Sungkyunkwan: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Leading academy in pre-modern Korea}} |
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{{other uses|Seonggyungwan (disambiguation)}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}} |
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}} |
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{{Infobox Korean name |
{{Infobox Korean name |
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|caption=Myeongnyundang Lecture Hall of Sungkyunkwan |
|caption=Myeongnyundang Lecture Hall of Sungkyunkwan |
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|hangul= |
|hangul=성균관 |
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|hanja={{linktext| |
|hanja={{linktext| |
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|rr=Seonggyungwan |
|rr=Seonggyungwan |
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|img=Myeongnyundang.jpg |
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'''Sungkyunkwan''' was the foremost educational institution in [[Korea]] during the late [[Goryeo]] and [[ |
'''Sungkyunkwan''' ({{Korean|hangul=성균관}}) was the foremost educational institution in [[Korea]] during the late [[Goryeo]] and [[Joseon]] Dynasties. Today, it sits in its original location, at the south end of the Humanities and Social Sciences Campus of [[Sungkyunkwan University]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. Twice a year, in May and September, the ceremonial rite [[Seokjeon Daeje]] is performed in the [[Munmyo|Munmyo Shrine]], to honor [[Confucius]] and the Confucian sages of China and Korea. |
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== |
== Etymology == |
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* |
*Sung ([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: Seong) (성, |
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* |
*Kyun ([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: Gyun) (균, |
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* |
*Kwan ([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: Gwan) (관, |
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== History == |
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== Predecessors of Sungkyunkwan == |
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[[File:Sungkyunkwan Old Campus Layout.jpg|thumb|Sungkyunkwan Old Campus Layout]] |
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* Taehak (태학, |
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[[File:Old Sungkyunkwan map from 1785.jpg|thumb|1785 Map of Sungkyunkwan]] |
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* [[Gukhak]] (국학, |
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Sungkyunkwan was established in Hanyang on September 25, 1398. It was renamed, destroyed, and rebuilt several times. In 1895, it was reformed into a modern three-year university. During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|colonial era]] (between 1910 and 1945), Sungkyunkwan was demoted to a private institution and renamed Gyeonghagwon (경학원, |
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== |
== Design features == |
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The old campus was designed based on [[geomancy]]. Sungkyunkwan was built with the mountains behind it to the north and the front facing south towards water (the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] and Bansu, the creek that used to run around the front of the campus). This was based on superstition as well as function. The sunlight and wind patterns were considered most ideal when the buildings were arranged this way.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} |
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[[Gukjagam]] (국자감, |
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In 1089, under the reign of [[King Munjong of Goryeo|King Munjong]] new official buildings were constructed. |
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Its name was changed to Seonggyungam (성균감) in 1298. |
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In 1304 it was reestablished by [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] scholar [[An Hyang]] who is considered the founder of [[Korean Confucianism|Neo-Confucianism in Korea]]. |
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The name was changed to Seonggyungwan in 1308 under reign of [[Chungnyeol of Goryeo|King Chungnyeol]]. |
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The name was changed back to Gukjagam in 1358 during the reign of [[Gongmin of Goryeo|King Gongmin]]. |
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In 1362 the name was changed back to Seonggyungwan. |
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After the founding of the [[Joseon Dynasty]] in 1392, [[Taejo of Joseon|King Taejo]] decided to relocate Sungkyunkwan to [[History of Seoul|Hanyang]], modern day [[Seoul]], and also founded 360 [[Hyanggyo]]s nationwide in July 1398, establishing a national education system. |
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Sungkyunkwan was established in Hanyang on September 25, 1398. |
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A fire destroyed some buildings in 1400 which were rebuilt in 1407. |
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In 1418 [[Taejong of Joseon|King Taejong]] initiated a tradition for royal princes to enter Sungkyunkwan. |
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During the reign of the tyrannical [[Yeonsangun of Joseon|King Yeongsangun]], Sungkyunkwan was turned into a personal pleasure ground. When he was deposed, it was restored to its former status. |
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Sungkyunkwan was rebuilt again in 1601 after many buildings were burnt down including the Munmyo area during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasions (1592 - 1598)]]. |
