Seediq language: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Alter: url, pages. URLs might have been anonymized. Formatted dashes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Anas1712 | #UCB_webform 273/1127 |
||
(45 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan}} |
|||
{{Redirect|Truku language|the Micronesian language named "Trukese"|Chuukese language}} |
|||
{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
||
|name=Kari Seediq |
|name=Kari Seediq |
||
Line 9: | Line 11: | ||
|ref=e18 |
|ref=e18 |
||
|familycolor=Austronesian |
|familycolor=Austronesian |
||
|fam2=[[ |
|fam2=[[Atayalic languages|Atayalic]] |
||
|fam3=[[Atayalic languages|Atayalic]] |
|||
|iso3=trv |
|iso3=trv |
||
|glotto=taro1264 |
|glotto=taro1264 |
||
|glottorefname=Seediq |
|glottorefname=Seediq |
||
|lingua=30-AAB |
|lingua=30-AAB |
||
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg |
|||
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Taroko is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}} |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Seediq''' (pronounced {{IPA-xx|seˈedæq|}}) is an [[Atayalic languages|Atayalic language]] spoken in the mountains of Northern [[Taiwan]] by the [[Seediq people|Seediq]] and [[Taroko people]]. |
|||
'''Seediq''', also known as '''Sediq''', '''Taroko''', is an [[Atayalic languages|Atayalic language]] spoken in the mountains of Northern [[Taiwan]] by the [[Seediq people|Seediq]] and [[Taroko people]]. |
|||
==Subdivisions== |
==Subdivisions== |
||
Seediq consists of three main dialects (Tsukida 2005). Members of each dialect group refer to themselves by the name of their dialect, while the [[Amis people]] call them "Taroko." |
Seediq consists of three main dialects (Tsukida 2005). Members of each dialect group refer to themselves by the name of their dialect, while the [[Amis people]] call them "Taroko." |
||
#'''Truku''' (Truku) |
#'''Truku''' (Truku) – 20,000 members including non-speakers. The Truku dialect, transcribed |
||
#'''Toda''' (Tuuda) |
#'''Toda''' (Tuuda) – 2,500 members including non-speakers. |
||
#'''Tgdaya''' (Tkdaya, Paran) |
#'''Tgdaya''' (Tkdaya, Paran) – 2,500 members including non-speakers. |
||
==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
||
In Seediq there are 19 [[consonant]] phonemes and 4 [[vowel]] phonemes. Among these, there are two velar fricatives, one voiceless and the other voiced, and a [[uvular stop]]. In both [[bilabial stop|labial]] and [[alveolar stop|alveolar]] plosive series, [[voice (phonetics)|voice opposition]] is contrastive; velar and uvular series, however, only display voiceless sounds. The [[voiceless alveolar affricate|alveolar affricate]] has a marginal phonological status and is found in some interjections (such as ''teʼcu!'' "what a mess!"), loanwords and non-finite verbal forms with the gerund prefix ''cese-'' (Tsukida 2005: 292, 297). |
In Seediq there are 19 [[consonant]] phonemes and 4 [[vowel]] phonemes. Among these, there are two velar fricatives, one voiceless and the other voiced, and a [[uvular stop]]. In both [[bilabial stop|labial]] and [[alveolar stop|alveolar]] plosive series, [[voice (phonetics)|voice opposition]] is contrastive; velar and uvular series, however, only display voiceless sounds. The [[voiceless alveolar affricate|alveolar affricate]] has a marginal phonological status and is found in some interjections (such as ''teʼcu!'' "what a mess!"), loanwords and non-finite verbal forms with the gerund prefix ''cese-'' (Tsukida 2005: 292, 297). |
||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
||
|+Consonants in Seediq (Truku dialect)<ref name="phon">{{harvnb|Tsukida|2005|p=293}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb| |
|+Consonants in Seediq (Truku dialect)<ref name="phon">{{harvnb|Tsukida|2005|p=293}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hsu|2008|pp=6–9}}.</ref> |
||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="2" | |
|||
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
! colspan="2" | |
||
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
|||
! |
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
||
! |
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
||
! |
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
||
! |
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] |
||
! |
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
