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{{Infobox Dogbreed
{{Infobox Dogbreed
| altname = Grønlandshund<br>Grünlandshund
| altname = Kalaallit qimmiat (Qimmeq)<br>Grønlandshund<br>Grünlandshund<br>Esquimaux Dog<br>
⚫
| country = [[Greenland]]
| ckcgroup = Group 3 - Working Dogs
⚫
| image = File:Greenland Dog.jpg
| ckcstd = ?
⚫
| country = [[Greenland]]
| fcigroup = 5
| fcinum = 274
| fcisection = 1
| fcistd = http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:9mDRIXaFagkJ:www.fci.be/uploaded_files/274GB03_en.doc+site:www.fci.be+%22274+/+05.+05.+2003%22&hl=en
⚫
| image = Greenland Dog 600.jpg
| image_caption = Greenland Dog
| image_caption = Greenland Dog
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| name = Greenland Dog
| kcukgroup = Working
<!-----Kennel club standards----->
| kcukstd = http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk/discoverdogs/working/w1044.htm
| kc_name = [[Dansk Kennel Club]]
⚫
| name = Greenland Dog
| kc_std = https://www.dkk.dk//race/groenlandshund
| ukcgroup = Northern Breeds
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/274g05-en.pdf
| ukcstd = ?
| note =
}}
|maleheight={{convert|23.6|in|cm}} (minimum)|femaleheight={{convert|21.6|in|cm}} (minimum)|coat=Thick double coat|color=All colors from fawn to black (excluding albino and merle)}}

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The '''Greenland Dog''' ([[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]]: ''Kalaallit Qimmiat'', [[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Grønlandshund'') is a large breed of [[husky]]-[[Dog type|type]] [[dog]] kept as a [[sled dog]]. They were brought from Siberia to North America by the [[Thule people]] 1,000 years ago, along with the [[Canadian Eskimo Dog]]. The Canadian Eskimo Dog is considered the same breed as the Greenland Dog since they have not yet diverged enough genetically to be considered separate breeds, despite their geographic isolation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanne|first=Friis Andersen|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/476638737|title=Population genetic analysis of the Greenland dog and Canadian inuit dog : is it the same breed?|date=2005|publisher=Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, Division of Animal Genetics|oclc=476638737}}</ref>
The '''Greenland Dog''' is a large [[list of dog breeds|breed]] of [[dog]] bred as a [[sled dog]]. This is an ancient breed, thought to be directly descended from dogs brought to [[Greenland]] by the first [[Inuit]] settlers around 1,000 years ago.

Today, the breed is considered nationally and culturally important to [[Greenland]] and efforts are made to safeguard its purity. In western Greenland north of the [[Arctic Circle]] and the entirety of eastern Greenland, it is illegal to import any dog from outside (except for [[police dog|police]] and [[assistance dog]]s with a special permit), and since 2017 all dogs have to be [[Microchip implant (animal)|microchipped]] and registered in the Greenland dog database. In the southwest, such restrictions are not in place and the purity of dogs is not monitored.<ref name=sullissivik>{{cite web | url=https://www.sullissivik.gl/Emner/Teknik_og_miljoe/Slaedehunde/Hold_af_slaedehunde?sc_lang=da-DK | title=Hold af slædehunde | publisher=Sullissivik | access-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://knr.gl/da/nyheder/dyrlæge-det-har-vi-lært-af-slædehundesagen | title=Dyrlæge: Det har vi lært af slædehundesagen | date=22 December 2019 | access-date=22 December 2019 | publisher=Kalaalit Nunaata Radioa (Greenlandic Broadcasting Corporation) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://naalakkersuisut.gl/da/Naalakkersuisut/Nyheder/2018/06/050618-Om-indfoersel-af-hunde-og-katte-samt-rejser-med-disse-internt-i-Groenland | title=Veterinær- og Fødevaremyndigheden i Grønland informerer | date=5 June 2017 | access-date=22 December 2019 | publisher=Naalakkersuisut (Government of Greenland) | archive-date=3 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103234033/https://naalakkersuisut.gl/da/Naalakkersuisut/Nyheder/2018/06/050618-Om-indfoersel-af-hunde-og-katte-samt-rejser-med-disse-internt-i-Groenland | url-status=dead }}</ref> As the population has been falling ({{circa}} 15,000 in Greenland as of 2016), a number of projects have been initiated in an attempt of ensuring that Greenland's dog sledding culture, knowledge and use, along with the breed itself, are not lost.<ref name=Videnskab2017>{{cite web | url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/antallet-af-groenlandske-slaedehunde-er-halveret-her-er-redningsplanen | title=Antallet af grønlandske slædehunde er halveret: Her er redningsplanen | date=25 July 2017 | publisher=Videnskab.dk | access-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref>

