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==Early life==
==Early life==

===First years===
[[File:Portrett av arveprins Oscar (senere Oscar II) og prinsesse Sophie med familie (6961203929).jpg|thumb|left|Prince Gustaf (far left) with his parents and brothers in 1865.]]
[[File:Portrett av arveprins Oscar (senere Oscar II) og prinsesse Sophie med familie (6961203929).jpg|thumb|left|Prince Gustaf (far left) with his parents and brothers in 1865.]]
Gustaf V was born on 16 June 1858 in [[Drottningholm Palace]] in [[Ekerö Municipality|Ekerö]], [[Stockholm County]], the son of [[Oscar II of Sweden|Prince Oscar]] and [[Princess Sofia of Nassau]]. His father was a younger son of the reigning king, [[Oscar I of Sweden|Oscar I]], and as the king's eldest son, [[Charles XV of Sweden|Crown Prince Charles]] had no surviving sons, it could be expected that the new-born prince would one day inherit the Swedish throne. At birth Gustaf was created [[Duke]] of [[Värmland]].
Gustaf V was born on 16 June 1858 in [[Drottningholm Palace]] in [[Ekerö Municipality|Ekerö]], [[Stockholm County]], the son of [[Oscar II of Sweden|Prince Oscar, Duke of Östergötland]] and [[Princess Sofia of Nassau]]. His father was a younger son of the reigning king, [[Oscar I of Sweden|Oscar I]], and as the king's eldest son, [[Charles XV of Sweden|Crown Prince Charles]] had no surviving sons, it could be expected that the new-born prince would one day inherit the Swedish throne. At birth he was created [[Duke of Värmland]], and on 12 July he was baptised ''Oscar Gustaf Adolf'' at the [[Royal Chapel (Sweden)|Royal Chapel]] of the [[Stockholm Palace]] by the [[Archbishop of Uppsala]], [[Henrik Reuterdahl]].

The following year, his brother [[Oscar Bernadotte|Prince Oscar]] was born, followed by [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland|Prince Carl]] in 1861, and [[Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke|Prince Eugen]] in 1865. The family lived in the [[Arvfurstens palats]] (''Palace of the Hereditary Prince''), an 18th-century palace located at [[Gustav Adolfs torg, Stockholm|Gustav Adolfs torg]] in [[central Stockholm]], and the summers were spent at [[Sofiero Castle]] near [[Helsingborg]] in [[Scania]], which the father acquired in 1864. During his early years, the prince was considered to have a weak body constitution, and as a consequence he was treated with [[electrotherapy]] on May 10, 1871.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fritz|last=von Dardel|title=Minnen, Fjärde delen 1871–1872|publisher=P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag|location=Stockholm|year=1913|page=37|language=sv}}</ref>

The three eldest princes began their schooling at the newly founded Beskowska School in [[Östermalm]] in Stockholm in October 1869. Among the prince's classmates at the school was the future party leader of the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] and three times [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], [[Hjalmar Branting]].


===Crown Prince===
On 18 September 1872, his uncle [[Charles XV of Sweden|King Charles XV]] died, and Gustaf's father ascended the throne as King Oscar II. Upon his father's accession to the throne, Gustaf became crown prince of both Sweden and [[Norway]] at the age of 14.
On 18 September 1872 his uncle [[Charles XV of Sweden|King Charles XV]] died, and Gustaf's father ascended the throne as King Oscar II. Upon his father's accession to the throne, Gustaf became crown prince of both Sweden and Norway at the age of 14. The new king and queen and their children now moved into the large Stockholm Palace, and the crown prince's schooling at the Beskowska School was interrupted, as he was now to receive his education as heir to the throne at the palace.


[[File:Minnesmedalj Gustav V och Victoria, 25567.jpg|thumb|Wedding medal for Gustaf and Victoria in 1881]]
[[File:Minnesmedalj Gustav V och Victoria, 25567.jpg|thumb|Wedding medal for Gustaf and Victoria in 1881]]
On 20 September 1881 in [[Karlsruhe]], Germany, he married Princess [[Victoria of Baden]], the only daughter of [[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden]] and [[Princess Louise of Prussia]].
On 20 September 1881 in [[Karlsruhe]], Germany, he married Princess [[Victoria of Baden]], the only daughter of [[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden]] and [[Princess Louise of Prussia]].


