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The Mohe, Malgal, or Mogher, or Mojie,[1] were historical groups of people that once occupied parts of what's now Northeast Asia during late antiquity. The two most well known Mohe groups were known as the Heishui Mohe, located along the Amur River, and the Sumo Mohe, named after the Songhua River.[2] They have been traditionally defined by the approximate use of what would have been Tungusic languages. The Heishui Mohe are commonly thought as being direct ancestors to the 12th century Jurchens. The Tang documented the Mohe as inhabiting the land of Sushen, to the northeast of the Tang, east of the Turks, and north of Goguryeo.[3]
Mohe people | |||||||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||||||
Chinese | 靺鞨 or 靺羯 | ||||||||||||
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Korean name | |||||||||||||
Hangul | 말갈 | ||||||||||||
Hanja | 靺鞨 | ||||||||||||
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The Mohe constituted a major part of the population in the kingdom of Balhae in northeast Asia, which lasted from the late 7th century to early 10th century. After the fall of Balhae, few historical traces of the Mohe can be found, though they are considered to be the primary ethnic group from whom the Jurchen people descended. The Heishui Mohe in particular are considered to be the direct ancestors of the Jurchens, from whom the 17th century Manchu people and Qing dynasty founders originated.[4] The Mohe practiced a sedentary agrarian lifestyle and were predominantly farmers who grew soybean, wheat, millet, and rice, supplemented by pig raising and hunting for meat.[5][6] The Mohe were also known to have worn pig and dog skin coats.[7]
Name
editThe Chinese exonym Mohe (靺鞨) is a graphic pejorative written with mo 靺 "socks; stockings" and he 鞨 "shoes". Mo (靺) (Middle Chinese: /muɑt̚/) is an adjective, a customary expression meaning "barbarian" or Xiongnu[citation needed]. Before the Five dynasties period, it was recorded as "靺羯", such as on the Honglujing Stele.
He 鞨 is gal (Middle Chinese gat[citation needed] or /ɦɑt̚/), meaning "stone" by Mohe/Malgal, Jie/Gal language.[citation needed] The Jie ruler Shi Le (
The ethnonym of the Mohe bears a notable resemblance to that of the later historically attested *Motgit in Middle Chinese (Chinese: 勿吉; pinyin: mò jí; Jyutping: mat6 gat1; Korean: 물길 [Mulgil]; Japanese: もつきつ [Motsukitsu]).
The name of the Mohe also appears as "Maka" in "Shin-Maka" (Japanese
Tribes
editAccording to some records, there were seven or maybe eight Mohe tribes :
Moji/Merjie/Wuji/Matgat (勿吉) | Mohe/Mogher/Malgal/Muthot (靺鞨) | Modern location | Settlements |
---|---|---|---|
Sumo tribe 속말부 (Sogmalbu) |
Sumo tribe 속말부 (Sogmalbu) |
near Songhua River | |
Baishan tribe 백산부 (Baeksanbu) |
Baishan tribe 백산부 (Baeksanbu) |
near Paektu Mountain | |
Yulou tribe 우루 (Uru) |
Yulou tribe 우루 (Uru) |
on the Suifun River Basin | |
Boduo tribe 백돌부 (Baekdolbu) |
Boduo tribe 백돌부 (Baekdolbu) |
near the Lalin River | |
Funie tribe 불열 (Buryeol) |
Funie tribe 불열 (Buryeol) |
near the Mudan River on the Khanka Basin | dwelled in Jixi and Mudanjiang |
Anchegu tribe 안차골부 (Anchagolbu) |
Tieli tribe 철리 (Cheolli) |
near the Songhwa River | dwelled in Harbin |
Haoshi tribe 호실부 (Hosilbu) |
Yuexi tribe 월희 (Wolhui) |
dwelled in Dalnerechensk | |
Heishui tribe 흑수부 (Heuksubu) |
Heishui tribe 흑수부 (Heuksubu) |
low banks of Amur River | dwelled in Hegang, Jiamusi, Shuangyashan, Khavarovsk, Birobidzhan, Yichun |
Notable personalities
editPrefecture Mohe chieftains
edit- Sumo Mohe
- Baishan Mohe
- Geolsa Biu (乞四
比 羽 pinyin: Qǐsì Bǐyǔ, Hangul: 걸사비우)
- Geolsa Biu (乞四
- Heisui Mohe
- A Tou (
阿 頭 pinyin: Ā Tóu, Manchu: Uju (head, chief), Hangul:아두) - Tou Fu (陁弗 pinyin: Toú fú, Hangul: 타불)
- Su Wugai (
蘇 勿蓋 pinyin: Sū Wùgài, Manchu: Sotki (crusian), Hangul: 소홀개) - Gao Zhimen (
高之 門 pinyin: Gāo Zīemén, Manchu: Hocihon mangga (handsome and strong), Hangul: 고지문) - Wusukemeng (
烏 素 可 蒙 pinyin: Wū sù kě méng, Manchu: Osohon mangga (small but strong), Hangul: 오소고몽) - Nisuliji (倪屬
利 稽 pinyin:Ní shǔ lì jī, Manchu: Nisurigi (finger ring for archery), Hangul: 아속리계)
- A Tou (
- Funie Mohe
- Yuexi Mohe
See also
edit- Balhae
- Jie people (Gal people)
- Shi Le
- Guanqiu Jian
References
editCitations
edit- ^ "
唐 与 渤海、靺羯关系史上 的 两次出 使 ". - ^ Crossley 1997, p. 18.
- ^ Old Book of Tang, Chapter 199.
- ^ Huang, P.: "New Light on the origins of the Manchu," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 50, no.1 (1990): 239-82. Retrieved from JSTOR database July 18, 2006.
- ^ Gorelova 2002, p. 14.
- ^ Aisin Gioro & Jin, p. 18.
- ^ Gorelova 2002, pp. 13-4.
Bibliography
edit- Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi. "Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368-1636)" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Blackwell Publishing
- Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar. Vol. Seven Manchu Grammar. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 9004123075. Retrieved 6 May 2014.