Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 31°54′42″N 117°08′49″E / 31.91174°N 117.14682°E / 31.91174; 117.14682
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{{Short description|Experimental tokamak}}
{{Infobox fusion devices
{{Infobox fusion devices
|name = EAST
|name = EAST
|fullname = Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
|fullname = Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
|image = Tokamak_HL-2M.jpg
|image = EAST Tokamak vacuum vessel 2015.jpg
|imagetitle =
|imagetitle = EAST vacuum vessel
|type = [[Tokamak]]
|type = [[Tokamak]]
|city = [[Hefei]]
|city = [[Hefei]]
Line 15: Line 16:
|heating = {{val|7.5|ul=MW}}
|heating = {{val|7.5|ul=MW}}
|power = <!-- {{val|00|ul=MW}} -->
|power = <!-- {{val|00|ul=MW}} -->
|time = <!-- {{val|00|ul=s}} -->
|time = {{val|102|ul=s}}
|current = {{val|1.0|ul=MA}}
|current = {{val|1.0|ul=MA}}
|temperature = <!-- {{val|00|e=6|ul=K}} -->
|temperature = {{val|100|e=6|ul=K}}
|construction_date =
|construction_date =
|operation_start_year = 2006
|operation_start_year = 2006
|operation_end_year =
|operation_end_year =
|ongoing = yes
|ongoing = yes
|prev = [[HT-7]]
|prev = HT-6M
|next =
|next =
|related =
|related =
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}}
}}
[[File:EAST-tokamak sketch.png|thumb|Technical sketch of EAST]]
[[File:EAST-tokamak sketch.png|thumb|Technical sketch of EAST]]
[[File:EAST Tokamak vacuum vessel 2015.jpg|thumb|EAST vacuum vessel]]
[[File:EAST Tokamak plasma images.jpg|thumb|[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] in EAST]]
[[File:EAST Tokamak plasma images.jpg|thumb|[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] in EAST]]


The '''Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak''' ('''EAST'''), internal designation HT-7U, is an experimental [[superconducting]] [[tokamak]] [[magnetic fusion energy]] reactor in [[Hefei]], China. The [[Hefei Institutes of Physical Science]] is conducting the experiment for the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]. It has operated since 2006.
The '''Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak''' ('''EAST'''), internal designation HT-7U (Hefei Tokamak 7 Upgrade), is an experimental [[superconducting]] [[tokamak]] [[magnetic fusion energy]] reactor in [[Hefei]], China. The [[Hefei Institutes of Physical Science]] is conducting the experiment for the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]. It has operated since 2006.


It is the first tokamak to employ superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets. It aims for plasma pulses of up to 1000 seconds.
It is the first tokamak to employ superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets. It aims for plasma pulses of up to 1,000 seconds.

Since China is a member of the international [[ITER]] project, it is hoped that EAST will provide new impetus for its further development.


== History ==
== History ==


EAST followed China's first superconducting tokamak device, dubbed [[HT-7]], built by the Institute of Plasma Physics in partnership with [[Russia]] in the early 1990s.
EAST followed China's first superconducting tokamak device, dubbed [[HT-7]], built by the Institute of Plasma Physics in partnership with [[Russia]] in the early 1990s.{{fact|date=September 2021}}


The project was proposed in 1996 and approved in 1998. According to a 2003 schedule,<ref>[http://202.127.205.62/IAC/disk/Design%20of%20the%20EAST(HT-7U) Project/6.doc] {{dead link|date=February 2016}}</ref> buildings and site facilities were to be constructed by 2003. Tokamak assembly was to take place from 2003 through 2005.
The project was proposed{{by whom?|date=September 2021}} in 1996 and approved in 1998. According to a 2003 schedule,<ref>[http://202.127.205.62/IAC/disk/Design%20of%20the%20EAST(HT-7U) Project/6.doc] {{dead link|date=February 2016}}</ref> buildings and site facilities were to be constructed by 2003. Tokamak assembly was to take place from 2003 through 2005.