|||
! {{small|voiceless}} !! {{small|voiced}} |
|||
| {{IPA link|m}} |
|||
! {{small|voiceless}} !! {{small|voiced}} |
|||
| {{IPA link|n}} |
|||
! {{small|voiceless}} !! {{small|voiced}} |
|||
| |
|||
! {{small|voiceless}} !! {{small|voiced}} |
|||
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Plosive]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
||
! {{small|voiceless}} |
|||
| ''p'' [p] || ''b'' [b] || ''t'' [t] || ''d'' [d] || || (''j'' [ɟ]) || ''k'' [k] || || ''q'' [q] || ''ʼ'' [ʔ] |
|||
| {{IPA link|p}} |
|||
| {{IPA link|t}} |
|||
| ({{IPA link|ɟ}} {{angbr|j}}) |
|||
| {{IPA link|k}} |
|||
| {{IPA link|q}} |
|||
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|ʼ}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{small|voiced}} |
|||
! [[Fricative]] |
|||
| {{IPA link|b}} |
|||
| || || ''s'' [s] || || || || ''x'' [x] || ''g'' [ɣ] || || ''h'' [h] |
|||
| {{IPA link|d}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[ |
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]] |
||
! {{small|voiceless}} |
|||
| || || (''c'' [ts]) || || || || || || || |
|||
| |
|||
| {{IPA link|s}} |
|||
| |
|||
| {{IPA link|x}} |
|||
| |
|||
| {{IPA link|h}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{small|voiced}} |
|||
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
|||
| |
|||
| || || || ''l'' [l] || || || || | || || |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|g}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]] |
|||
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
|||
| |
|||
| || ''m'' [m] || || ''n'' [n] || || || || ''ng'' [ŋ] || || |
|||
| ({{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|c}}) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Tap consonant|Tap]] |
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]] |
||
| |
|||
| || || || ''r'' [ɾ] || || || || || || |
|||
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{angbr|r}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Glide |
! colspan="2" | [[Glide consonant|Glide]] |
||
| |
|||
| || || || || || ''y'' [j] || || ''w'' [w] || || |
|||
| {{IPA link|l}} |
|||
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}} |
|||
| {{IPA link|w}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 68: | Line 113: | ||
The vowels are the following: |
The vowels are the following: |
||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
||
|+Vowels in Seediq (Truku dialect)<ref name="phon" |
|+Vowels in Seediq (Truku dialect)<ref name="phon" /> |
||
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]] |
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Closed vowel| |
! [[Closed vowel|Close]] |
||
| |
| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
||
| || |
| || {{IPA link|ə}} {{angbr|e}} || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Open vowel|Open]] |
! [[Open vowel|Open]] |
||
| |
| {{IPA link|a}} || || |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 94: | Line 139: | ||
As other [[Austronesian languages]], Seediq uses [[reduplication]] to convey grammatical functions, such as pluralization and reciprocal verb form derivation. There are two kinds of reduplication: one which involves only the first syllable of the stem, with structure Cə-CV(C), and one which involves the last pair of syllables of the stem excluding codas, having structure CəCə-CV(C)CV(C). Examples are: |
As other [[Austronesian languages]], Seediq uses [[reduplication]] to convey grammatical functions, such as pluralization and reciprocal verb form derivation. There are two kinds of reduplication: one which involves only the first syllable of the stem, with structure Cə-CV(C), and one which involves the last pair of syllables of the stem excluding codas, having structure CəCə-CV(C)CV(C). Examples are: |
||
{{interlinear|indent=2 |
|||
* ''qehuni'' "tree" → ''qe-qehuni'' "trees" (Cə-reduplication) |
|||
|qehuni → qe-qehuni |c1=(Cə-reduplication) |
|||
* ''seʼdiq'' "person" → ''sede-seʼdiq'' "people" (CəCə-reduplication)<ref>{{harvnb|Tsukida|2005|pp=294-295}}.</ref> |
|||
|tree {} REDUP-tree |
|||
|"tree" {} "trees"|}} |
|||
{{interlinear|indent=2 |
|||
|seʼdiq → sede-seʼdiq |c1=(CəCə-reduplication)<ref>{{harvnb|Tsukida|2005|pp=294–295}}</ref> |
|||
|person {} REDUP-person |
|||
|"person" {} "people"|}} |
|||