[[File:Gustav the 5th., Swedish king, the son of Oscar the 2nd, king in1907 No-nb bldsa 1c050.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of Crown Prince Gustaf, {{circa|1897}}]]
[[File:Gustaf V of Sweden as Crown Prince 1893.jpg|thumb|left|Crown Prince Gustaf wears the [[Regalia of Sweden#Crown Prince coronet|Coronet of the Heir Apparent]] in 1893]]
[[File:Gustav the 5th., Swedish king, the son of Oscar the 2nd, king in1907 No-nb bldsa 1c050.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Crown Prince Gustaf, {{circa|1897}}]]
On 8 December 1907, King Oscar II died and the 49-year-old Gustaf succeeded his father as King of Sweden as the fifth monarch from the [[House of Bernadotte]].
On 8 December 1907 King Oscar II died and the 49-year-old Gustaf succeeded his father as King of Sweden as the fifth monarch from the [[House of Bernadotte]].


==Public life==
==Public life==
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[[File:Kaiser Wilhelm II. begrüßt König Gustaf Adolf V.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Wilhelm II]] and Gustaf V during the opening of the ferry between Sassnitz and Trelleborg.]]
[[File:Kaiser Wilhelm II. begrüßt König Gustaf Adolf V.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Wilhelm II]] and Gustaf V during the opening of the ferry between Sassnitz and Trelleborg.]]


When he ascended the throne, Gustaf V was, at least on paper, a [[autocracy|near-autocrat]]. The [[1809 Instrument of Government]] made the king both head of state and head of government, and ministers were solely responsible to him. However, his father had been forced to accept a government chosen by the majority in Parliament in 1905. Since then, prime ministers had been ''de facto'' required to have the confidence of the Riksdag to stay in office.
When he ascended the throne, Gustaf V was, at least on paper, a [[autocracy|near-autocrat]]. The [[1809 Instrument of Government]] made the King both head of state and head of government, and ministers were solely responsible to him. However, his father had been forced to accept a government chosen by the majority in Parliament in 1905. Since then, prime ministers had been ''de facto'' required to have the confidence of the Riksdag to stay in office.


Early in his reign, in 1910, Gustaf V refused to grant clemency to the convicted murderer [[Johan Alfred Ander]], who thus became the last person to be executed in Sweden.
Early in his reign, in 1910, Gustaf V refused to grant clemency to the convicted murderer [[Johan Alfred Ander]], who thus became the last person to be executed in Sweden.


At first, Gustaf V seemed to be willing to accept [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary rule]]. After the [[Free-minded National Association|Liberals]] won a massive landslide in 1911, Gustaf appointed Liberal leader [[Karl Staaff]] as Prime Minister. However, during the runup to World War I, the elites objected to Staaff's defence policy. In February 1914, a large crowd of farmers [[Peasant armament support march|gathered at the royal palace]] and demanded that the country's defences be strengthened. In his reply, the so-called [[Courtyard Speech]]—which was actually written by explorer [[Sven Hedin]], an ardent conservative—Gustaf promised to strengthen the country's defences. Staaff was outraged, telling the king that parliamentary rule called for the Crown to stay out of partisan politics. He was also angered that he had not been consulted in advance of the speech. However, Gustaf retorted that he still had the right to "communicate freely with the Swedish people." The Staaff government resigned in protest, and Gustaf appointed a government of civil servants headed by [[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld]] (father of future UN Secretary-General [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]) in its place.
At first Gustaf V seemed to be willing to accept [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary rule]]. After the [[Free-minded National Association|Liberals]] won a massive landslide victory in 1911, Gustaf appointed Liberal leader [[Karl Staaff]] as Prime Minister. However, during the run-up to World War I, the elites objected to Staaff's defence policy. In February 1914, a large crowd of farmers [[Peasant armament support march|gathered at the royal palace]] and demanded that the country's defences be strengthened. In his reply, the so-called [[Courtyard Speech]]—which was actually written by explorer [[Sven Hedin]], an ardent conservative—Gustaf promised to strengthen the country's defences. Staaff was outraged, telling the King that parliamentary rule called for the Crown to stay out of partisan politics. He was also angered that he had not been consulted in advance of the speech. However, Gustaf retorted that he still had the right to "communicate freely with the Swedish people". The Staaff government resigned in protest, and Gustaf appointed a government of civil servants headed by [[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld]] (father of future UN Secretary-General [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]) in its place.


[[File:Lauri Kristian Relander in Stockholm 1925 (2).jpg|thumb|Gustaf V and visiting [[Lauri Kristian Relander|L. K. Relander]], the [[President of Finland|2nd President of the Republic of Finland]], pass an honorary company in 1925 in [[Stockholm]].]]
[[File:Lauri Kristian Relander in Stockholm 1925 (2).jpg|thumb|Gustaf V and visiting [[Lauri Kristian Relander|L. K. Relander]], the [[President of Finland|2nd President of the Republic of Finland]], pass an honour guard in 1925 in [[Stockholm]].]]
[[File:Porträtt, kung Gustav V, av Bernhard Österman, 1937-38 - Sörmlands museum - SLM7036.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Gustav V by [[Bernhard Österman]], 1937/38]]
[[File:Porträtt, kung Gustav V, av Bernhard Österman, 1937-38 - Sörmlands museum - SLM7036.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Gustaf V by [[Bernhard Österman]], 1937/38]]