Construction was completed in March 2006 and on September 28, 2006, "first plasma" was achieved.
Construction was completed in March 2006 and on September 28, 2006, "first plasma" was achieved.<ref name=first-plasma>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182561.htm |title=China's New Thermonuclear Fusion Reactor Test Successful |publisher=[[China Internet Information Center|China.org.net]] |date=September 29, 2006}}</ref>


According to official reports, the project's budget is [[Renminbi|CNY]] ¥300 million (approximately US$37 million), some 1/15 to 1/20 the cost of a comparable reactor built in other countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200601/21/eng20060121_237208.html|title=China to build world's first "artificial sun" experimental device
According to official reports, the project's budget is [[Renminbi|CNY]] ¥300 million (approximately US$37 million), some 1/15 to 1/20 the cost of a comparable reactor built in other countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200601/21/eng20060121_237208.html|title=China to build world's first "artificial sun" experimental device
Line 54: Line 56:


=== Phase I ===
=== Phase I ===
On September 28, 2006, first plasma was achieved—the first test lasted nearly three seconds, and generated an electrical current of 200 kiloamperes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182561.htm |title=China's New Thermonuclear Fusion Reactor Test Successful |publisher=[[China Internet Information Center|China.org.net]] |date=September 29, 2006}}</ref>
On September 28, 2006, first plasma was achieved—the first test lasted nearly three seconds, and generated an electric current of 200 kiloamperes.<ref name=first-plasma/>


By Jan 2007 "the reactor created a plasma lasting nearly five seconds and generating an electrical current of 500 kilo amperes".<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/15/content_5608276.htm Xinhua article Jan 15, 2007 Chinese scientists conduct more tests on thermonuclear fusion reactor. 2007-Jan-15]</ref>
By Jan 2007 "the reactor created a plasma lasting nearly five seconds and generating an electric current of 500 kilo amperes".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100121032440/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/15/content_5608276.htm Xinhua article Jan 15, 2007 Chinese scientists conduct more tests on thermonuclear fusion reactor. 2007-Jan-15]</ref>


On November 7, 2010, EAST achieved its first [[H-mode]] plasma by LHW alone.
On November 7, 2010, EAST achieved its first [[H-mode]] plasma by LHW alone.{{cn|date=August 2021}}


In May 2011, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over 30 seconds at ~50 million Kelvin.
In May 2011, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over 30 seconds at ~50 million Kelvin.
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By May 2015, EAST was reporting 1 MA currents, and [[H-mode]] for 6.4 seconds.<ref>[http://english.ipp.cas.cn/rh/east/ EAST at IPP-CAS]</ref>
By May 2015, EAST was reporting 1 MA currents, and [[H-mode]] for 6.4 seconds.<ref>[http://english.ipp.cas.cn/rh/east/ EAST at IPP-CAS]</ref>


In February, 2016, a plasma pulse was maintained for a record 102 seconds at ~50 million Kelvin.<ref name=Shot58982>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/02/06/china_shows_how_fusion_is_done/|title=That's cute, Germany – China shows the world how fusion is done|publisher=The Register|date=February 6, 2016}} more data in screen shot</ref> Plasma current of 400kA and a density of about 2.4 x 10<sup>19</sup>/m<sup>3</sup> with slowly increasing temperature.<ref name=Shot58982/>
In February, 2016, a plasma pulse was maintained for a record 102 seconds at ~50 million °C.<ref name=Shot58982>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/02/06/china_shows_how_fusion_is_done/|title=That's cute, Germany – China shows the world how fusion is done|publisher=The Register|date=February 6, 2016}} more data in screen shot</ref> Plasma current of 400kA and a density of about 2.4 x 10<sup>19</sup>/m<sup>3</sup> with slowly increasing temperature.<ref name=Shot58982/>