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In 1784, Byeokipjae (벽입재, 闢入 |
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In 1869 there was a major renovation/restoration of the old campus. |
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In 1894 the [[Gabo Reform]] occurred which abolished the national state examinations during the reign of [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong]]. |
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In 1895, Sungkyunkwan was reformed into a modern three-year university. |
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During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Colonial Era]] between 1910–1945, royal Sungkyunkwan was demoted to a private institution and renamed Gyunghakwon (경학원, |
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After Korea gained independence in 1945, Gyeonghakwon was renamed to Sungkyunkwan and with funding from Yurim ([[Confucian]]s) nationwide, [[Sungkyunkwan University]] was established. |
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During the [[Korean War|Korean War (June 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953)]], much of the campus was destroyed. Daeseongjeon, however, remained. |
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In 1954 Gyeseongsa (계성사, |
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The latest renovation/restoration occurred in 1988. |
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There was Japanese-style landscaping throughout the old campus left over from the Colonial Era that was eventually removed over the most recent decades to restore Sungkyunkwan to its original Joseon Era form. |
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== Buildings, Structures, and Features == |
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*Myeongnyundang (명륜당, |
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*Daeseongjeon (대성전, |
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*Dongmu (동무, |
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*Seomu (서무, |
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*Dongsammun (동삼문) or Eosammun (어삼문): This was the main entrance of Sungkyunkwan which is located on the east side. It was designed with three square doorways which was the trend at the time. The entrance is not dressed up with the ornate decorations or a special roof which further emphasizes the Confucian concept of humility. |
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*Sinsammun (신삼문): The name means "Spirit Three Door/Gate". The purpose of the gate is not to be used for the entrance of living people but for the spirits of the Confucian sages and scholars to pass through. The doors are only opened during important ceremonies. |
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*East Malmun (동말문, |
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*West Malmun (서말문, |
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*Dongjae (동재, |
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*Seojae (서재, |
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*Jongyeonggak (존경각, |
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*Jeongnokcheong (정록청, |
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*Jikbang (직방, |
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*Seolicheong (서리청, |
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*Chang-go (창고) or Seobyeokgo (서벽고): This building was for the people who managed the carriages and horses for transportation and the storage of the necessary tools and materials involved. |
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*Bibokcheong (비복청, |
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*Hyanggwancheong (향관청, |
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*Seowollang (서월랑, |
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*Dongwollang (동월랑, |
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*Jinsasikdang (진사식당, |
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*Jaegigo (제기고, |
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*Yugilgak (육일각, |
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*Subokcheong (수복청, |
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*Jeonsacheong (전사청, |
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*Poju (포주, 庖廚): This is the kitchen where the sacrificial food was prepared for the rituals at the shrine. |
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*Bicheondang (비천당): This was the State Exam Hall. It was originally built in 1664 and was reconstructed in 1988. The name means, “Enlightening the great way,” which is cited from the famous Confucian, [[Zhu Xi]]. It has a unique intricately-painted ceiling. The questions of the exam would be written on a large scroll out front and the students would answer them in essay form while sitting on the ground as an act of humility. |
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*Myojeongbigak (묘정비각, |
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*Tangpyeongbigak (탕평비각): This monument was erected in 1742 with a stone stele inside bearing a message from [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo]] that states, “The mind of a nobleman embraces all segments without dividing them into factions, while the mind of an unworthy is incapable of embracing all segments and divides them into factions.” The message is a reference to how the king would appoint officials without regard for political affiliation according to the “policy of impartiality” known as "Tangpyeong (탕평)". |
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*Ginkgo trees: The two oldest [[Ginkgo biloba|ginkgo]] trees in Sungkyunkwan ([[Natural monuments of South Korea|Natural Monument No. 59]]) were planted in 1519 by Yun Tak, the head instructor at the time. The ginkgo leaf is the modern symbol of Sungkyunkwan University. It is said that Confucius liked to instruct his students under the shade of ginkgo trees. All trees in Sungkyunkwan are male, not bearing fruit, as the institution originally forbade any females from entering. Also, the fruit of the ginkgo produces an unpleasant smell. |