Along with reduplication, there are also numerous prefixes and suffixes in Seediq that intervene to alter the meaning of words in derivational and inflectional processes. Affixes include: |
Along with reduplication, there are also numerous prefixes and suffixes in Seediq that intervene to alter the meaning of words in derivational and inflectional processes. Affixes include: |
||
Line 105: | Line 157: | ||
===Verbs=== |
===Verbs=== |
||
Seediq verbs have three types of voices, which are in turn inflected for mood or aspect (Tsukida 2005:313). Nouns, however, do not inflect for voice. |
Seediq verbs have three types of voices, which are in turn inflected for mood or aspect (Tsukida 2005:313). Nouns, however, do not inflect for voice. |
||
#Agent voice |
#Agent voice – marked by ''-em-'' or its [[allomorph]]s ''me'' or Ø |
||
#Goal voice |
#Goal voice |
||
#Conveyance voice |
#Conveyance voice |
||
There are four basic aspect/mood categories: |
There are four basic aspect/mood categories: |
||
#Neutral |
#Neutral – same as non-future/imperfective |
||
#Perfect |
#Perfect – marked by ''-en-'' |
||
#Non-finite |
#Non-finite – bare stem |
||
#Hortative (i.e., when advising someone) |
#Hortative (i.e., when advising someone) – marked by ''-a(y/nay)'' |
||
The future is marked by ''me-, mpe-, mpe-ke-''. |
The future is marked by ''me-, mpe-, mpe-ke-''. |
||
Line 120: | Line 172: | ||
==Word classes== |
==Word classes== |
||
Truku Seediq has 11 word classes (Tsukida 2005:295). |
|||
;Open classes |
;Open classes |
||
Line 140: | Line 192: | ||
==Syntax== |
==Syntax== |
||
The [[word order]] of Seediq is VOS, where S corresponds to the argument marked with [[absolutive case]]. This argument ordinarily occurs clause-finally, but may be followed by a [[topicalization|topicalized]] [[ergative case|ergative]] argument. Like many of its other Austronesian relatives, Seediq contains voice [[morpheme]]s marked on the verb which indicate which of the verb's arguments (agent, patient, etc.) is treated as the subject and thus marked with [[absolutive case]]. In noun phrases, modifiers follow the head (Tsukida 2005:304). Unlike Tagalog and many other Philippine languages, there are no linkers connecting the heads and modifiers. |
The [[word order]] of Seediq is [[verb–object–subject]] (VOS), where S corresponds to the argument marked with [[absolutive case]]. This argument ordinarily occurs clause-finally, but may be followed by a [[topicalization|topicalized]] [[ergative case|ergative]] argument. Like many of its other Austronesian relatives, Seediq contains voice [[morpheme]]s marked on the verb which indicate which of the verb's arguments (agent, patient, etc.) is treated as the subject and thus marked with [[absolutive case]]. In noun phrases, modifiers follow the head (Tsukida 2005:304). Unlike Tagalog and many other Philippine languages, there are no linkers connecting the heads and modifiers. |
||
===Clauses=== |
===Clauses=== |
||
Line 159: | Line 211: | ||
===Function words=== |
===Function words=== |
||
Some function words are given below: |
Some function words are given below: |
||
*''ni'' |
*''ni'' – "and" (conjunction) |
||
*''deni'' |
*''deni'' – "and then" (conjunction) |
||
*'''u, du'u, ga, dega'' |
*'''u, du'u, ga, dega'' – all meaning "in case that" (conjunction) |
||
*''nasi'' |
*''nasi'' – "if" |
||
*'''ana'' |
*'''ana'' – "even" |
||
*''ka'' |
*''ka'' – subordinating conjunction, case marker, linker |
||
*'''ini'' |
*'''ini'' – negator |
||
*'''adi'' |
*'''adi'' – negates noun phrase predicates, future/perfect verb forms |
||
*''wada'' |
*''wada'' – past |
||
*''na'a'' |
*''na'a'' – "had better, could have done..." |
||
*''dima'' |
*''dima'' – "already" |
||
*''hana'' |
*''hana'' – "just" |
||
*''ya'asa'' |
*''ya'asa'' – "because" |
||
*''niqan'' |
*''niqan'' – existential predicate (like Tagalog "may") |
||
*'''ungat'' |
*'''ungat'' – negative existential predicate (like Tagalog "wala") |
||
Deictics include (Tsukida |
Deictics include (Tsukida 2009:132-133): |
||
*Demonstratives: |
|||
*''niyi'' - this, this one |
|||
*'' |
**''niyi'' – this, this one |
||
*'' |
**''ga/gaga'' – that, that one |
||
**kiya/ki – that, that one (referring to things previously referenced or mutually understood) |
|||
*''hi/hiya'' - there |
|||
*Deictic adverbials: |
|||
*''ga/gaga hiya'' - over there |
|||
**''hini'' – here |
|||
**''hi/hiya'' – there<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tsukida |first=Naomi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342887980 |title=セデック |
|||