On November 2, 2016, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over a minute at ~50 million °C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ipp.cas.cn/syxw/201611/t20161115_170479.html |title=EAST Achieves Longest Steady-state H-mode Operations |publisher=EAST team |date=November 15, 2016}}</ref>
On November 2, 2016, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over a minute at ~50 million °C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ipp.cas.cn/syxw/201611/t20161115_170479.html |title=EAST Achieves Longest Steady-state H-mode Operations |publisher=EAST team |date=November 15, 2016}}</ref>
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On November 12, 2018, EAST reached a milestone of 100 million °C electron temperature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-11-chinese-fusion-tool-million-degrees.html|title=Chinese fusion tool pushes past 100 million degrees|publisher=Phys.org|date=November 15, 2018|access-date=August 10, 2020}}</ref>
On November 12, 2018, EAST reached a milestone of 100 million °C electron temperature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-11-chinese-fusion-tool-million-degrees.html|title=Chinese fusion tool pushes past 100 million degrees|publisher=Phys.org|date=November 15, 2018|access-date=August 10, 2020}}</ref>


In May, 2021, EAST reached a milestone of 120 million °C electron temperature for 101 seconds.<ref>{{Citation|title=GLOBALink {{!}} "Chinese artificial sun" sets new world record|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IylinT7eKE8|language=en|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>
⚫
== Physics objectives ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2019}}


On December 30, 2021, a long-pulse high-parameter plasma operation of 1056 seconds was realized, which once again created a new world record for the operation of the Tokamak experimental device.<ref>{{Citation|title=GLOBALink {{!}} 中国ちゅうごく"人造じんぞう太ふとし阳"实现千秒级等离子体运行|url=http://www.news.cn/politics/2021-12/31/c_1128221002.htm|language=en|access-date=2021-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ipp.cas.cn/news/202112/t20211231_295486.html|title=1,056 Seconds, another world record for EAST|date=December 31, 2021}}</ref>
China is a member of the [[ITER]] consortium, and EAST is a testbed for ITER technologies.

On April 12, 2023, EAST achieved the world's first 403-second steady-state [[High-confinement_mode|H-mode]] plasma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/news/202304/t20230417_329388.shtml|title=Reliable 403 Seconds Stationary H-mode Plasmas Demonstrated on EAST|date=April 17, 2023}}</ref>

⚫
== Physics objectives ==
China is a member of the [[ITER]] consortium, and EAST is a testbed for ITER technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Study of lower hybrid current drive towards long-pulse operation with high performance in EAST|series=AIP Conference Proceedings |volume=1689 |page=080002 |publisher=EURATOM|doi=10.1063/1.4936525|bibcode=2015AIPC.1689h0002D |doi-access=free |last1=Ding |first1=B. J. |last2=Li |first2=M. H. |last3=Li |first3=Y. C. |last4=Wang |first4=M. |last5=Shan |first5=J. F. |last6=Liu |first6=F. K. |last7=Wang |first7=S. L. |last8=Wei |first8=W. |last9=Xu |first9=H. D. |last10=Zhao |first10=L. M. |last11=Hu |first11=H. C. |last12=Jia |first12=H. |last13=Cheng |first13=M. |last14=Yang |first14=Y. |last15=Liu |first15=L. |last16=Xu |first16=G. S. |last17=Zang |first17=Q. |last18=Zhao |first18=H. L. |last19=Peysson |first19=Y. |last20=Decker |first20=J. |last21=Goniche |first21=M. |last22=Cesario |first22=R. |last23=Amicucci |first23=L. |last24=Tuccillo |first24=A. A. |last25=Baek |first25=G. S. |last26=Parker |first26=R. |last27=Bonoli |first27=P. T. |last28=Yang |first28=C. |last29=Zhao |first29=Y. P. |last30=Qian |first30=J. P. |journal=Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas |issue=1 |display-authors=1 }}</ref>