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*Hayeondae (하연대): This was a parking place for sedan chairs. This is where the king parked his palanquin before entering the campus. |
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*Hamabi (하마비): This was a dismounting point. Anyone who was on horseback or in a palanquin would have to dismount or disembark before passing this stone tablet. The inscription loosely means, “Passing into a holy place”. |
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There are also some buildings, structures, and features that were removed: |
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* Gyeseongsa (계성사, |
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* Ilyangjae (일양재, |
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* Byeokipjae (벽입재, 闢入 |
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* Bansu (반수, Stream in front of Sungkyunkwan) – There was once a small stream running around the front exterior of Sungkyunkwan. The location of water to the south is in line with Chinese Feng Shui (풍수, |
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* Bansugyo (반수교, 泮橋) or Bangyo (반교): This was the entrance bridge that went over Bansu Stream. The area to the east of Sungkyunkwan was named after the bridge. This area was associated with providing services for the school. |
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The institution's administrator had a [[Joseon Dynasty politics|government rank]] of sampum (삼품), with lower-ranking officials of Jwaeju (좨주), Akjeong (악정), Jikgang (직강), Baksa (박사), Hakjeong (학정), Haknok (학록), and Hagyu (학유) as supporting staff. |
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== Design Features == |
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The old campus was designed based on [[geomancy]]. Sungkyunkwan was built with the mountains behind it to the north and the front facing south towards water (한강, Hangang, The [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]], and Bansu (반수), the creek that used to run around the front of the campus). This was based on superstition as well as function. The sunlight and wind patterns were considered most ideal when the buildings were arranged this way. |
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The buildings are constructed of [[Pinus densiflora|red pine]] which was considered very special in the Joseon Dynasty and laypeople were forbidden from logging them. Korean aristocrats believed red pine represented the Confucian virtues of “fidelity” and “fortitude”. Today red pine is even mentioned in the South Korean national anthem “Aegukga” (애국가, |
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The windows were made using window paper (한지, |
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The stone platforms (기단, Gidan) used for several of Sungkyunkwan's buildings are made of rectangular granite slabs fit together into a rectangular structure. The height of the platforms symbolizes the importance of the buildings. Much of the stonework from the original construction of the buildings remains exposed. There is also a sizeable percentage that is still present but has been buried beneath the structures due to time and renovations/reconstructions. |
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Platform stones (주춧돌, Juchutdol) are stones in which pillars rest on. They block humidity from the ground as well as bear the load of the pillars in order to efficiently redistribute the weight of the building to the ground. |
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The timber framed structures contain such components as: |
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* Crossbeam (보, Bo) – Horizontal crossbeam placed perpendicularly to the pillars to support the load of the roof. Large bo are called daebeulbo (대블보) or daeryang. |
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* Purlin (도리, Dori) – Wood pieces that support a rafter at a right angle from the bo. |
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* Rafter (서까래, Seokkarae) (aka 연목, Yeonmok) – The horizontal sides of a roof made of thin and long wood pieces whose edges form the eaves. |
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* King Post (대공, Daegong) – A short post that supports the ridgepole. |
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* Bracts (공포, Gongpo) (aka 포, Po) – Similar to what its name refers to a gongpo is a complex wooden structure resembling the base of a flower that supports the roof. The purpose of the gongpo is to optimally distribute the roof load to the pillars. |
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* Eaves (처마, Cheoma) – The portion of the rafters that extends beyond the pillar supporting it from underneath. The cheoma are long to provide more shade from the high sun in summer months while in the winter, the low sun can still penetrate deep into the interior of the house. The deep eaves also prevent warm indoor air from escaping from the heated floor. To make the eaves look less heavy, they are lifted at the corners forming the distinctive curved lines. |
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The different types of pillars (기둥, Gidung) used are: |
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* Wide Based Pillar (민흘림기둥, Minheullim Gidung) |
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* Straight Pillar (징닙주기둥, Jingnipju Gidung) (aka 원통기둥, Wontong Gidung) |
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* Entasis Pillar (배흘림기둥, Baehaeullim Gidung) |
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* Straight Pillar (각기둥, Gak Gidung) |