There are a total of six prepositions (Tsukida 2005:303): |
There are a total of six prepositions (Tsukida 2005:303): |
||
*''quri'' |
*''quri'' – toward, about, in the direction of |
||
*''pa'ah'' |
*''pa'ah'' – from |
||
*''bitaq'' |
*''bitaq'' – until, up to |
||
*''saw'' |
*''saw'' – like |
||
*'''asaw'' |
*'''asaw'' – because of |
||
*''mawxay'' |
*''mawxay'' – for the sake of |
||
Stative locatives (e.g., "on the mountain") do not take on any prepositions, but are rather placed directly after the verb without any additional marking. |
Stative locatives (e.g., "on the mountain") do not take on any prepositions, but are rather placed directly after the verb without any additional marking. |
||
Line 196: | Line 250: | ||
#Extenders that require '''neutral verb forms''' |
#Extenders that require '''neutral verb forms''' |
||
##''wada'' |
##''wada'' – past |
||
##''ga(ga)'' |
##''ga(ga)'' – distal progressive |
||
##''niyi'' |
##''niyi'' – proximal progressive |
||
##''gisu'' |
##''gisu'' – progressive, state |
||
##''meha'' |
##''meha'' – future, "is going to do" |
||
##''(me-)teduwa'' |
##''(me-)teduwa'' – "be able to do" |
||
##''nasi'' |
##''nasi'' – "if" |
||
##''na'a'' |
##''na'a'' – "could have done something but did not |
||
#Extenders that require '''non-finite verb forms''' |
#Extenders that require '''non-finite verb forms''' |
||
##'''asi ~ kasi'' |
##'''asi ~ kasi'' – "at once, suddenly" |
||
##''pasi'' |
##''pasi'' – "at once" |
||
##''kani'' |
##''kani'' – "one did not have to do something but did it" |
||
##'''ini'' |
##'''ini'' – negative |
||
##'''iya'' |
##'''iya'' – negative imperative |
||
#Extenders that require '''future forms''' |
#Extenders that require '''future forms''' |
||
##''saw'' |
##''saw'' – "is/was about to do" |
||
##''rubang'' |
##''rubang'' – "was about to do" |
||
#Extenders that require '''future/perfect forms of verbs/nouns''' |
#Extenders that require '''future/perfect forms of verbs/nouns''' |
||
##'''adi'' |
##'''adi'' – negative |
||
#Extenders that are '''combined with adjectives/nouns''' |
#Extenders that are '''combined with adjectives/nouns''' |
||
##''ma'a'' |
##''ma'a'' – "become" |
||
#Extenders '''without specific requirements''' |
#Extenders '''without specific requirements''' |
||
##''pekelug'' |
##''pekelug'' – "just" |
||
##''dima'' |
##''dima'' – "already" |
||
##''hana'' |
##''hana'' – "at last" |
||
##'''ida'' |
##'''ida'' – "surely" |
||
##''ya'a'' |
##''ya'a'' – uncertainty |
||
##''wana'' |
##''wana'' – only |
||
##'''ana'' |
##'''ana'' – "even" |
||
##''ma'' |
##''ma'' – "why" |
||
##'''alung ~ 'alaw ~ 'arang'' |
##'''alung ~ 'alaw ~ 'arang'' – "as is expected" |
||
##''pida'' |
##''pida'' – exactly |
||
##''lengu'' |
##''lengu'' – "planned to do..." |
||
##''binaw'' |
##''binaw'' – confirmation |
||
##'''atih'' |
##'''atih'' – "at the last moment," "nearly" |
||
##''seperang'' |
##''seperang'' – "purposefully, on purpose" |
||
==Pronouns== |
==Pronouns== |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
|+ |
|+Truku Seediq personal pronouns |
||
! Type of<br>pronoun |
! Type of<br>pronoun |
||
!c=01| Direct |
!c=01| Direct |
||
Line 261: | Line 315: | ||
|c=02| hiyaan |
|c=02| hiyaan |
||
|c=03| ne-hiya |
|c=03| ne-hiya |
||
|c=04| |
|c=04| – |
||
|c=05| =na |
|c=05| =na |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 294: | Line 348: | ||
==Numerals== |
==Numerals== |
||
The cardinal numbers are:<ref>{{ |
The cardinal numbers are:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=W. |url=https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromtaiw00camprich/page/43 |title=Sketches from Formosa |date=1915 |publisher=Marshall Brothers |location=London |page=43 |language=en |quote=Here are the ten numerals : ''Khial, Dahah, Turuh, Supat, Rimah, Maturuh, Mapitah, Mashupat, Mugarih, Machal''.}}</ref> |
||
#kingal |
#kingal |
||
#deha |
#deha |
||
Line 307: | Line 361: | ||
Other numerals and numeral-related affixes (Tsukida 2005:297): |
Other numerals and numeral-related affixes (Tsukida 2005:297): |
||
*taxa: used for humans |
*taxa: used for humans – one person |
||
*'uwin: used for objects |
*'uwin: used for objects – one object |
||
*ma- -(u)l: used to form words for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 |
*ma- -(u)l: used to form words for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 |