⚫
== History ==
An Esquimaux bitch was exhibited at one of the earliest dog shows held in Darlington, [[Great Britain|Britain]] on 29 July 1875, which was reported in the ''Live Stock Journal'' and ''[[Fanciers Gazette]]'' published on 6 August 1875. They were recognized by the [[Kennel Club]] at its foundation in 1880.<ref name="greenlanddogclub.co.uk">[http://www.greenlanddogclub.co.uk/The-Greenland-Dog.php The Greenland Dog Club of Great Britain]</ref>{{better source|reason=Dog clubs are unreliable for history|date=July 2020}}

The Greenland dog has been a [[draught animal]] in the Arctic regions for centuries and consequently they have developed a powerful body and heavy coats, with a natural capacity for load pulling and endurance in a harsh working environment. [[Roald Amundsen]] later used Greenland dogs to great success on his [[Amundsen's South Pole expedition|1912 expedition to the Antarctic]], where he became the first person to reach the [[South Pole]].<ref name="greenlanddogclub.co.uk"/>{{better source|reason=Dog clubs are unreliable for history|date=July 2020}} The men started with more dogs than they technically needed to pull the sledges, killing them along the way to use as food for dogs and men.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Langner|first=Rainer-K.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/429589051|title=Scott and Amundsen : duel in the ice|date=2007|publisher=Haus|isbn=978-1-905791-08-8|location=London|pages=184–185|oclc=429589051}}</ref>

== Lineage ==
[[File:Greenland dog upernavik 2007-06-02 sample.jpg|thumb|Greenland dog]]
[[File:Chien Du Groenland.jpg|thumb|Greenland dog]]
[[File:Grønlandshund in Sisimiut (7).JPG|thumb|Puppy of Greenland dog]]

The first dogs arrived in the Americas 12,000 years ago. However, people and their dogs did not settle in the Arctic until the [[Paleo-Eskimo]] people 4,500 years ago and then the [[Thule people]] 1,000 years ago, both originating from Siberia.<ref name=brown2015/> Dogs first appeared in Greenland around 4,000 years ago.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40512917 Paleoeskimo Dogs of the Eastern Arctic] by Darcy F. Morey and Kim Aaris-Sørensen. Arctic Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 2002), pp. 44-56. Published by: Arctic Institute of North America.</ref><ref>[http://dgls.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/TG-4-2015-web-gratisartikel.pdf The Greenland sled dog and wolf's genetic origin] by Sinding, Mikkel Holger Strander (in Danish). Tidsskriftet Grønland, 2015, Vol 63, Issue 4, p. 188-191.</ref> The Inuit dogs from Canada ([[Canadian Eskimo Dog]]) and Greenland (Greenland Dog) descended from dogs associated with Thule people, who relied on them for transportation from Siberia. In 2015, a study using a number of genetic markers indicated that these were both the same dog and should not be treated as separate breeds, that they maintain an indigenous heritage that predates colonization and the timing corresponds with the arrival of the Thule people, and that they were distinct from Siberian Huskies, Alaskan Huskies and Malamutes. The maternal [[mitochondrial]] [[DNA sequences]] of the Inuit dogs were classified as [[haplotype]] A31 that indicates a common female ancestor, and this haplotype could not be found in other modern dogs but the nearest match was with a 1,000 year-old dog from Florida.<ref name=brown2015>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/hdy.2015.49|pmid=26103948|title=Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds|journal=Heredity|volume=115|issue=6|pages=488–495|year=2015|last1=Brown|first1=S K|last2=Darwent|first2=C M|last3=Wictum|first3=E J|last4=Sacks|first4=B N|pmc=4806895}}</ref>