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The types of wooden flooring are: |
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* Veranda (툇마루, Toenmaru) |
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* Balcony (누마루, Numaru) |
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* Checkered Floor (우물마루, Umulmaru) – Wooden floors were designed in this pattern to compensate for the expansion and contraction of the wood due to changes in temperature and moisture in order to avoid warping of the wood. |
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* Main Hall (대청마루, Daecheongmaru) – The name means “Big Floor”. |
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* Long-plank Floor (장마루, Jangmaru) |
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The floors of many of the buildings were equipped with [[ondol]] traditional radiant floor heating. |
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The buildings are painted based on the Korean art of painting buildings which is called Dancheong (단청) which means “red and green”. The incorporation of the five elements epitomizes ancient Korean's desire for stability and peace in the present life and a rewarding afterlife. The brightly colored paint on buildings is not only for decoration, it is also for protecting the buildings from weather, rot, vermin, and evil spirits as well as emphasize the authority of their residents. The red-colored paint on Sungkyunkwan's buildings symbolizes nobility. Only the most important buildings are painted red. There are five basic colors: blue, red, black, white, and yellow which symbolize the five traditional elements. Blue means east, dragon, spring, and wood. Red means south, birds, summer, and fire. White means west, tiger, fall, and gold. Black means north, [[Black Tortoise|hyeonmu]], winter, and water. Yellow means center, the periods between seasons, and Earth. |
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The roofs (Jibung, 지붕) are made of clay tiles (기와, Giwa) and are decorated with figurines called japsang (잡상). There is always an odd number of the smaller japsang. The most a building can have is 11. The purpose of the roof decorations goes back to the [[Korean shamanism|Korean shamanic religion]] and they are intended to chase away evil spirits and misfortune as well as show the dignity and grandeur of a building. The first few japsang on a roof are usually characters from the Chinese classic [[Journey to the West]]. The types of japsang are: |
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* Dragon's Head (용두, Yong-du) |
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* Eagle's Head (취두, Chwui-du) |
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* Owl's Tail (치미, Chi-mi) |
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* Buddhist Monk (대당사부, |
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* Monkey King (손행자, |
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* Friar Sand “Sandy” (사화상, |
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* Igwibak (이귀박) |
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* Iguryong (이구룡) |
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* Mahwasang (마화상) |
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* Bodhisattva (삼살보살, Samsalbosal) |
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* Cheonsangap (천산갑) |
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* Natodu (나토두) |
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There are four types of roofs in Joseon Era architecture used at Sungkyunkwan which are matbae (맞배, gable), ujingak (우진각, hipped), paljak (팔작, hip-and-gable), and samo (사모, pyramid). |
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Courtyards (안마당, Anmadang) were an important aspect of Joseon Dynasty architecture. They served a practical purpose of allowing large groups to congregate for meetings and activities. Beyond this, they fulfilled the Joseon aesthetic principle of the pure beauty of empty space. Korean buildings were designed to be in close harmony with nature which is reflected in many ways, none more so than in the use of courtyards, complete with trees and vegetation, within the walled-in areas. |
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The name signboards on structures (간판, Ganpan) are large wooden signs written in [[Hanja]] and served to identify them as well as display their importance. More important buildings had special names and their signs were larger and more decorative. |
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The windows (창문, Changmun) were made of wooden frames lined with hanji paper allowing for natural air to penetrate through the windows as well natural light to enter the room. The height and size of windows was based on the standard height and shoulder width of an adult person. The height of window frames was designed to be low enough to rest an elbow on but high enough to conceal a person lying down. |
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== Education == |
== Education == |
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The primary written language of Sungkyunkwan was Hanja. Sungkyunkwan's teachings were mainly Confucian-related, and were primarily aimed at preparing students for government service. Students also studied law, medicine, interpretation, accounting, archery, mathematics, music, and etiquette. But the main goal was for the students to pass the higher [[gwageo|national civil service examinations]] (''gwageo''). Like [[imperial examination|their Chinese counterpart]], these examinations were on writing ability, knowledge of the [[Chinese classics|Confucian classics]], and proposals of management of the state (governance). Technical subjects were also included to appoint experts in medicine, interpretation, accounting, and law. The original set number of students was 150 when Sungkyunkwan was founded, which was raised to 200 in 1429. All of the students were male and women were forbidden from entering the campus.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} |