The 1917 elections showed a heavy gain for the Liberals and [[Social Democratic Party (Sweden)|Social Democrats]], who between them held a decisive majority. Despite this, Gustaf initially tried to appoint a Conservative government headed by [[Johan Widén]]. However, Widén was unable to attract enough support for a coalition. It was now apparent that Gustaf could no longer appoint a government entirely of his own choosing, nor could he keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. With no choice but to appoint a Liberal as prime minister, he appointed a Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government headed by Staaff's successor as Liberal leader, [[Nils Edén]]. The Edén government promptly arrogated most of the king's political powers to itself and enacted numerous reforms, most notably the institution of complete (male and female) universal suffrage in 1918–1919. While Gustaf still formally appointed the ministers, they now had to have the confidence of Parliament. He was now also bound to act on the ministers' advice. Although the provision in the Instrument of Government stating that "the King alone shall govern the realm" remained unchanged, the king was now bound by convention to exercise his powers through the ministers. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the ministers did the actual governing. While ministers were already legally responsible to the Riksdag under the Instrument of government, it was now understood that they were politically responsible to the Riksdag as well. Gustaf accepted his reduced role, and reigned for the rest of his life as a model limited constitutional monarch. Parliamentarianism had become a ''de facto'' reality in Sweden, even if it would not be formalized until 1974, when a new Instrument of Government stripped the monarchy of even nominal political power.
The 1917 elections showed a heavy gain for the Liberals and [[Social Democratic Party (Sweden)|Social Democrats]], who between them held a decisive majority. Despite this, Gustaf initially tried to appoint a Conservative government headed by [[Johan Widén]]. However, Widén was unable to attract enough support for a coalition. It was now apparent that Gustaf could no longer appoint a government entirely of his own choosing, nor could he keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. With no choice but to appoint a Liberal as prime minister, he appointed a Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government headed by Staaff's successor as Liberal leader, [[Nils Edén]]. The Edén government promptly arrogated most of the king's political powers to itself and enacted numerous reforms, most notably the institution of complete (male and female) universal suffrage in 1918–1919. While Gustaf still formally appointed the ministers, they now had to have the confidence of Parliament. He was now also bound to act on the ministers' advice. Although the provision in the Instrument of Government stating that "the King alone shall govern the realm" remained unchanged, the king was now bound by convention to exercise his powers through the ministers. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the ministers did the actual governing. While ministers were already legally responsible to the Riksdag under the Instrument of government, it was now understood that they were politically responsible to the Riksdag as well. Gustaf accepted his reduced role, and reigned for the rest of his life as a model limited constitutional monarch. Parliamentarianism had become a ''de facto'' reality in Sweden, even if it would not be formalised until 1974, when a new Instrument of Government stripped the monarchy of even nominal political power.
Gustaf V was considered to have German sympathies during World War I. His political stance during the war was highly influenced by his wife, who felt a strong connection to her German homeland. On 18 December 1914, he sponsored a meeting in [[Malmö]] with the other two kings of Scandinavia to demonstrate unity. Another of Gustaf V's objectives was to dispel suspicions that he wanted to bring Sweden into the war on Germany's side.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.realclearhistory.com/2016/12/07/king_gustav_v039s_no_nazi_sympathizer_3729.html |title=Kin Gustav V's No Nazi Sympathizer |date=7 December 2020 |website=Real Clear History |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>
Gustaf V was considered to have German sympathies during World War I. His political stance during the war was highly influenced by his wife, who felt a strong connection to her German homeland. On 18 December 1914, he sponsored a meeting in [[Malmö]] with the other two kings of Scandinavia to demonstrate unity. Another of Gustaf V's objectives was to dispel suspicions that he wanted to bring Sweden into the war on Germany's side.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.realclearhistory.com/2016/12/07/king_gustav_v039s_no_nazi_sympathizer_3729.html |title=Kin Gustav V's No Nazi Sympathizer |date=7 December 2020 |website=Real Clear History |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>


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==Alleged Nazi sympathies==
==Alleged Nazi sympathies==
[[File:Gustavgoring1939.JPG|thumb|left|[[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Prince Gustav Adolf]], [[Hermann Göring]], and King Gustaf V in Berlin, February 1939]]
[[File:Gustavgoring1939.JPG|thumb|left|[[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Prince Gustaf Adolf]], [[Hermann Göring]], and King Gustaf V in Berlin, February 1939]]
Both the King and his grandson [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Prince Gustav Adolf]] socialized with [[Nazi]] leaders before World War II, though arguably for diplomatic purposes. Gustaf V attempted to convince [[Hitler]] during a visit to Berlin to soften his persecution of the Jews, according to historian Jörgen Weibull. He was also noted for appealing to the [[Miklós Horthy|leader]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] to save its Jews "in the name of humanity."
Both the King and his grandson [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Prince Gustaf Adolf]] socialised with [[Nazi]] leaders before World War II, though arguably for diplomatic purposes. Gustaf V attempted to convince [[Hitler]] during a visit to Berlin to soften his persecution of the Jews, according to historian Jörgen Weibull. He was also noted for appealing to the [[Miklós Horthy|leader]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] to save its Jews "in the name of humanity."