EAST was designed to test:
EAST was designed to test:
Line 126: Line 132:
== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Nuclear technology|Energy|China}}
{{Portal|Nuclear technology|Energy|China}}
⚫
* [[ASDEX Upgrade]]
* [[China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor]] (CFETR)
* [[HL-2M]]
* [[List of fusion experiments]]
* [[List of fusion experiments]]
* [[ITER]]
* [[ITER]]
* [[Joint European Torus]]
* [[Joint European Torus]]
⚫
* [[ASDEX Upgrade]]
* [[JT-60]]
* [[JT-60]]
* [[KSTAR]]
* [[KSTAR]]
Line 139: Line 147:
* {{official website|http://east.ipp.ac.cn/}} - Official website of EAST Fusion Facility - Chinese Academy of Science
* {{official website|http://east.ipp.ac.cn/}} - Official website of EAST Fusion Facility - Chinese Academy of Science
* [http://english.people.com.cn/200601/21/eng20060121_237208.html People's Daily article]
* [http://english.people.com.cn/200601/21/eng20060121_237208.html People's Daily article]
* [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/02/content_4247782.htm Xinhua article Mar 1 2006] - Note that EAST is not the "world's first experimental nuclear fusion device".
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060617021121/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/02/content_4247782.htm Xinhua article Mar 1 2006] - Note that EAST is not the "world's first experimental nuclear fusion device".
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901043025/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/24/content_4341563.htm Xinhua article Mar 24, 2006 Nuke fusion reactor completes test]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901043025/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/24/content_4341563.htm Xinhua article Mar 24, 2006 Nuke fusion reactor completes test]
* [http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/international/asia/news/20060602p2g00m0in032000c.html Mainichi Daily News article Jun 2, 2006]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


{{Nuclear power in the PRC}}
{{Nuclear power in the PRC}}
{{fusion experiments}}
{{fusion experiments}}


{{coords|31.91174| 117.14682|display=title}}
{{coord missing|Anhui}}


[[Category:Tokamaks]]
[[Category:Tokamaks]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hefei]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hefei]]
[[Category:Nuclear energy in China]]
[[Category:Nuclear power in China]]


[[ur:مصنوعی سورج]]
[[ur:مصنوعی سورج]]

Revision as of 18:22, 1 December 2023

EAST
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
EAST vacuum vessel
Device typeTokamak
LocationHefei, China
AffiliationHefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Technical specifications
Major radius1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Minor radius0.45 m (1 ft 6 in)
Magnetic field3.5 T (35,000 G)
Heating power7.5 MW
Discharge duration102 s
Plasma current1.0 MA
Plasma temperature100×106 K
History
Year(s) of operation2006–present
Preceded byHT-6M
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Chinese先さき进超导托卡马克かつ实验装置そうち
Hanyu Pinyinxiānjìn chāodǎo tuōkǎmǎkè shíyàn zhuāngzhì
Literal meaningAdvanced Superconducting Tokamak Experimental device
Technical sketch of EAST
Plasma in EAST

The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), internal designation HT-7U (Hefei Tokamak 7 Upgrade), is an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, China. The Hefei Institutes of Physical Science is conducting the experiment for the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It has operated since 2006.

It is the first tokamak to employ superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets. It aims for plasma pulses of up to 1,000 seconds.

Since China is a member of the international ITER project, it is hoped that EAST will provide new impetus for its further development.

History

EAST followed China's first superconducting tokamak device, dubbed HT-7, built by the Institute of Plasma Physics in partnership with Russia in the early 1990s.[citation needed]

The project was proposed[by whom?] in 1996 and approved in 1998. According to a 2003 schedule,[1] buildings and site facilities were to be constructed by 2003. Tokamak assembly was to take place from 2003 through 2005.

Construction was completed in March 2006 and on September 28, 2006, "first plasma" was achieved.[2]

According to official reports, the project's budget is CNY ¥300 million (approximately US$37 million), some 1/15 to 1/20 the cost of a comparable reactor built in other countries.[3]

Phase I

On September 28, 2006, first plasma was achieved—the first test lasted nearly three seconds, and generated an electric current of 200 kiloamperes.[2]

By Jan 2007 "the reactor created a plasma lasting nearly five seconds and generating an electric current of 500 kilo amperes".[4]

On November 7, 2010, EAST achieved its first H-mode plasma by LHW alone.[citation needed]

In May 2011, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over 30 seconds at ~50 million Kelvin.

Phase II

On November 29, 2011, The ribbon-cutting ceremony for EAST auxiliary heating system project was held, signifying EAST's entering of “Phase-II”.

On May 19, 2014, after nearly 20-month-long upgrading break since September 2012, EAST was ready for the first round of experiments in 2014.