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The primary written language of Sungkyunkwan was hanja. Although [[hangul]] was invented in 1443, it did not become the primary language of study because the literary elite believed that the difficult hanja was more sophisticated. Hangul was invented to solve the widespread illiteracy of the common people at the time, but it was considered a threat by many in the upper class to their status as literary scholars, leading them to resist its implementation. As a result, hanja remained the written language used at Sungkyunkwan requiring anyone who wished to rise to the top levels of the government to be capable of reading and writing the characters. |
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Sungkyunkwan's teachings were mainly Confucian-related, and were primarily aimed at preparing students for government service. Students also studied law, medicine, interpretation, accounting, archery, mathematics, music, and etiquette. |
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The main goal was for the students to pass the higher [[gwageo|national civil-service examinations]] (''gwageo''). Like [[imperial examination|their Chinese counterpart]], these examinations were on writing ability, knowledge of the [[Confucian classics]], and proposals of management of the state (governance). Technical subjects were also included to appoint experts in medicine, interpretation, accounting, and law. |
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Poetry was a big part of both the students’ studies and communication. It was viewed as noble and proof of the students’ high-born lineage. They were heavily encouraged to read and compose poetry. |
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The students were required to write lengthy essays on a regular basis that were subject to strict criticism from their instructors. The middle ten days of every month were dedicated to literary exercises. There were regular tests every 10 days and there were also daily quizzes. |
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The original set number of students was 150 when Sungkyunkwan was founded, which was raised to 200 in 1429. All of the students were male and women were forbidden from entering the campus. |
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Books on Buddhism and Taoism were banned. |
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Joseon Era students attended [[Seodang]] from ages 5 or 6 where they learned rudimentary penmanship, basic essential skills, and the Chinese classics. The students’ education began with reading the "[[Thousand Character Classic]]". The teaching methodology emphasized rote learning by reading and memorizing an assigned passed each day. Once a student read something more than one hundred times, they would recite it to their teacher (훈장, Hunjang). At age 15 or 16 students entered hyanggyo or seowon (서원, |
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Entrance examinations for Sungkyunkwan were extremely harsh and were only allowed for the sons of [[yangban]], the Joseon Era upper class or royalty. There were two ways to be accepted into Sungkyunkwan. Either the students had to pass the two admission exams, Saeng-wonsi (생원시) and Jinsasi (진사시), or take the other two examinations, Seungbo (승보) and Eumseo (음서). If they passed these examinations, they were given the opportunity to be accepted. |
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Students lived very comfortably on full scholarship and were waited on by servants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sung Kyun Kwan|url=http://www.exploringkorea.com/sung-kyun-kwan/|publisher=Exploring Korea|accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref> |
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Students were informed of the time throughout the day by drum beats. One beat indicated the time to get up (6:00 AM every day), two beats meant it was time to dress neatly and read, and three beats meant it is meal time. |
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In the early morning, when the drum was sounded signaling the start of the day, students would prostrate themselves once before entering Myeongnyundang to receive a lecture on Confucianism. |
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Classes were held at the Lecture Hall from 10:00 AM to 10:00 PM. |
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The students were divided into 2 classes based on academic abilities |
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If students received low marks they were punished and publicly humiliated. |
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Students would sneak out after 10:00 PM to study more. |
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Students would sometimes appeal to the king about unjust decisions and if they were rejected they would stage political demonstrations, fast, or boycott classes. |
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The 8th and 23rd days of each month were washing days for the student's clothing. |
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The students' uniforms were originally red then changed to sky blue to symbolize the endless spring of knowledge. |
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Throughout the Joseon Era the students were divided into multiple political factions (붕당, |
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During the Joseon Dynasty the highest aspiration those in the upper class could have was to be a [[seonbi]] (선비, Virtuous Scholar). They believed that the more important way to improve oneself was through continuious study while adhering to the principles of Confucianism. Much of this can still be seen in modern Korean culture's emphasis on the importance of education and respect for one's elders or superiors. |