When Nazi Germany invaded the [[Soviet Union]] in June 1941, Gustaf V tried to write a private letter to Hitler thanking him for taking care of the "[[Bolshevik]] pest" and congratulating him on his "already achieved victories".<ref>''[[Dagens Nyheter]]'' 070729 {{cite web|url=http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d%3D572%26a%3D675044 |title=Churchill fick vredesutbrott över svenske kungens svek |date=29 July 2007 |website=Debatt |access-date=29 July 2007 |language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222943/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=572&a=675044 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> He was stopped from doing so by Prime Minister [[Per Albin Hansson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://royaltyrobertwriter.home.blog/2020/06/15/king-gustav-v-of-sweden-nazi-sympathiser/ |title=King Gustav V of Sweden: Nazi Sympathiser? |date=15 June 2020 |website=RoyaltyRobert Blogger and Writer |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>
When Nazi Germany invaded the [[Soviet Union]] in June 1941, Gustaf V tried to write a private letter to Hitler thanking him for taking care of the "[[Bolshevik]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hadenius |first=Stig |title=Gustaf V: en biografi |date=2005 |publisher=Historiska Media |isbn=978-91-85057-20-7 |location=Lund |pages=244 |language=Swedish |trans-title=}}</ref> pest" and congratulating him on his "already achieved victories".<ref>''[[Dagens Nyheter]]'' 070729 {{cite web|url=http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d%3D572%26a%3D675044 |title=Churchill fick vredesutbrott över svenske kungens svek |date=29 July 2007 |website=Debatt |access-date=29 July 2007 |language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222943/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=572&a=675044 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> He was stopped from doing so by Prime Minister [[Per Albin Hansson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://royaltyrobertwriter.home.blog/2020/06/15/king-gustav-v-of-sweden-nazi-sympathiser/ |title=King Gustav V of Sweden: Nazi Sympathiser? |date=15 June 2020 |website=RoyaltyRobert Blogger and writer |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>


During the war, Gustav invited [[Nazism in Sweden|Swedish Nazi]] leader [[Sven Olov Lindholm]] to [[Stockholm Palace]]. The Swedish king had friends in Lindholm's movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/karaktarsmord-pa-doda-svenskar |title=Karaktärsmord på döda svenskar |date=18 September 2002 |website=Svenska Dagbladet |access-date=26 April 2021 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>Gustaf V och andra Världskriget. Carlsson, Erik. 2007. {{ISBN|9789185057887}}</ref><ref>Operation Norrsken: Om Stasi och Sverige under kalla kriget, av Christoph Andersson</ref>
During the war Gustaf V invited [[Nazism in Sweden|Swedish Nazi]] leader [[Sven Olov Lindholm]] to [[Stockholm Palace]]. The King had friends in Lindholm's movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/karaktarsmord-pa-doda-svenskar |title=Karaktärsmord på döda svenskar |date=18 September 2002 |website=Svenska Dagbladet |access-date=26 April 2021 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>Gustaf V och andra Världskriget. Carlsson, Erik. 2007. {{ISBN|9789185057887}}</ref><ref>Operation Norrsken: Om Stasi och Sverige under kalla kriget, av Christoph Andersson</ref>


===Midsummer crisis 1941===
===Midsummer crisis 1941===
According to Prime Minister Hansson, during the [[Midsummer crisis]], the King in a private conversation had threatened to abdicate if the government did not approve a German request to transfer a fighting infantry division, the so-called [[163rd Infantry Division (Germany)|Engelbrecht Division]], through Swedish territory from southern Norway to northern Finland in June 1941, around [[Midsummer]]. The accuracy of the claim is debated, and the King's intention, if he really made that threat, is sometimes alleged to be his desire to avoid conflict with Germany. The event has received considerable attention from Swedish historians and is known as ''midsommarkrisen'', the Midsummer Crisis.<ref>Hansson (Wahlbäck, ''Regeringen och kriget. Ur statsrådens dagböcker 1939–41'')</ref>
According to Prime Minister Hansson, during the [[Midsummer crisis]], the King in a private conversation had threatened to abdicate if the government did not approve a German request to transfer a German infantry division, the so-called [[163rd Infantry Division (Germany)|Engelbrecht Division]], through Swedish territory from southern Norway to northern Finland in June 1941, around [[Midsummer]]. The accuracy of the claim is debated, and the King's intention, if he really made the threat, is sometimes alleged to be his desire to avoid conflict with Germany. The event has received considerable attention from Swedish historians and is known as ''midsommarkrisen'', the Midsummer Crisis.<ref>Hansson (Wahlbäck, ''Regeringen och kriget. Ur statsrådens dagböcker 1939–41'')</ref>


