Youtiao (traditional Chinese:
![]() Pieces of youtiao | |
Alternative names | Chinese cruller |
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Type | Donut |
Course | Breakfast |
Place of origin | China |
Region or state | Guangdong |
Associated cuisine | China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, Myanmar, Thailand, Hong Kong and Taiwan |
Serving temperature | Fried |
Main ingredients | Dough |
Youtiao | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | oil strip | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yu Char Kway | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | oil-fried pastry (or devil) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Guozi | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 餜子 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 馃子 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | pastry | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Burmese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Burmese | အီကြာကွေး Ee Kyar Kway | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Vietnamese | dầu cháo quẩy / giò cháo quẩy | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Thai name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Thai | ปาท่องโก๋ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
RTGS | pathongko | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Malay name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Malay | cakoi چاکوي | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | cakwe | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Filipino name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Tagalog | bítso-bítso[1]/bicho-bicho/shakoy | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lao name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Lao | ເຂົ້າຫນົມຄູ່ / ຂະໜົມຄູ່ /ຈັບກ້ວຍ Khao nom khu / kha nom khu / chab kuay | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Khmer name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Khmer | ឆាខ្វៃ / យ៉ាវឆាខ្វៃ Chha Khwai / Yav Chha Khwai |
Conventionally, youtiao are lightly salted and easily separated by hand.[2] Youtiao are normally eaten at breakfast[3] as an accompaniment for rice congee, soy milk or cow's milk blended with sugar. Youtiao may also be known as a Chinese cruller,[4] Chinese oil stick,[5] Chinese donut [sticks], and fried breadstick, among others.
In other Asian countries, they may also be called bicho, you char kway, cakwe, cakoi, kueh, kuay, shakoy or pathongko, among others.
Culinary applications and variants
editAt breakfast, youtiao can be stuffed inside shāobǐng (traditional Chinese:
Youtiao is occasionally dipped into various liquids, for example the soup xidoufen, soy milk (sweet or salty), and soy sauce.
Youtiao is also an important ingredient of the food Cífàn tuán in Shanghai cuisine.
Tánggāo (Chinese:
In Thailand, youtiao or pathongko (ปาท่องโก๋) in Thai are eaten for breakfast with soy milk or porridge.
Names
editCambodia
editIn Cambodia, it is called cha kway (Khmer: ឆាខ្វៃ) and usually dipped in kuy teav, congee or coffee. Some Chinese Cambodian immigrants in Australia sometimes call it chopstick cake because of its resemblance to a pair of chopsticks.
China
editAlthough generally known as yóutiáo in Standard Mandarin, the dish is also known as guǒzi (餜子) in northern China. In Min Nan-speaking areas, such as Taiwan, it is known as iû-chiā-kóe (
Folk etymology
editThe Cantonese name yàuh ja gwái literally means "oil-fried devil" and, according to folklore,[7][unreliable source?] is an act of protest against Song Dynasty official Qin Hui, who is said to have orchestrated the plot to frame the general Yue Fei, an icon of patriotism in Chinese culture. It is said that the food, originally in the shape of two human-shaped pieces of dough but later evolved into two pieces joined in the middle, represents Qin Hui and his wife, both having a hand in collaborating with the enemy to bring about the great general's demise.[8][unreliable source?] Thus the youtiao is deep fried and eaten as if done to the traitorous couple. In keeping with the legend, youtiao are often made as two foot-long rolls of dough joined along the middle, with one roll representing the husband and the other the wife.[9] The Cantonese name may derive from Guangzhou being the last resistance front before the Song dynasty collapsed.
Indonesia
editIn Indonesia, the fried dough is known as cakwe (pronounced [tʃakwe]). It is commonly chopped or thinly sliced and then eaten for breakfast with bubur ayam (chicken porridge) or eaten as snacks with dipping of local version of chilli vinaigrette or peanut / satay sauce.
In Java, cakwe is usually sold as a street snack at kaki lima, usually at the same stalls that sell bolang-baling or roti goreng (sweet fried dough) and untir-untir (Javanese version of mahua). This snack is sometime served with spicy sweet salty sauce (optional). Savory cakwe, sweet bolang-baling and crunchy untir-untir are to be considered to compliment each other in a snack mix.
Laos
editIn Laos, youtiao is generally called kao nom kou or patongko (cf. Thai patongko) or "chao quay", and is commonly eaten with coffee at breakfast in place of a baguette (khao jee falang).[10] It is also eaten as an accompaniment to "khao piek sen" (chicken noodle soup) or "jok" (congee).[citation needed]
Malaysia
editIt is rendered in Malay language as cakoi, an alteration of the Minnan term, char kway. The name pathongko (see Thailand) is more common in the northern states of Kedah, Perlis and Penang,[11] kayu khamak or kuduh in Terengganu, kocok in Pahang and Perak and cakuwe in Kelantan. Cakoi is usually sold in morning street markets or pasar malam night markets and commonly eaten with coffee or soy milk for breakfast or at tea time.