||
*ma-xa-l: 10 |
*ma-xa-l: 10 |
||
Line 318: | Line 372: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
* {{Cite book |last=Tsukida |first=Naomi |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |editor-last=Adelaar |editor-first=K. Alexander |language=en |chapter=Seediq |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus}} |
|||
* Tsukida, Naomi. 2005. "Seediq." In Adelaar, K. Alexander and Nikolaus Himmelmann, eds. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Psychology Press. |
|||
* {{ |
* {{Cite thesis |last=Hsu |first=Lowking Wei-Cheng |
||
==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
||
{{refbegin}} |
|||
*Lian Haoqi |
|||
* {{Cite book |last=Lien |first=Hao-Chi |
|||
*Ochiai, Izumi. 2016. Bu-hwan Vocabulary Recorded in 1874: Comparison with Seediq Dialects. ''Asian and African Languages and Linguistics'' No.10, 2016. |
|||
* {{Cite journal |last=Ochiai |first=Izumi |date=2016 |title=Bu-hwan Vocabulary Recorded in 1874: Comparison with Seediq Dialects |journal=Asian and African Languages and Linguistics |language=en |volume=10 |pages=287–324 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10108/85073}} |
|||
*Chen, Kang [陈康]. 2014. ''A study of Seediq'' [Saidekeyu yanjiu 赛德 |
|||
* {{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Kang 陈康 |title=Sàidékèyǔ yánjiū |date=2014 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:赛德 |
|||
* {{Citation |title=Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán shūxiě xìtǒng |date=1994 |url=http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/rules/aboriginal.pdf |trans-title=Aboriginal Language Writing System |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231075540/http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/rules/aboriginal.pdf |language=zh |archive-date=2006-12-31 |script-title=zh: |
|||
* {{Cite book |last=Sung |first=Li-May |
|||
* {{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Amy Pei-jun |
|||
* {{Cite journal |last=Sterk |first=Darryl |date=2020 |title=Ecologising Seediq: Towards an Ecology of an Endangered Indigenous Language from Taiwan |journal=International Journal of Taiwan Studies |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=54–71 |doi=10.1163/24688800-20201153|s2cid=219671559 }} |
|||
{{refend}} |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
{{InterWiki|code=trv|Seediq}} |
|||
*[http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/MANDR/EDU6300001/rules/aboriginal.pdf The alphabets of written Taiwanese aboriginal languages and the corresponding sounds in IPA] |
|||
* [https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/sdq/search.htm Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn |
|||
{{Incubator|code= trv}} |
|||
* [https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/trv/search.htm Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn |
|||
* [https://alilin.apc.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=621 Seediq teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan] {{in lang|zh}} |
|||
* [https://alilin.apc.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=619 Truku teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan] {{in lang|zh}} |
|||
* [https://indigenous-justice.president.gov.tw/doc/apology_text/Seediq.pdf Seediq translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people] – published on the website of the presidential office |
|||
* [https://indigenous-justice.president.gov.tw/doc/apology_text/Truku.pdf Truku translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people] – published on the website of the presidential office |
|||
{{Languages of Taiwan}} |
{{Languages of Taiwan}} |
||
{{Formosan languages}} |
{{Formosan languages}} |
||
{{Austronesian languages}} |
|||
[[Category:Seediq language| ]] |
[[Category:Seediq language| ]] |
Latest revision as of 21:18, 22 January 2024
Kari Seediq | |
---|---|
Taroko | |
Native to | Taiwan |
Region | central, eastern, and coastal |
Ethnicity | Seediq, Taroko |
Native speakers | 20,000 (2008)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | trv |
Glottolog | taro1264 |
ELP | Seediq |
Linguasphere | 30-AAB |
Taroko is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
Seediq, also known as Sediq, Taroko, is an Atayalic language spoken in the mountains of Northern Taiwan by the Seediq and Taroko people.