Nearly all dog breed's genetic closeness to the [[Wolf|grey wolf]] is due to [[Genetic admixture|admixture]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016| pmid = 24453982| title = Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs| journal = PLOS Genetics| volume = 10| issue = 1| pages = e1004016| year = 2014| last1 = Freedman | first1 = A. H. | last2 = Gronau | first2 = I. | last3 = Schweizer | first3 = R. M. | last4 = Ortega-Del Vecchyo | first4 = D. | last5 = Han | first5 = E. | last6 = Silva | first6 = P. M. | last7 = Galaverni | first7 = M. | last8 = Fan | first8 = Z. | last9 = Marx | first9 = P. | last10 = Lorente-Galdos | first10 = B. | last11 = Beale | first11 = H. | last12 = Ramirez | first12 = O. | last13 = Hormozdiari | first13 = F. | last14 = Alkan | first14 = C. | last15 = Vilà | first15 = C. | last16 = Squire | first16 = K. | last17 = Geffen | first17 = E. | last18 = Kusak | first18 = J. | last19 = Boyko | first19 = A. R. | last20 = Parker | first20 = H. G. | last21 = Lee | first21 = C. | last22 = Tadigotla | first22 = V. | last23 = Siepel | first23 = A. | last24 = Bustamante | first24 = C. D. | last25 = Harkins | first25 = T. T. | last26 = Nelson | first26 = S. F. | last27 = Ostrander | first27 = E. A. | last28 = Marques-Bonet | first28 = T. | last29 = Wayne | first29 = R. K. | last30 = Novembre | first30 = J. | pmc = 3894170| doi-access = free}}</ref> However, several Arctic dog breeds show a genetic closeness with the now-extinct [[Origin of the domestic dog#Late Pleistocene wolf admixture|Taimyr wolf]] of [[North Asia]] due to admixture. These breeds are associated with high latitudes – the [[Siberian Husky]] and Greenland Dog that are also associated with Arctic human populations, and to a lesser extent the [[Shar Pei]] and [[Finnish Spitz]]. An admixture graph of the Greenland dog indicates a best-fit of 3.5% shared material, however an ancestry proportion ranging between 1.4% and 27.3% is consistent with the data. This indicates admixture between the Taymyr wolf population and the ancestral dog population of these 4 high-latitude breeds. This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and challenging environment. It also indicates the ancestry of present-day dog breeds descends from more than one region.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019| title = Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds| journal = Current Biology| year = 2015| last1 = Skoglund | first1 = P. | last2 = Ersmark | first2 = E. | last3 = Palkopoulou | first3 = E. | last4 = Dalén | first4 = L. | pmid=26004765 | volume=25 | issue = 11| pages=1515–9| doi-access = free }}</ref>
⚫
==Appearance==
⚫
The Greenland Dog is a powerful, heavy-built dog. It has a broad, wedge-shaped head, slightly tilted eyes and small, triangular ears covered with thick fur that prevents frostbite. It has strong, muscular, short-haired legs. The tail is usually rolled along/across its back, but it may also hang down in a wolf like manner. When it lays down and curls up to rest, the tail often covers the nose. Its coat is middle length and consists of two layers. The inner layer consists of short wool like fur, the outer layer of longer, coarser, water-repellant fur. The thick, stand-off outer coat and dense underwool allow them to withstand constant outdoor living in temperatures that can reach -50 or even -75 degrees Fahrenheit.