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The requirements for graduation included: |
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* 300 Points (원점, Wonjeom) from Dogi (도기, Student Attendance Book) needed to be qualified to take the advanced state exams to graduate (1 Point per sign in) |
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* Passing the state civil-service examinations |
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* No fixed date for graduation |
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* Only 30 students were allowed to graduate each year out of the 50 selected to take the exams. |
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== Noteworthy Facts == |
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The king, as a disciple before Confucius, would take off his royal robes and wear plain clothes before stepping into the courtyard of the Confucian Shrine. The kings would usually never set foot on the ground outside of the palaces anywhere but Sungkyunkwan. |
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The path between Sinsammun and Daeseongjeon was originally considered sacred and only for the spirits. People were not allowed to step on it or face punishment. Even today the Confucian keepers of the shrine bow before stepping on it. |
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Students were not allowed to have pets. |
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Alcohol consumption was allowed within reason and students were sometimes given liquor or wine as a present. |
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The worst offense a student could commit, resulting in them not being allowed to take the state exams was not showing instructors proper respect or making disparaging remarks about them. |
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The students had the right to protest which they often did for various academic and political reasons. |
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[[Yi I]], a famous Joseon scholar and politician is an alumnus and is featured on the 5,000 won bill. |
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[[Sejong the Great|King Sejong]] is an alumnus and is featured on the 10,000 won bill. |
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[[Shin Saimdang]], Yi I's mother, is on the 50,000 won bill. |
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Chojip (초집) were how-to guide booklets used by cheaters. |
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The sodu (소두) was the chairman of a committee who would put forth appeals to the king. |
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Entrance examinations for Sungkyunkwan were extremely harsh and were only allowed for the sons of [[yangban]], the Joseon era upper class or royalty. There were two ways to be accepted into Sungkyunkwan. Either the students had to pass the two admission exams, Saengwonsi (생원시) and Jinsasi (진사시), or take the other two examinations, Seungbo (승보) and [[Protected appointments system for hereditary privileges in Asia|Eumseo]] (음서). If they passed these examinations, they were given the opportunity to be accepted.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} |
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The students' class list was called the cheonggeum nok (청금곡, |
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Students lived very comfortably on full scholarship and were waited on by servants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sung Kyun Kwan |date=24 August 2011 |url=http://www.exploringkorea.com/sung-kyun-kwan/ |publisher=Exploring Korea |accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref> |
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== Sungkyunkwan in Fiction == |
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Sungkyunkwan was featured prominently in the popular [[Korean drama]] "[[Sungkyunkwan Scandal|Sunkyunkwan Scandal]]". |
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==Images== |
==Images== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:1000 won serieIII obverse.jpeg|The 1000 KRW banknote shows Confucian scholar [[Yi Hwang]] and Myeongnyundang. |
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File:Old Sungkyunkwan map from 1785.jpg|This map from 1785 shows the original campus of Sungkyunkwan. Most of the buildings to the west are gone. |
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File:Sungkyunkwan Bicheondang.jpg|Bicheondang |
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File:Sungkyunkwan Daeseongjeon.jpg|Daeseongjeon, with the doors open. |
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File:Sungkyunkwan Jongyeonggak.jpg|Jongyeonggak, Korea's oldest library. |
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File:Sungkyunkwan Myeongnyundang.jpg|The lecture hall of Sungkyunkwan. |
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File:Sungkyunkwan Seomu.jpg|This building enshrines tablets to the great Confucian scholars. |
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File:Sungkyunkwan Sinsammun.jpg|Sinsammun opened its doors for APAIE delegates on 17 March 2014. |
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File:Sungkyunkwan Tangpyeongbigak.jpg|Tangpyeongbigak |
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서울문묘의은행나무.jpg|Ginkgo tree [[:ko:서울 문묘 은행나무|natural monument 59]] possibly planted 1398 |
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Sungkyunkwan Old Campus Layout.jpg |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Notable alumni== |
==Notable alumni== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}} |
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*[[Jeong Inji]] |