Subdivisions[edit]
Seediq consists of three main dialects (Tsukida 2005). Members of each dialect group refer to themselves by the name of their dialect, while the Amis people call them "Taroko."
- Truku (Truku) – 20,000 members including non-speakers. The Truku dialect, transcribed
德 路 固 Délùgù in Chinese. - Toda (Tuuda) – 2,500 members including non-speakers.
- Tgdaya (Tkdaya, Paran) – 2,500 members including non-speakers.
Phonology[edit]
In Seediq there are 19 consonant phonemes and 4 vowel phonemes. Among these, there are two velar fricatives, one voiceless and the other voiced, and a uvular stop. In both labial and alveolar plosive series, voice opposition is contrastive; velar and uvular series, however, only display voiceless sounds. The alveolar affricate has a marginal phonological status and is found in some interjections (such as teʼcu! "what a mess!"), loanwords and non-finite verbal forms with the gerund prefix cese- (Tsukida 2005: 292, 297).
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | (ɟ ⟨j⟩) | k | q | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ |
voiced | b | d | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | x | h | |||
voiced | ɣ ⟨g⟩ | ||||||
Affricate | (ts ⟨c⟩) | ||||||
Tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||
Glide | l | j ⟨y⟩ | w |
With the graphemes c and j the practical orthography indicates the palatal allophones of t and d respectively after i and y.
The vowels are the following:
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ə ⟨e⟩ | ||
Open | a |
Seediq also has three diphthongs, mainly ay [ai̯], aw [au̯] and uy [ui̯].
Seediq syllables have C, CV, or CVC structures, except for some interjections which have CVCC structures (e.g., saws, which is uttered when offering food to ancestors, and sawp, which is the sound of an object blown by the wind). Disyllabic words can take on the following structures:
- CVCV, CVCVC
- CVCCV, CVCCVC
Vowels in antepenultimate syllables are often /e/. The stressed syllable is usually the penultimate one, and is pronounced with a high pitch. In the Truku dialect stress is on the final syllable resulting in loss of first vowel in CVCCV and CVCCVC structures, for example compare: qduriq > pqdriqun, lqlaqi > lqlqian. In Taroko, up to six onset consonants are possible: CCCCCVC(VC), for example: tn'ghngkawas, mptrqdug, pngkrbkan, dmptbrinah.
Morphology[edit]
As other Austronesian languages, Seediq uses reduplication to convey grammatical functions, such as pluralization and reciprocal verb form derivation. There are two kinds of reduplication: one which involves only the first syllable of the stem, with structure Cə-CV(C), and one which involves the last pair of syllables of the stem excluding codas, having structure CəCə-CV(C)CV(C). Examples are:
qehuni
tree
"tree"
→
qe-qehuni
REDUP-tree
"trees"
(Cə-reduplication)
Along with reduplication, there are also numerous prefixes and suffixes in Seediq that intervene to alter the meaning of words in derivational and inflectional processes. Affixes include:
- -an: oblique case
- ne-: something possessed by the prefixed noun
Clitics, unlike affixes, do not cause phonological alterations on their roots to which they are attached.
Verbs[edit]
Seediq verbs have three types of voices, which are in turn inflected for mood or aspect (Tsukida 2005:313). Nouns, however, do not inflect for voice.
- Agent voice – marked by -em- or its allomorphs me or Ø
- Goal voice
- Conveyance voice
There are four basic aspect/mood categories:
- Neutral – same as non-future/imperfective
- Perfect – marked by -en-
- Non-finite – bare stem
- Hortative (i.e., when advising someone) – marked by -a(y/nay)
The future is marked by me-, mpe-, mpe-ke-.