Confirmation of the King's action is contained in German Foreign Policy documents captured at the end of the war. On 25 June 1941, the German Minister in Stockholm sent a "Most Urgent-Top Secret" message to Berlin in which he stated that the King had just informed him that the [[Transit of German troops through Scandinavia (WWII)|transit of German troops]] would be allowed. He added: <blockquote>The King's words conveyed the joyful emotion he felt. He had lived through anxious days and had gone far in giving his personal support to the matter. He added confidentially that he had found it necessary to go so far as to mention his abdication.<ref>Documents of German Foreign Policy 1918–1945 Series D Volume XIII The War Years 23 June 1941 – 11 December 1941, Published in UK by HMSO and in US By Government Printing Office.</ref></blockquote>
Confirmation of the King's action is contained in German Foreign Policy documents captured at the end of the war. On 25 June 1941, the German Ambassador in Stockholm sent a "Most Urgent-Top Secret" message to Berlin in which he stated that the King had just informed him that the [[Transit of German troops through Scandinavia (WWII)|transit of German troops]] would be allowed. He added: <blockquote>The King's words conveyed the joyful emotion he felt. He had lived through anxious days and had gone far in giving his personal support to the matter. He added confidentially that he had found it necessary to go so far as to mention his abdication.<ref>Documents of German Foreign Policy 1918–1945 Series D Volume XIII The War Years 23 June 1941 – 11 December 1941, Published in UK by HMSO and in US By Government Printing Office.</ref></blockquote>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
⚫
[[File:Gustaf V of Sweden playing tennis.jpg|thumb|Gustaf V playing tennis at [[Real Club de la Puerta de Hierro]], 1927]]
[[File:Tennisskor - Livrustkammaren - 6299.tif|thumb|Tennis shoes worn by Gustaf V.]]
[[File:Tennisskor - Livrustkammaren - 6299.tif|thumb|Tennis shoes worn by Gustaf V.]]
Gustaf V was thin, and known for his height. He wore [[pince-nez]] eyeglasses and sported a pointed mustache for most of his teen years.
Gustaf V was thin, and known for his height. He wore [[pince-nez]] eyeglasses and sported a pointed mustache for most of his teen years.


Gustaf V was a devoted tennis player, appearing under the pseudonym ''Mr G''. As a player and promoter of the sport, he was elected into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] in 1980. The King learned the sport during a visit in Britain in 1876 and founded Sweden's first tennis club on his return home. In 1936 he founded the King's Club. During his reign, Gustaf was often seen playing on the [[French Riviera|Riviera]]. On a visit to Berlin, Gustaf went straight from a meeting with Hitler to a tennis match with the Jewish player [[Daniel Prenn]]. During World War II, he interceded to obtain better treatment for Davis Cup stars [[Jean Borotra]] of France and his personal trainer and friend Baron [[Gottfried von Cramm]] of Germany, who had been imprisoned by the Nazi Government on the charge of a homosexual relationship with a Jew.
Gustaf V was a devoted tennis player, appearing under the pseudonym ''Mr G''. As a player and promoter of the sport, he was elected to the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] in 1980. The King learned to play tennis during a visit in Britain in 1876 and founded Sweden's first tennis club on his return home. In 1936 he founded the King's Club. During his reign, Gustaf was often seen playing on the [[French Riviera|Riviera]]. On a visit to Berlin, Gustaf went straight from a meeting with Hitler to a tennis match with the Jewish player [[Daniel Prenn]]. During World War II, he interceded to obtain better treatment for Davis Cup star [[Jean Borotra]] of France and his personal trainer and friend Baron [[Gottfried von Cramm]] of Germany, who had been imprisoned by the Nazi Government on the charge of a homosexual relationship with a Jew.


⚫
[[File:Gustaf V of Sweden playing tennis.jpg|thumb|Gustaf V playing tennis at [[Real Club de la Puerta de Hierro]], 1927]]
[[File:HMS Gustav V.jpg|thumb|Swedish coastal defence ship HM Pansarskepp Gustaf V (1922–1957).]]
[[File:HMS Gustav V.jpg|thumb|Swedish coastal defence ship HM Pansarskepp Gustaf V (1922–1957).]]