In 2020, a genetic study found that Greenland sled dogs have been kept isolated from other breeds since their arrival in Greenland with the [[Inuit]] 850 years ago. Their lineage traces more genomic history than other arctic-breeds to their ancestor's remains which were found on [[Zhokhov Island]], arctic northeastern Siberia and dated to be 9,500 years old.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.aaz8599|title=Arctic-adapted dogs emerged at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition|year=2020|last1=Sinding|first1=Mikkel-Holger S.|last2=Gopalakrishnan|first2=Shyam|last3=Ramos-Madrigal|first3=Jazmín|last4=De Manuel|first4=Marc|last5=Pitulko|first5=Vladimir V.|last6=Kuderna|first6=Lukas|last7=Feuerborn|first7=Tatiana R.|last8=Frantz|first8=Laurent A. F.|last9=Vieira|first9=Filipe G.|last10=Niemann|first10=Jonas|last11=Samaniego Castruita|first11=Jose A.|last12=Carøe|first12=Christian|last13=Andersen-Ranberg|first13=Emilie U.|last14=Jordan|first14=Peter D.|last15=Pavlova|first15=Elena Y.|last16=Nikolskiy|first16=Pavel A.|last17=Kasparov|first17=Aleksei K.|last18=Ivanova|first18=Varvara V.|last19=Willerslev|first19=Eske|last20=Skoglund|first20=Pontus|last21=Fredholm|first21=Merete|last22=Wennerberg|first22=Sanne Eline|last23=Heide-Jørgensen|first23=Mads Peter|last24=Dietz|first24=Rune|last25=Sonne|first25=Christian|last26=Meldgaard|first26=Morten|last27=Dalén|first27=Love|last28=Larson|first28=Greger|last29=Petersen|first29=Bent|last30=Sicheritz-Pontén|first30=Thomas|s2cid=220072941|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6498|pages=1495–1499|pmid=32587022|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6026e750-80b9-489f-bd2d-da75bc36f0df|display-authors=29|pmc=7116267|bibcode=2020Sci...368.1495S}}</ref>
⚫
A characteristic of most Greenland Dogs is the "úlo", a triangular shaped area on the shoulders. It is named after a common woman’s-knife from Greenland which is of the same shape.


{{Further|Origin of the domestic dog#Arctic breeds}}
⚫
Dogs are significantly larger than bitches at between 58 and 68 cm (23-27 in) at the [[withers]]; bitches are between 51 and 61 cm (20-24 in).


== Description ==
⚫
=== Appearance ===
[[File:Greenland-dog-puppies-eating-muskox.jpg|thumb|Puppies eating [[muskox]] scraps. Puppies in Greenland run free until they reach adulthood. They are subsequently chained and trained for work.]]


⚫
The Greenland Dog is a powerful, heavy-built dog. It has a broad, wedge-shaped head, slightly tilted eyes and small, triangular ears covered with thick [[fur]] that prevents [[frostbite]]. It has strong, muscular, short-haired legs. The tail is usually rolled along/across its back. When it lies down and curls up to rest, the tail often covers the nose. Its coat is of medium length and consists of two layers. The inner layer consists of short wool-like fur, the outer layer of longer, coarser, water-repellent fur. The Greenland Dog comes in all colors, from black to fawn (excluding albino dogs and merle patterning).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=GRØNLANDSHUND|url=http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/GREENLAND-DOG-274.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.fci.be}}</ref> Blue eyes and [[Heterochromia iridum|heterochromia]] are not permitted, and are considered disqualifications based on standard.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
==History==
The Greenlanders used this dog-breed as a sled-dog, and it is still used for that purpose. It is also the dog that is closest related to the wolf.
The Greenland Dog is closely related to other northern hauling huskies. At one time, there were dozens of breeds and varieties, but many have disappeared due to modern use of snowmobiles and other machinery, which has supplanted the use of these dogs. Much crossing of types occurred as the modern settling of northern areas provided contact between previously remote areas. The Greenland Dog is one of the breeds saved and fostered by fanciers, especially in the Scandinavian countries. Sadly, the breed is no longer as numerous as before, even in its native environment.