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*[[Yi Gae]] (1417–1456) |
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*[[Shin Suk-ju]] |
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*[[Hwang Hui]] (1363–1452) |
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*[[Jo Gwang-jo]] |
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*[[Jeong In-ji]] (1396–1478) |
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*[[Yi Hwang]] |
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*[[Choe Hang (Joseon civil minister)|Choe Hang]] (1409–1474) |
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*[[Yi I]] |
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*[[Munjong of Joseon]] (1414–1452) |
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*[[Yu Seong-ryong]] |
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*[[Shin Suk-ju]] (1417–1475) |
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*[[Sejo of Joseon]] (1414–1468) |
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*[[Gim Jongjik|Kim Jong-jik]] (1431–1492) |
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*[[Jo Gwang-jo]] (1482–1519) |
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*[[Yi Hwang]] (1501–1570) |
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*[[Hyujeong]] (1520–1604) |
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*[[Yi I]] (1536–1584) |
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*[[Ryu Seong-ryong]] (1542–1607) |
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*[[Kim Jang-saeng]] (1548–1631) |
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*[[Yun Seon-do]] (1587–1671) |
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*[[Heo Mok]] (1587–1682) |
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*[[Yun Hyu]] (1617–1680) |
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*[[Gwon Sang-ha]] (1641–1721) |
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*[[Bak Mun-su|Park Mun-su]] (1691–1756) |
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*[[Yeongjo of Joseon]] (1694–1776) |
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*[[Jeongjo of Joseon]] (1752–1800) |
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*[[Jeong Yak-yong]] (1762–1836) |
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*[[Bak Gyusu|Park Gyu-su]] (1807–1877) |
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*[[Choe Ik-hyeon]] (1833–1906) |
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*[[Kim Ok-gyun]] (1851–1894) |
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*[[Park Eun-sik]] (1859–1925) |
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*[[Yi Dong-nyeong]] (1869–1940) |
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*[[Sin Chaeho|Shin Chae-ho]] (1880–1936) |
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*[[Jo So-ang]] (1887–1959) |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
||
*[[Education in the Joseon Dynasty]] |
*[[Education in the Joseon dynasty|Education in the Joseon Dynasty]] |
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*[[History of Education]] |
*[[History of education|History of Education]] |
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*[[Gukhak]] |
*[[Gukhak]] |
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*[[Gukjagam]] |
*[[Gukjagam]] |
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*[[Songgyungwan]] |
*[[Songgyungwan]] ([[Kaesong]]) |
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*[[Sungkyunkwan University]] |
*[[Sungkyunkwan University]] |
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*[[Guozijian (Beijing)|Beijing Guozijian]] |
*[[Guozijian (Beijing)|Beijing Guozijian]] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www. |
*[http://www.skk.or.kr/skin/ Official website] {{in lang|ko}} |
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*[http://www.skku.edu/eng_home/index.jsp Sungkyunkwan University] |
*[http://www.skku.edu/eng_home/index.jsp Sungkyunkwan University] |
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*[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1407539 Munmyo] Korean Tourism Site |
*[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1407539 Munmyo] Korean Tourism Site |
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{{Joseon}} |
{{Joseon}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{coord missing|South Korea}} |
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{{Coord|37|35|08|N|126|59|45|E|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Education in |
[[Category:Education in Joseon]] |
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Seoul]] |
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Seoul]] |
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[[Category:14th-century establishments in Korea]] |
[[Category:14th-century establishments in Korea]] |
Revision as of 05:51, 15 April 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2017) |
Sungkyunkwan | |
Korean name | |
---|---|
Hangul | 성균관 |
Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | Seonggyungwan |
McCune–Reischauer | Sŏnggyun’gwan |
Sungkyunkwan (Korean: 성균관) was the foremost educational institution in Korea during the late Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties. Today, it sits in its original location, at the south end of the Humanities and Social Sciences Campus of Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, South Korea. Twice a year, in May and September, the ceremonial rite Seokjeon Daeje is performed in the Munmyo Shrine, to honor Confucius and the Confucian sages of China and Korea.
Etymology
- Sung (RR: Seong) (성,
成 ) – accomplish, achieve. To become capable, successful or to win. “To perfect or develop human nature”. - Kyun (RR: Gyun) (균,
均 ) – balance, to be. Strengthen culture according to social standards or norms. “To build a good society”. - Kwan (RR: Gwan) (관,
館 ) – institute, academy, university.