[[File:Gustaf V of Sweden as Crown Prince 1893.jpg|thumb|Crown Prince Gustaf wears the [[Regalia of Sweden#Crown Prince coronet|Coronet of the Heir Apparent]] in 1893]]
===Haijby affair===
===Haijby affair===
Allegations of a love affair between Gustav and [[Kurt Haijby]] led to the court paying 170,000 [[Swedish krona|kronor]] under the threat of the blackmailing Haijby. That led to the so-called Haijby affair and several controversial trials and convictions against Haijby, which spawned considerable controversy about Gustav's alleged homosexuality.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rättsaffärerna Kejne och Haijby |last=Heumann |first=Maths |year=1978 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-1-787202-2}}</ref>
Allegations of a love affair between Gustaf V and [[Kurt Haijby]] led to the court paying 170,000 [[Swedish krona|kronor]] under the threat of blackmail by Haijby. That led to the so-called Haijby Affair and several controversial trials and convictions against Haijby, which spawned considerable controversy about Gustaf V's alleged homosexuality.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rättsaffärerna Kejne och Haijby |last=Heumann |first=Maths |year=1978 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-1-787202-2}}</ref>


In 2021 the alleged events surrounding the Haijby affair were adapted into a fictional miniseries for [[Sveriges Television]] called ''En Kunglig Affär (A Royal Secret)'', directed by [[Lisa James Larsson]] and written by [[Bengt Nilsson (actor)|Bengt Braskered]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Royal Secret: The intriguing true story of King Gustaf V, Sweden's first gay king|url=https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/en-kunglig-affar-the-intriguing-true-story-of-kurt-haijby|access-date=2022-01-08|website=www.voguescandinavia.com|date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
In 2021 the alleged events surrounding the Haijby Affair were adapted into a fictional miniseries for [[Sveriges Television]] called ''En Kunglig Affär (A Royal Secret)'', directed by [[Lisa James Larsson]] and written by [[Bengt Nilsson (actor)|Bengt Braskered]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Royal Secret: The intriguing true story of King Gustaf V, Sweden's first gay king|url=https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/en-kunglig-affar-the-intriguing-true-story-of-kurt-haijby|access-date=2022-01-08|website=www.voguescandinavia.com|date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
After a reign of nearly 43 years, King Gustaf V died in [[Stockholm]] of acute bronchitis with bronchietasis on 29 October 1950. His 67-year-old son Gustav succeeded him as [[Gustav VI Adolf]].
After a reign of nearly 43 years, Gustaf V died in [[Stockholm]] of acute bronchitis with bronchietasis on 29 October 1950. His 67-year-old son Gustaf succeeded him as [[Gustaf VI Adolf]].


==Honours==
==Honours==
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;Foreign military ranks<ref>{{cite book |title=Almanach de Gotha |date=1 January 1909 |publisher=Justus Perths Publishers |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34689s |access-date=5 January 2022 |language=French}}</ref>
;Foreign military ranks<ref>{{cite book |title=Almanach de Gotha |date=1 January 1909 |publisher=Justus Perths Publishers |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34689s |access-date=5 January 2022 |language=French}}</ref>
* {{flag|Denmark}}: General [[à la suite]] in the [[Royal Danish Army]], 1909
* {{flagu|Denmark}}: General [[à la suite]] in the [[Royal Danish Army]], 1909
*{{flagcountry|Russian Empire|1858}}: Admiral à la suite in the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], 1909
*{{flagu|Russian Empire|1858}}: Admiral à la suite in the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], 1909
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: Honorary Admiral in the [[Royal Navy]], 3 november 1908. <ref>{{cite web |title=Supplement 28192 in the London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28192/supplement/8023 |website=The Gazette |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
* {{flagu|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: Honorary Admiral in the [[Royal Navy]], 3 november 1908.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supplement 28192 in the London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28192/supplement/8023 |website=The Gazette |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
* {{flag|German Empire}}: General à la suite in the [[Imperial German Army]], 1909
* {{flagu|German Empire}}: General à la suite in the [[Imperial German Army]], 1909
* {{flag|German Empire}}: Admiral à la suite in the [[Imperial German Navy]], 1909
* {{flagu|German Empire}}: Admiral à la suite in the [[Imperial German Navy]], 1909
* {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: Admiral à la suite in the Spanish Navy, 1928
* {{flagu|Restoration (Spain)}}: Admiral à la suite in the Spanish Navy, 1928
* {{flag|German Empire}}: Honorary commander of the third Life Grenadier Regiment "Königin Elisabeth", 1909
* {{flagu|German Empire}}: Honorary commander of the third Life Grenadier Regiment "Königin Elisabeth", 1909