⚫
A characteristic of most Greenland Dogs is the "úlo", a triangular shaped area on the shoulders. It is named after a common woman's-knife from Greenland which is of the same shape.
Before use of the more recent method of chaining sled dogs when not working, the practice among the natives was to keep them tethered with thongs of seal hide. Of course, dogs chewed through their ties, so most working sled dogs had their incisors broken (the small cutting teeth in the front of the canines), which necessitated cutting their meat. Since most of the dogs were fed frozen meat or fish, the rations were chopped into small pieces which could be swallowed whole. In ''The Voyage of the Fox'', [[Francis Leopold McClintock|McClintock]] recalls how he once cut 65 pounds of seal meat into small pieces, and his 29 hungry Eskimo dogs devoured every morsel in 42 seconds!


⚫
Males are significantly larger than females at 60cm (23.6in) and up at the [[withers]]; females are 55cm (21.7in) and up.<ref name=":0" />
Greenland Dogs were also used by the natives as hunting dogs, utilizing their keen sense of smell to find seals' breathing holes in the ice. Once the hole was found, the dog and master sat back to wait, as sooner or later the seal came up for air and it would be speared. In the summer months, the dogs carried backpacks of supplies up to 33 pounds.


==Temperament==
=== Stamina ===
{{multiple image | direction = horizontal | image1 = Sled-dogs-chain-sisimiut.jpg | image2 = Passionate runners (34697070156).jpg | width1 = 168 | footer = Greenland sled dogs only work during the winter, gathering strength during the summer period of inactivity (summer in [[Sisimiut]] on left; winter near [[Kulusuk]] on right) }}


As is common among [[sled dog]]s, Greenland Dogs are able to traverse very difficult terrain with ease and with a high tempo. As working dogs they are especially valued for their physical strength and endurance, with a tireless and bold mentality.<ref name=":0" />
The breed remains principally a working dog. They have the typical Nordic, good, loyal, affectionate temperament, but when the dogs work in teams, they don't have the opportunity to develop a relationship with one master. They are independent and self-willed, and rowdy and boisterous in their play. One must immediately show these pack dogs who is the alpha male or they will try and take charge to fill that gap. Like the [[Siberian Husky]], the Greenland Dog has a tendency to attack and kill small animals, like cats, squirrels and rabbits. It is also little suspicious when it comes to strangers.
Training must be firm, but gentle and it takes a lot of patience as the Greenland breed still retains a lot of its [[wolf]]-like qualities.
The Greenland Dog is not a good first-time dog, since it takes one who really understands dog behaviour.


== See also ==
{{commons category|Greenland Dog}}
* [[Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal]]
⚫
* [[List of dog breeds]]
* [[Chukotka sled dog|Chukotka Sled-Dog]]
* [[Canadian Eskimo Dog]]
* [[Alaskan Malamute]]
* [[Samoyed (dog)|Samoyed]]


== References ==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
{{dog-stub}}
* [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0601/feature6/gallery3.html National Geographic gallery of the breed in Greenland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112142843/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0601/feature6/gallery3.html |date=2007-11-12 }}
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[[Category:Dog breeds]]
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[[Category:Sled dog breeds]]


{{Domestic dog}}
[[da:Grønlandshund]]
{{Danish dogs}}
[[de:Grönlandhund]]
{{Spitz}}
[[sv:Grönlandshund]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Greenland]]
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[[Category:FCI breeds]]
[[Category:Rare dog breeds]]
[[Category:Sled dogs]]
[[Category:Spitz breeds]]

