

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According to the 2010 census, Shangqiu has a population of 7,362,472. That is 390,528 inhabitants less than in 2000 (the population shrank 5.04% in ten years).[18]

Administration

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The prefecture-level city of Shangqiu administers 2 districts, 1 county-level city and 6 counties.[19] The information here presented uses the metric system and data from 2010 National Population Census.

Map
English Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Area (km2) Population (2010) Density (/km2)
Liangyuan District 梁りょう园区 Liángyuán Qū 673 787,931 1,171
Suiyang District 睢阳区く Suīyáng Qū 913 748,356 820
Yongcheng City 永えい城市じょうし Yǒngchéng Shì 2,068 1,240,296 600
Minquan County 民みん权县 Mínquán Xiàn 1,222 703,379 576
Sui County 睢县 Suī Xiàn 920 711,088 773
Ningling County 宁陵县 Nínglíng Xiàn 786 523,367 666
Zhecheng County 柘城县 Zhèchéng Xiàn 1,048 778,107 742
Yucheng County 虞おそれ城じょう县 Yúchéng Xiàn 1,558 954,720 613
Xiayi County 夏なつ邑县 Xiàyì Xiàn 1,470 915,228 623

Religion

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Shangqiu is traditionally a centre of the indigenous Chinese religious cult of Huoshen (火ひ神しん "Fire God"). An ancient small Temple of the Fire God has been expanded throughout the 2010s to become possibly the biggest temple complex dedicated to the god in China. Moreover, Shangqiu traditionally hosted the headquarters of Liguaism (Li Symbol transmission), the most important denomination of Baguadao.

Economy

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In 2019, Shangqiu's GDP reached 291.12 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over 2018.In 2019, the proportion of the tertiary industry structure was 14.7:41.0:44.3. In 2019, the city's general public budget revenue was 17.171 billion yuan, an increase of 11.7% over 2018.

Agriculture

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Situated on the North China Plain, Shangqiu is part of a traditionally agricultural region. The fertile soil and convenient irrigation facilities greatly help the production of crops and other plants. As of 2005, there are about 719,864 hectare planted. The most important agricultural products are wheat, maize, cotton, sesame, vegetables, fruit, tobacco, and livestock. In 2002, it produced about 4.5 million tons of crops, 200 thousand tons of cotton, 1.1 million tons of fruits, and 550 thousand tons of livestock.[20]

Industry

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Compared with the agriculture, the industry of Shangqiu is relatively less developed. However, since the 1990s, it has experienced rapid growth. The food producing and packing company, Kedi group, has already been the number one exporter of frozen vegetables in the country. The large reserves of coal in Shangqiu (the Yongcheng-Xiayi coal mine is estimated to have a total reserves of 10 billion tons) also boosts up the energy industry, such as electricity generation and aluminium electrolysis.

Transportation

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Shangqiu train station

Since the completion of east–west running Longhai railway in 1916, Shangqiu has been a local transportation center. This standing is greatly enhanced following the construction of the Beijing-Kowloon (Hong Kong) railway in 1996, which crosses with Longhai railway at Shangqiu. Nowadays, Longhai railway has become the Chinese segment of the larger "European-Asia continental landbridge," which runs from the sea port city Lianyungang to Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Shangqiu thus obtains the name of the city of the "golden cross". On the other hand, the road transport is also convenient and getting even better. The east–west direction Lianyungang-Khorghas (Xinjiang) national route 310 and north–south Beijing-Zhuhai national routh 105 also cross at Shangqiu. Highway traffic is fast-developing too. The Shangqiu-Kaifeng segment of the Lianyungang-Khorghas highway is already in use. Future planning for highway construction is also underway.[citation needed]

Shangqiu–Hangzhou high-speed railway began operation in June 2020.

Education

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The education sector of Shangqiu is mainly professional training oriented, with an increasing number of such colleges coming into sight ever since the 1990s.

Colleges and universities

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Society and culture

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Tombs of Liang Kingdom (Western Han dynasty) at Mount Mangdang

Lying in the heart of the North China Plain, Shangqiu benefits from a deep cultural tradition. The first star observatory in China, Ebo Tai, was established in Shangqiu. Yingtian Shuyuan, one of the largest four official education agencies in north Song dynasty, is located in the Suiyang district of Shangqiu. The Suiyang old city, which was built in 1511 during the Ming dynasty, is one of the best preserved traditional cities in China, and was enlisted as one of the famous historical cities in China by the central government in 1986. The rich culture also raised many famous cultural figures. Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese characters, was living in Shangqiu in the far-ancient periods. Zhuangzi, the great ancient philosopher of China, was born here around the 4th century BC. Another great philosopher, Mozi, living in the same period as Zhuangzi, was also a Shangqiu native.