There are a total of five different verb classes (conjugation paradigms). Other verb forms include causatives, reciprocals, and reflexives. Serial verb constructions are also allowed.
Word classes[edit]
Truku Seediq has 11 word classes (Tsukida 2005:295).
- Open classes
- Nouns
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Closed classes
- Numerals
- Personal pronouns
- Deictics
- Adverbs
- Conjunctives
- Prepositions
- Interjections
- Sentence final particles
Like many other Formosan and Philippine languages, Seediq nouns and verbs behave similarly. Adjectives can be considered as a subcategory of verbs.
Syntax[edit]
The word order of Seediq is verb–object–subject (VOS), where S corresponds to the argument marked with absolutive case. This argument ordinarily occurs clause-finally, but may be followed by a topicalized ergative argument. Like many of its other Austronesian relatives, Seediq contains voice morphemes marked on the verb which indicate which of the verb's arguments (agent, patient, etc.) is treated as the subject and thus marked with absolutive case. In noun phrases, modifiers follow the head (Tsukida 2005:304). Unlike Tagalog and many other Philippine languages, there are no linkers connecting the heads and modifiers.
Clauses[edit]
There are three types of Seediq clauses (Tsukida 2005):
- Interjection clauses
- Basic clauses
- Existential/possessive clauses
Basic clauses have predicates (usually initial and consisting of single verbs, adjectives, or noun phrases), subjects, and optionally non-subject arguments and adjuncts.
Subjects can be recognized via (Tsukida 2005):
- Voice affix
- Clitic pronoun
- Quantifier floating
- Relativization
- Possessum demotion
Function words[edit]
Some function words are given below:
- ni – "and" (conjunction)
- deni – "and then" (conjunction)
- 'u, du'u, ga, dega – all meaning "in case that" (conjunction)
- nasi – "if"
- 'ana – "even"
- ka – subordinating conjunction, case marker, linker
- 'ini – negator
- 'adi – negates noun phrase predicates, future/perfect verb forms
- wada – past
- na'a – "had better, could have done..."
- dima – "already"
- hana – "just"
- ya'asa – "because"
- niqan – existential predicate (like Tagalog "may")
- 'ungat – negative existential predicate (like Tagalog "wala")
Deictics include (Tsukida 2009:132-133):
- Demonstratives:
- niyi – this, this one
- ga/gaga – that, that one
- kiya/ki – that, that one (referring to things previously referenced or mutually understood)
- Deictic adverbials:
- hini – here
- hi/hiya – there[5]
There are a total of six prepositions (Tsukida 2005:303):
- quri – toward, about, in the direction of
- pa'ah – from
- bitaq – until, up to
- saw – like
- 'asaw – because of
- mawxay – for the sake of
Stative locatives (e.g., "on the mountain") do not take on any prepositions, but are rather placed directly after the verb without any additional marking.
Predicate extenders[edit]
Preverbal elements such as adverbs, demonstratives, and prepositions can be used to extend predicates. Below is a partial list of predicate extenders from Tsukida (2008:308).
- Extenders that require neutral verb forms
- wada – past
- ga(ga) – distal progressive
- niyi – proximal progressive
- gisu – progressive, state
- meha – future, "is going to do"
- (me-)teduwa – "be able to do"
- nasi – "if"
- na'a – "could have done something but did not
- Extenders that require non-finite verb forms
- 'asi ~ kasi – "at once, suddenly"
- pasi – "at once"
- kani – "one did not have to do something but did it"
- 'ini – negative
- 'iya – negative imperative
- Extenders that require future forms
- saw – "is/was about to do"
- rubang – "was about to do"
- Extenders that require future/perfect forms of verbs/nouns
- 'adi – negative
- Extenders that are combined with adjectives/nouns
- ma'a – "become"
- Extenders without specific requirements
- pekelug – "just"
- dima – "already"
- hana – "at last"
- 'ida – "surely"
- ya'a – uncertainty
- wana – only
- 'ana – "even"
- ma – "why"
- 'alung ~ 'alaw ~ 'arang – "as is expected"
- pida – exactly
- lengu – "planned to do..."