History
Sungkyunkwan was established in Hanyang on September 25, 1398. It was renamed, destroyed, and rebuilt several times. In 1895, it was reformed into a modern three-year university. During the colonial era (between 1910 and 1945), Sungkyunkwan was demoted to a private institution and renamed Gyeonghagwon (경학원,
Design features
The old campus was designed based on geomancy. Sungkyunkwan was built with the mountains behind it to the north and the front facing south towards water (the Han River and Bansu, the creek that used to run around the front of the campus). This was based on superstition as well as function. The sunlight and wind patterns were considered most ideal when the buildings were arranged this way.[citation needed]
Education
The primary written language of Sungkyunkwan was Hanja. Sungkyunkwan's teachings were mainly Confucian-related, and were primarily aimed at preparing students for government service. Students also studied law, medicine, interpretation, accounting, archery, mathematics, music, and etiquette. But the main goal was for the students to pass the higher national civil service examinations (gwageo). Like their Chinese counterpart, these examinations were on writing ability, knowledge of the Confucian classics, and proposals of management of the state (governance). Technical subjects were also included to appoint experts in medicine, interpretation, accounting, and law. The original set number of students was 150 when Sungkyunkwan was founded, which was raised to 200 in 1429. All of the students were male and women were forbidden from entering the campus.[citation needed]
Entrance examinations for Sungkyunkwan were extremely harsh and were only allowed for the sons of yangban, the Joseon era upper class or royalty. There were two ways to be accepted into Sungkyunkwan. Either the students had to pass the two admission exams, Saengwonsi (생원시) and Jinsasi (진사시), or take the other two examinations, Seungbo (승보) and Eumseo (음서). If they passed these examinations, they were given the opportunity to be accepted.[citation needed]
Students lived very comfortably on full scholarship and were waited on by servants.[1]
Images
-
The 1000 KRW banknote shows Confucian scholar Yi Hwang and Myeongnyundang.
-
This map from 1785 shows the original campus of Sungkyunkwan. Most of the buildings to the west are gone.
-
Bicheondang
-
Daeseongjeon, with the doors open.
-
Jongyeonggak, Korea's oldest library.
-
The lecture hall of Sungkyunkwan.
-
This building enshrines tablets to the great Confucian scholars.
-
Sinsammun opened its doors for APAIE delegates on 17 March 2014.
-
Tangpyeongbigak
-
Ginkgo tree natural monument 59 possibly planted 1398
Notable alumni
- Yi Gae (1417–1456)
- Hwang Hui (1363–1452)
- Jeong In-ji (1396–1478)
- Choe Hang (1409–1474)
- Munjong of Joseon (1414–1452)
- Shin Suk-ju (1417–1475)
- Sejo of Joseon (1414–1468)
- Kim Jong-jik (1431–1492)
- Jo Gwang-jo (1482–1519)
- Yi Hwang (1501–1570)
- Hyujeong (1520–1604)
- Yi I (1536–1584)
- Ryu Seong-ryong (1542–1607)
- Kim Jang-saeng (1548–1631)
- Yun Seon-do (1587–1671)
- Heo Mok (1587–1682)
- Yun Hyu (1617–1680)
- Gwon Sang-ha (1641–1721)
- Park Mun-su (1691–1756)
- Yeongjo of Joseon (1694–1776)
- Jeongjo of Joseon (1752–1800)
- Jeong Yak-yong (1762–1836)
- Park Gyu-su (1807–1877)
- Choe Ik-hyeon (1833–1906)
- Kim Ok-gyun (1851–1894)
- Park Eun-sik (1859–1925)
- Yi Dong-nyeong (1869–1940)
- Shin Chae-ho (1880–1936)
- Jo So-ang (1887–1959)
See also
- Education in the Joseon Dynasty
- History of Education
- Gukhak
- Gukjagam
- Songgyungwan (Kaesong)
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Beijing Guozijian
References
- ^ "Sung Kyun Kwan". Exploring Korea. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
External links
- Official website (in Korean)
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Munmyo Korean Tourism Site