By May 2015, EAST was reporting 1 MA currents, and H-mode for 6.4 seconds.[5]

In February, 2016, a plasma pulse was maintained for a record 102 seconds at ~50 million °C.[6] Plasma current of 400kA and a density of about 2.4 x 1019/m3 with slowly increasing temperature.[6]

On November 2, 2016, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over a minute at ~50 million °C.[7]

On July 3, 2017, EAST became the first tokamak to successfully sustain H-Mode plasma for over 100 seconds at ~50 million °C.[8]

On November 12, 2018, EAST reached a milestone of 100 million °C electron temperature.[9]

In May, 2021, EAST reached a milestone of 120 million °C electron temperature for 101 seconds.[10]

On December 30, 2021, a long-pulse high-parameter plasma operation of 1056 seconds was realized, which once again created a new world record for the operation of the Tokamak experimental device.[11][12]

On April 12, 2023, EAST achieved the world's first 403-second steady-state H-mode plasma.[13]

Physics objectives

China is a member of the ITER consortium, and EAST is a testbed for ITER technologies.[14]

EAST was designed to test:

  • Superconducting Niobium-titanium poloidal field magnets, making it the first tokamak with superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets
  • Non-inductive current drive
  • Pulses of up to 102 seconds with 0.5 MA plasma current
  • Schemes for controlling plasma instabilities through real-time diagnostics
  • Materials for diverters and plasma facing components
  • Operation with βべーたN = 2 and confinement factor H89 > 2

Tokamak parameters

Tokamak parameters[15]
Toroidal field, Bt 3.5 T
Plasma current, IP 1.0 MA
Major radius, R0 1.85 m
Minor radius, a 0.45 m
Aspect ratio, R/a 4.11
Elongation, κかっぱ 1.6–2
Triangularity, δでるた 0.6–0.8 　
Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) 3 MW
Lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) 4 MW
Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) None currently (0.5 MW planned)
Neutral beam injection (NBI) None currently (planned)
Pulse length 1–1000 s
Configuration Double-null divertor
Pump limiter
Single null divertor

See also

References

  1. ^ Project/6.doc [dead link]
  2. ^ a b "China's New Thermonuclear Fusion Reactor Test Successful". China.org.net. September 29, 2006.
  3. ^ "China to build world's first "artificial sun" experimental device". People's Daily Online. 2006-01-21.
  4. ^ Xinhua article Jan 15, 2007 Chinese scientists conduct more tests on thermonuclear fusion reactor. 2007-Jan-15
  5. ^ EAST at IPP-CAS
  6. ^ a b "That's cute, Germany – China shows the world how fusion is done". The Register. February 6, 2016. more data in screen shot
  7. ^ "EAST Achieves Longest Steady-state H-mode Operations". EAST team. November 15, 2016.
  8. ^ "China's 'artificial sun' sets world record with 100s steady-state high performance plasma". Chinese Academy of Sciences. July 5, 2017.
  9. ^ "Chinese fusion tool pushes past 100 million degrees". Phys.org. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  10. ^ GLOBALink | "Chinese artificial sun" sets new world record, retrieved 2021-05-29
  11. ^ GLOBALink | 中国ちゅうごく"人造じんぞう太ふとし阳"实现千秒级等离子体运行, retrieved 2021-12-31
  12. ^ "1,056 Seconds, another world record for EAST". December 31, 2021.
  13. ^ "Reliable 403 Seconds Stationary H-mode Plasmas Demonstrated on EAST". April 17, 2023.
  14. ^ Ding, B. J.; et al. (2015). "Study of lower hybrid current drive towards long-pulse operation with high performance in EAST". Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas. AIP Conference Proceedings. 1689 (1). EURATOM: 080002. Bibcode:2015AIPC.1689h0002D. doi:10.1063/1.4936525.
  15. ^ "EAST (HT-7U Super conducting Tokamak)----Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, The Chinese Academy of Sciences".

External links

31°54′42″N 117°08′49″E / 31.91174°N 117.14682°E / 31.91174; 117.14682

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