Revision as of 17:18, 8 May 2024

Greenland Dog
Greenland Dog
Other namesKalaallit qimmiat (Qimmeq)
Grønlandshund
Grünlandshund
Esquimaux Dog
OriginGreenland
Traits
Height Males 23.6 inches (60 cm) (minimum)
Females 21.6 inches (55 cm) (minimum)
Coat Thick double coat
Color All colors from fawn to black (excluding albino and merle)
Kennel club standards
Dansk Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Greenland Dog (Greenlandic: Kalaallit Qimmiat, Danish: Grønlandshund) is a large breed of husky-type dog kept as a sled dog. They were brought from Siberia to North America by the Thule people 1,000 years ago, along with the Canadian Eskimo Dog. The Canadian Eskimo Dog is considered the same breed as the Greenland Dog since they have not yet diverged enough genetically to be considered separate breeds, despite their geographic isolation.[1]

Today, the breed is considered nationally and culturally important to Greenland and efforts are made to safeguard its purity. In western Greenland north of the Arctic Circle and the entirety of eastern Greenland, it is illegal to import any dog from outside (except for police and assistance dogs with a special permit), and since 2017 all dogs have to be microchipped and registered in the Greenland dog database. In the southwest, such restrictions are not in place and the purity of dogs is not monitored.[2][3][4] As the population has been falling (c. 15,000 in Greenland as of 2016), a number of projects have been initiated in an attempt of ensuring that Greenland's dog sledding culture, knowledge and use, along with the breed itself, are not lost.[5]

History

An Esquimaux bitch was exhibited at one of the earliest dog shows held in Darlington, Britain on 29 July 1875, which was reported in the Live Stock Journal and Fanciers Gazette published on 6 August 1875. They were recognized by the Kennel Club at its foundation in 1880.[6][better source needed]

The Greenland dog has been a draught animal in the Arctic regions for centuries and consequently they have developed a powerful body and heavy coats, with a natural capacity for load pulling and endurance in a harsh working environment. Roald Amundsen later used Greenland dogs to great success on his 1912 expedition to the Antarctic, where he became the first person to reach the South Pole.[6][better source needed] The men started with more dogs than they technically needed to pull the sledges, killing them along the way to use as food for dogs and men.[7]

Lineage

Greenland dog
Greenland dog
Puppy of Greenland dog

The first dogs arrived in the Americas 12,000 years ago. However, people and their dogs did not settle in the Arctic until the Paleo-Eskimo people 4,500 years ago and then the Thule people 1,000 years ago, both originating from Siberia.[8] Dogs first appeared in Greenland around 4,000 years ago.[9][10] The Inuit dogs from Canada (Canadian Eskimo Dog) and Greenland (Greenland Dog) descended from dogs associated with Thule people, who relied on them for transportation from Siberia. In 2015, a study using a number of genetic markers indicated that these were both the same dog and should not be treated as separate breeds, that they maintain an indigenous heritage that predates colonization and the timing corresponds with the arrival of the Thule people, and that they were distinct from Siberian Huskies, Alaskan Huskies and Malamutes. The maternal mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Inuit dogs were classified as haplotype A31 that indicates a common female ancestor, and this haplotype could not be found in other modern dogs but the nearest match was with a 1,000 year-old dog from Florida.[8]

Nearly all dog breed's genetic closeness to the grey wolf is due to admixture.[11] However, several Arctic dog breeds show a genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. These breeds are associated with high latitudes – the Siberian Husky and Greenland Dog that are also associated with Arctic human populations, and to a lesser extent the Shar Pei and Finnish Spitz. An admixture graph of the Greenland dog indicates a best-fit of 3.5% shared material, however an ancestry proportion ranging between 1.4% and 27.3% is consistent with the data. This indicates admixture between the Taymyr wolf population and the ancestral dog population of these 4 high-latitude breeds. This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and challenging environment. It also indicates the ancestry of present-day dog breeds descends from more than one region.[12]

In 2020, a genetic study found that Greenland sled dogs have been kept isolated from other breeds since their arrival in Greenland with the Inuit 850 years ago. Their lineage traces more genomic history than other arctic-breeds to their ancestor's remains which were found on Zhokhov Island, arctic northeastern Siberia and dated to be 9,500 years old.[13]

Further information: Origin of the domestic dog § Arctic breeds

Description

Appearance

Puppies eating muskox scraps. Puppies in Greenland run free until they reach adulthood. They are subsequently chained and trained for work.