Tourist attractions

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  • The ancient city of Suiyang (睢阳古城こじょう)
  • Temple of Hua Mulan
  • Former residence of Zhuangzi (庄しょう周しゅう故里ふるさと)
  • Ebo Tai, the first star observatory of China (阏伯台だい)
  • Mangdang Mountain tourism site (芒すすき砀山文物ぶんぶつ旅たび游ゆう区く)
  • Shangqiu Ancient Culture Tourist Area (商しょう丘おか古こ文化ぶんか旅たび游ゆう区く)
  • Huaihai Battle Chenguanzhuang Memorial Hall Scenic Spot (淮海战役陈官庄しょう纪念馆景区く)
  • Beihu Scenic Area, Sui County (睢县北湖きたこ景けい区く)
  • Cangjie Tomb (仓颉墓ぼ)
  • Sui Emperor's Mausoleum (燧ひうち皇すめらぎ陵りょう)
  • Zhuangzi Cultural Tourism Scenic Area (庄子しょうこ文化ぶんか旅たび游ゆう景けい区く)

Famous people of Shangqiu

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Miscellaneous

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  • Shangqiu is also a Roman Catholic diocese.
  • Dazhouzhuang village, the hometown of the heroine Hua Mulan, lies about 55 km (34 mi) southeast of Shangqiu city. The village contains a temple dedicated to Mulan, and many nearby businesses use her name as a local trademark.
  • According to the history, the ancestral ancestor of the merchants (xiè) was able to control the water, seal the business, and then migrate. Later generations said that the ruins of the merchants had lived in the "Shangqiu".

References

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  1. ^ 最新さいしん人口じんこう信しん息いき www.hongheiku.com (in Chinese). hongheiku. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  2. ^ "China: Hénán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  3. ^ 河南かなん省しょう统计局きょく、国家こっか统计局きょく河南かなん调查总队 (November 2017). 《河南かなん统计年ねん鉴－2017》. 中国ちゅうごく统计出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-5037-8268-8. Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  4. ^ "河南かなん统计年ねん鉴—2017". www.ha.stats.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  5. ^ "商しょう丘おか"寻商"". Xinhua. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  6. ^ Theobald, Ulrich. China Knowledge. "Chinese History - Song Dynasty 宋そう (960-1279): Map and Geography". Accessed 19 Oct 2012.
  7. ^ a b Franke, Herbert (1994). Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368. Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
  8. ^ a b c Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 292–293. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  9. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2011). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-521-51595-5.
  10. ^ Manchuria, Vol. III, p. 436. 1938.
  11. ^ a b Rotunda, Vols. XXXVI–XXXIX, p. 37. Royal Ontario Museum, 2003.
  12. ^ Christensen, Erleen. In War and Famine: Missionaries in China's Honan Province in the 1940s, p. 77. McGill-Queen's University Press (Kingston), 2005.
  13. ^ 抗日こうにち战争纪念网. "长空写うつし忠魂ちゅうこん：击落第らくだい一架日本战机的张光明 - 抗こう战英烈れつ事ごと迹综合あい资料 - 抗日こうにち战争纪念网". www.krzzjn.com. Retrieved 2020-12-04. 1938年ねん3、4月がつ间，驻汉口こう的てき空そら军第四大队和驻孝感的空军第三大队，曾多次じ对当时的台だい儿庄中日ちゅうにち大会たいかい战进行ぎょう长距离突袭，支援しえん地ち面部めんぶ队作战。
  14. ^ 红岩春秋しゅんじゅう, 杨文钊. "重じゅう庆珍档丨他た在ざい重じゅう庆上空じょうくう为国捐躯，白しろ市し驿机场曾以他的てき名字みょうじ命名めいめい..." 上うえ游ゆう新しん闻 ~ 汇聚向上こうじょう的てき力量りきりょう. 1938年ねん4月がつ7日にち凌しのげ晨，中国ちゅうごく军队向こう驻守在ざい台だい儿庄的てき日び军发起おこり总攻，日にち军溃不ふ成なり军，其残部ぶ向こう峄城、枣庄撤退てったい。至いたり此，历经月余げつよ的てき台だい儿庄战役结束... 4月9日にち，张明生せい所しょ在中ざいちゅう队奉命いのち攻おさむ击南下なんか增援ぞうえん的てき日び军。当とう飞临敌军阵地上空じょうくう时，张明生せい见战区く上空じょうくう无敌机つくえ踪影，便びん单机脱だつ离队伍ご，对敌进行低空ていくう扫射，眼め看み着ぎ敌人狼おおかみ狈逃窜，他た才ざい心こころ满意足あし地ち返かえし回かい编队... 张明生せい所在しょざい的中てきちゅう队完成かんせい任にん务，返かえし回かい归德（今こん河南かなん商しょう丘おか）机つくえ场，喘息ぜんそく未定みてい，便びん遇ぐう敌机来らい袭。大家たいか又また立たて刻こく升ます空そら迎むかえ敌，敌机见我军已有ゆう准じゅん备，便びん偷偷逃跑了りょう。我わが空そら军勇士し在天ざいてん空中くうちゅう徘徊はいかい良久よしひさ...
  15. ^ 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  16. ^ "Experience Template" 中国ちゅうごく气象数すう据すえ网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  17. ^ 商しょう丘おか - 气象数すう据すえ -中国ちゅうごく天てん气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  18. ^ (in Chinese) Compilation by LianXin website. Data from the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Administrative divisions of China Administrative divisions of Shangqiu.
  20. ^ Shanqiu daily Overview of Shangqiu.
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