- binaw – confirmation
- 'atih – "at the last moment," "nearly"
- seperang – "purposefully, on purpose"
Pronouns[edit]
Type of pronoun |
Direct | Oblique | Independent possessive |
Subject | Genitive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1s. | yaku | kenan | (ne-)naku | =ku | =mu |
2s. | isu | sunan | (ne-)nisu | =su | =su |
3s. | hiya | hiyaan | ne-hiya | – | =na |
1p. (incl.) | 'ita | tenan | (ne-)nita | =ta | =ta |
1p. (excl.) | yami | menani | (ne-)nami | =nami | =nami |
2p. | yamu | munan | (ne-)namu | =namu | =namu |
3p. | dehiya | dehiyaan | ne-dehiya | - | =deha |
Numerals[edit]
The cardinal numbers are:[6]
- kingal
- deha
- teru
- sepat
- rima
- mataru
- mpitu
- maspat
- mengari
- maxal
Other numerals and numeral-related affixes (Tsukida 2005:297):
- taxa: used for humans – one person
- 'uwin: used for objects – one object
- ma- -(u)l: used to form words for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
- ma-xa-l: 10
- m-pusa-l: 20
- me-teru-l: 30
- me-sepat-ul: 40
- me-rima-l: 50
References[edit]
- ^ Kari Seediq at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Tsukida 2005, p. 293.
- ^ Hsu 2008, pp. 6–9.
- ^ Tsukida 2005, pp. 294–295
- ^ Tsukida, Naomi. セデック
語 (台湾 )の文法 (in Japanese). pp. 132–133. - ^ Campbell, W. (1915). Sketches from Formosa. London: Marshall Brothers. p. 43.
Here are the ten numerals : Khial, Dahah, Turuh, Supat, Rimah, Maturuh, Mapitah, Mashupat, Mugarih, Machal.
- Tsukida, Naomi (2005). "Seediq". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Psychology Press.
- Hsu, Lowking Wei-Cheng
許 韋晟 (2008). Tàilǔgé gòucífǎ yánjiū太 魯閣構詞法 研究 [Word Formation In Truku] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). Guoli xinzhu jiaoyu daxue. hdl:11296/5xh3f2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-04.
Further reading[edit]
- Lien, Hao-Chi
連 皓 琦 (2013). Sàidékèyǔ Tàilǔgé fāngyán jìnjìyǔ yǔ wēiwǎnyǔ yánjiū賽 德 克 語 太 魯閣方言 禁忌 語 與 委 婉語研究 [A Study of Taboos and Euphemisms in the Truku Dialect of Seediq] (in Chinese). Hualian Xian Shoufeng Xiang: Guolì donghua daxue. ISBN 978-986-03-9288-3. - Ochiai, Izumi (2016). "Bu-hwan Vocabulary Recorded in 1874: Comparison with Seediq Dialects". Asian and African Languages and Linguistics. 10: 287–324. hdl:10108/85073.
- Chen, Kang 陈康 (2014). Sàidékèyǔ yánjiū 赛德
克 语研究 [A Study of Seediq] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. - Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán shūxiě xìtǒng
原住民 族 語 言 書寫 系統 [Aboriginal Language Writing System] (PDF) (in Chinese), 1994, archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-31 – The alphabets of written Taiwanese aboriginal languages and the corresponding sounds in IPA - Sung, Li-May
宋 麗 梅 (2018). Sàidékèyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn賽 德 克 語 語法 概論 [Introduction to Seediq Grammar] (in Chinese). Xinbei Shi: Yuanzhuminzu weiyuanhui. ISBN 978-986-05-5686-5 – via alilin.apc.gov.tw. - Lee, Amy Pei-jun
李 佩容; Hsu, Lowking Wei-Cheng許 韋晟 (2018). Tàilǔgéyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn太 魯閣語 語法 概論 [Introduction to Truku Grammar] (in Chinese). Xinbei Shi: Yuanzhuminzu weiyuanhui. ISBN 978-986-05-5691-9 – via alilin.apc.gov.tw. - Sterk, Darryl (2020). "Ecologising Seediq: Towards an Ecology of an Endangered Indigenous Language from Taiwan". International Journal of Taiwan Studies. 4 (1): 54–71. doi:10.1163/24688800-20201153. S2CID 219671559.
External links[edit]
- Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn
原住民 族 語 言 線上 詞 典 (in Chinese) – Seediq search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation - Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn
原住民 族 語 言 線上 詞 典 (in Chinese) – Truku search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation - Seediq teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan (in Chinese)
- Truku teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan (in Chinese)
- Seediq translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people – published on the website of the presidential office
- Truku translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people – published on the website of the presidential office