The Greenland Dog is a powerful, heavy-built dog. It has a broad, wedge-shaped head, slightly tilted eyes and small, triangular ears covered with thick fur that prevents frostbite. It has strong, muscular, short-haired legs. The tail is usually rolled along/across its back. When it lies down and curls up to rest, the tail often covers the nose. Its coat is of medium length and consists of two layers. The inner layer consists of short wool-like fur, the outer layer of longer, coarser, water-repellent fur. The Greenland Dog comes in all colors, from black to fawn (excluding albino dogs and merle patterning).[14] Blue eyes and heterochromia are not permitted, and are considered disqualifications based on standard.[14]

A characteristic of most Greenland Dogs is the "úlo", a triangular shaped area on the shoulders. It is named after a common woman's-knife from Greenland which is of the same shape.

Males are significantly larger than females at 60cm (23.6in) and up at the withers; females are 55cm (21.7in) and up.[14]

Stamina

Greenland sled dogs only work during the winter, gathering strength during the summer period of inactivity (summer in Sisimiut on left; winter near Kulusuk on right)

As is common among sled dogs, Greenland Dogs are able to traverse very difficult terrain with ease and with a high tempo. As working dogs they are especially valued for their physical strength and endurance, with a tireless and bold mentality.[14]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greenland Dog.

References

  1. ^ Hanne, Friis Andersen (2005). Population genetic analysis of the Greenland dog and Canadian inuit dog : is it the same breed?. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, Division of Animal Genetics. OCLC 476638737.
  2. ^ "Hold af slædehunde". Sullissivik. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  3. ^ "Dyrlæge: Det har vi lært af slædehundesagen". Kalaalit Nunaata Radioa (Greenlandic Broadcasting Corporation). 22 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  4. ^ "Veterinær- og Fødevaremyndigheden i Grønland informerer". Naalakkersuisut (Government of Greenland). 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
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  9. ^ Paleoeskimo Dogs of the Eastern Arctic by Darcy F. Morey and Kim Aaris-Sørensen. Arctic Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 2002), pp. 44-56. Published by: Arctic Institute of North America.
  10. ^ The Greenland sled dog and wolf's genetic origin by Sinding, Mikkel Holger Strander (in Danish). Tidsskriftet Grønland, 2015, Vol 63, Issue 4, p. 188-191.
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  12. ^ Skoglund, P.; Ersmark, E.; Palkopoulou, E.; Dalén, L. (2015). "Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds". Current Biology. 25 (11): 1515–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019. PMID 26004765.
  13. ^ Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; De Manuel, Marc; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Kuderna, Lukas; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Vieira, Filipe G.; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Carøe, Christian; Andersen-Ranberg, Emilie U.; Jordan, Peter D.; Pavlova, Elena Y.; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Kasparov, Aleksei K.; Ivanova, Varvara V.; Willerslev, Eske; Skoglund, Pontus; Fredholm, Merete; Wennerberg, Sanne Eline; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Meldgaard, Morten; Dalén, Love; Larson, Greger; Petersen, Bent; et al. (2020). "Arctic-adapted dogs emerged at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition". Science. 368 (6498): 1495–1499. Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1495S. doi:10.1126/science.aaz8599. PMC 7116267. PMID 32587022. S2CID 220072941.
  14. ^ a b c d "GRØNLANDSHUND". www.fci.be. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
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