Myanmar
editThe youtiao is also a popular breakfast food in Myanmar (Burma) where it is called e kya kway (အီကြာကွေး [ì tʒà ku̯éː]). It is usually eaten with steamed yellow beans (with salt and oil) or dipped into coffee or tea, or with condensed milk(နို့ဆီ). E kya kway is also eaten with rice porridge, or cut into small rings and used as a condiment for mohinga. Tea culture is prevalent in Myanmar, and almost every shop will serve e kya kway for breakfast.
Some shops stuff meat into the youtiao and deep fry it over again. It is called e kya kway asar thoot – stuffed e kya kway.
Philippines
editIn the Philippines, it is either known as Bicho / Bicho-Bicho (Hokkien:
Singapore
editIn Singapore, it is known as yu char kway, which is the transliteration of its Hokkien (Minnan) name (
Taiwan
editIn Taiwan, Youtiao is often known by its Hokkien name (
Thailand
editIn Thailand, youtiao is generally called pathongko (Thai: ปาท่องโก๋, pronounced [paːtʰɔ̂ŋkǒː]) due to a confusion with a different kind of dessert. Pathongko is a loanword adapted from either Teochew Minnan beh teung guai (
In Thailand, pathongko is also dipped into condensed milk or, in the South, eaten with kaya. In some provinces, such as Chanthaburi and Kanchanaburi, pathongkos are eaten with sweet and sour dipping sauce, considered a local delicacy.[14][15]
Vietnam
editIn Vietnamese cuisine, it is known by a name that is a pronunciation similar to the Cantonese pronunciation, as dầu cháo quẩy, giò cháo quẩy or simply quẩy.
See also
edit- Fried dough foods
- List of Chinese dishes
- List of doughnut varieties
- List of deep fried foods
- List of snack foods
- List of street foods
- Zhaliang
- Ci fan tuan
Other Chinese fried dough dishes
editExplanatory notes
edit- ^ Similarly, the dish known as chhá-koé-tiâu (
炒 粿條) in Minnan, kóe-tiâu being the Minnan name for flat rice noodles (literally "(rice) cake strips"), is on Cantonese menus rendered as炒 貴 刁 (ja gwai dìu) where the characters貴 刁 (gwai dìu, literally expensive (Surname)) are equally meaningless. See Char koay teow: Etymology for more information.
References
edit- ^ according to KWF Diksiyonáryo ng Wíkang Filipíno
- ^ Youtiao (Chinese Oil Stick)-Chinese Cruller – China Sichuan Food
- ^ Youtiao Chinese Deep Fried Donuts) Recipe - Food.com
- ^ "Chinese Breakfast" Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine at About.com. Accessed 1 May 2008.
- ^ Healthier 'youtiao'? Chengdu vendor finds breakthrough recipe | South China Morning Post
- ^
許 極 燉. 《常用漢字 台 語 詞 典 》.台北 市 :自立 晚 報 社 文化 出版 部 , 1992. (A Taiwanese dictionary with frequently used Chinese characters. Taipei: Independence Evening Post, 1992.) (in Chinese) - ^ Yew Char Kway the Easy Way by Denise Fletcher on July 7, 2011
- ^ Youtiao (Chinese Crullers) - Ang Sarap
- ^ West Lake, a Collection of Folktales (ISBN 9620400542) page 181.
- ^ "Laos: Food and Drink." Archived June 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at CPAMedia. Accessed 30 May 2008.
- ^ 15 Local Types Of Food That Have Totally Different Names Across Malaysia
- ^ Lee, Penelope (August 19, 2020). "Food Picks Podcast: Red-and-white youtiao and lychee sorbet as tribute to Singapore | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
- ^ DeAeth, Duncan (April 23, 2023). "Family-owned youtiao shop in southern Taiwan closes after 122 years in business". www.taiwannews.com. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
- ^ Channel 8 (August 19, 2024). "ปาท่องโก๋จันทบุรี มีดีที่น้ำจิ้ม". via YouTube (in Thai). Retrieved September 22, 2022.
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ ร้อยเรื่อง เมืองกาญจน์ (August 19, 2024). "ปาท่องโก๋เมืองกาญจน์บวกน้ำจิ้ม..." Facebook (in Thai). Retrieved March 16, 2021.