;Foreign honours<ref name="5 (Sveriges statskalender / 1950)">{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1950|volume=2|page=5|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1950bih/0005.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2018-01-06|language=sv}}</ref>
;Foreign honours<ref name="5 (Sveriges statskalender / 1950)">{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1950|volume=2|page=5|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1950bih/0005.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2018-01-06|language=sv}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flag|Norway|1844}}:
* {{flagu|Norway|1844}}:
** [[Order of St. Olav|Grand Cross of St. Olav]], with Collar, ''16 June 1858''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges och Norges statskalender|year=1870|page=690|url=https://runeberg.org/sonkal/1870/0732.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2018-01-06|language=sv}}</ref>
** [[Order of St. Olav|Grand Cross of St. Olav]], with Collar, ''16 June 1858''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges och Norges statskalender|year=1870|page=690|url=https://runeberg.org/sonkal/1870/0732.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=2018-01-06|language=sv}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Norwegian Lion|Knight of the Norwegian Lion]], ''21 January 1904''<ref>[http://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=33000&sek=32999 "The Order of the Norwegian Lion"], ''The Royal House of Norway''. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</ref>
** [[Order of the Norwegian Lion|Knight of the Norwegian Lion]], ''21 January 1904''<ref>[http://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=33000&sek=32999 "The Order of the Norwegian Lion"], ''The Royal House of Norway''. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</ref>
** [[King Haakon VII Freedom Cross]]
** [[King Haakon VII Freedom Cross]]
* {{flag|Denmark}}:
* {{flagu|Denmark}}:
** [[Knight of the Elephant]], ''22 June 1874''<ref name="DanskStatskalender">{{cite book |year=1944 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1944 |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1944 |url=https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918033.pdf#page=34 |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |page=16 |access-date=1 May 2020 |via=[[:da:DIS Danmark]]}}</ref>
** [[Knight of the Elephant]], ''22 June 1874''<ref name="DanskStatskalender">{{cite book |year=1944 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1944 |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1944 |url=https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918033.pdf#page=34 |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |page=16 |access-date=1 May 2020 |via=[[:da:DIS Danmark]]}}</ref>
** [[Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog]], ''18 November 1912''<ref name="DanskStatskalender"/>
** [[Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog]], ''18 November 1912''<ref name="DanskStatskalender"/>
** [[Grand Commander of the Dannebrog]], in Diamonds, ''29 October 1950''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tallinnmuseum.com/2018/06/15/order-of-the-dannebrog-dannebrogordenen-denmark/ |title=Order of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogordenen). Denmark |last=Levin |first=Sergey |date=15 June 2018 |website=Tallinn Museum of Orders of Knighthood |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
** [[Grand Commander of the Dannebrog]], in Diamonds, ''29 October 1950''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tallinnmuseum.com/2018/06/15/order-of-the-dannebrog-dannebrogordenen-denmark/ |title=Order of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogordenen). Denmark |last=Levin |first=Sergey |date=15 June 2018 |website=Tallinn Museum of Orders of Knighthood |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Hungary]]:
* Hungary:
** {{flag|Kingdom of Hungary|1878}}: [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]], ''1879''<ref>[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>
** {{flagu|Kingdom of Hungary|1878}}: [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]], ''1879''<ref>[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} [[Regency Hungary]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary|Order of Merit]], with Holy Crown and Collar
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} [[Regency Hungary]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary|Order of Merit]], with Holy Crown and Collar
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}:<ref name="dell'interno1898">{{cite book|author=Italia : Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PP5|year=1898|publisher=Unione tipografico-editrice|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PA54 54]}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Italy}}:<ref name="dell'interno1898">{{cite book|author=Italia : Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PP5|year=1898|publisher=Unione tipografico-editrice|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PA54 54]}}</ref>
** [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Knight of the Annunciation]], ''24 February 1879''
** [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Knight of the Annunciation]], ''24 February 1879''
** [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''24 February 1879''
** [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''24 February 1879''
* {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''30 June 1881''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es|chapter=Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1887|access-date=21 March 2019|page=147|language=es}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Restoration (Spain)}}: [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''30 June 1881''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es|chapter=Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1887|access-date=21 March 2019|page=147|language=es}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Thailand|1855}} [[Siam]]: Knight of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''13 July 1897''<ref name="Stockholm">{{cite web |author=Royal Thai Government Gazette |author-link=Royal Thai Government Gazette |date=9 March 1898 |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2441/049/523_3.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215715/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2441/049/523_3.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ ทีประเทศยุโรป|language=th |access-date=2019-05-08 }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Thailand|1855}} [[Siam]]: Knight of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''13 July 1897''<ref name="Stockholm">{{cite web |author=Royal Thai Government Gazette |author-link=Royal Thai Government Gazette |date=9 March 1898 |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2441/049/523_3.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215715/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2441/049/523_3.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ ทีประเทศยุโรป|language=th |access-date=2019-05-08 }}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:
* {{flagu|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:
** [[Order of the Bath|Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath]] (civil), ''19 February 1901''<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27286 |date=19 February 1901 |page=1226 }}</ref>
** [[Order of the Bath|Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath]] (civil), ''19 February 1901''<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27286 |date=19 February 1901 |page=1226 }}</ref>
** [[Knight of the Garter]], ''13 June 1905''<ref>{{London Gazette| issue = 27806| date = 13 June 1905| page = 4249| supp = y}}</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E6D8173EE733A25756C2A9679D946797D6CF "Garter Knights Meet in Splendid Ceremony ... King Haakon is Invested,"] ''New York Times.'' 25 November 1906</ref>
** [[Knight of the Garter]], ''13 June 1905''<ref>{{London Gazette| issue = 27806| date = 13 June 1905| page = 4249| supp = y}}</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E6D8173EE733A25756C2A9679D946797D6CF "Garter Knights Meet in Splendid Ceremony ... King Haakon is Invested,"] ''New York Times.'' 25 November 1906</ref>
** Recipient of the [[Royal Victorian Chain]], ''27 April 1908''<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28134|date=5 May 1908|page=3311}}</ref>
** Recipient of the [[Royal Victorian Chain]], ''27 April 1908''<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28134|date=5 May 1908|page=3311}}</ref>
* {{flag|Austria}}: Grand Cross of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
* {{flagu|Austria}}: Grand Cross of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]]
* {{flagu|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]]
* {{flag|Brazil}}: [[Order of the Southern Cross|Grand Cross of the Southern Cross]]
* {{flagu|Brazil}}: [[Order of the Southern Cross|Grand Cross of the Southern Cross]]
* {{flag|Chile}}: Collar of the [[Order of Merit (Chile)|Order of Merit]]
* {{flagu|Chile}}: Collar of the [[Order of Merit (Chile)|Order of Merit]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China.svg}} [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]]: [[Order of Propitious Clouds]], 1st Class
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China.svg}} [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]]: [[Order of Propitious Clouds]], 1st Class
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: [[Order of the White Lion|Collar of the White Lion]], ''1937''<ref>[http://www.vyznamenani.net/?p=1053 "Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech"] (in Czech), ''Czech Medals and Orders Society''. Retrieved 2018-08-09.</ref>
* {{flagu|Czechoslovakia}}: [[Order of the White Lion|Collar of the White Lion]], ''1937''<ref>[http://www.vyznamenani.net/?p=1053 "Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech"] (in Czech), ''Czech Medals and Orders Society''. Retrieved 2018-08-09.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Egypt}}: Collar of the [[Order of Muhammad Ali]]
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Egypt}}: Collar of the [[Order of Muhammad Ali]]
* {{flag|Estonia}}:
* {{flagu|Estonia}}:
** [[Cross of Liberty (Estonia)|Cross of Liberty]], Grade III Class I, ''29 April 1925''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross of Liberty: Gustav V of Sweden|url=https://www.president.ee/en/estonia/decorations/bearer/14177/gustav-v|website=Estonian State Decorations|language=et|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>
** [[Cross of Liberty (Estonia)|Cross of Liberty]], Grade III Class I, ''29 April 1925''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross of Liberty: Gustav V of Sweden|url=https://www.president.ee/en/estonia/decorations/bearer/14177/gustav-v|website=Estonian State Decorations|language=et|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>
** [[Order of the White Star|Collar of the White Star]], ''7 June 1938''<ref>{{cite web|title=Order of the White Star: Gustav V of Sweden|url=https://www.president.ee/en/estonia/decorations/bearer/18068/gustav-v|website=Estonian State Decorations|language=et|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>
** [[Order of the White Star|Collar of the White Star]], ''7 June 1938''<ref>{{cite web|title=Order of the White Star: Gustav V of Sweden|url=https://www.president.ee/en/estonia/decorations/bearer/18068/gustav-v|website=Estonian State Decorations|language=et|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire}}: Collar of the [[Order of Solomon]], ''1945''<ref>"[http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226054014/http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon |date=26 December 2012 }}", ''The Crown Council of Ethiopia''. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref>
* {{flagu|Ethiopian Empire}}: Collar of the [[Order of Solomon]], ''1945''<ref>"[http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226054014/http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htm#TheOrderofSolomon |date=26 December 2012 }}", ''The Crown Council of Ethiopia''. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref>
* {{flag|Finland}}: [[Order of the White Rose of Finland|Grand Cross of the White Rose]], with Collar, ''1919''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritarikunnat.fi/index.php/fi/64-ritarikunnat/palkitut/216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset|title=Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen|website=ritarikunnat.fi|language=fi|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Finland}}: [[Order of the White Rose of Finland|Grand Cross of the White Rose]], with Collar, ''1919''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritarikunnat.fi/index.php/fi/64-ritarikunnat/palkitut/216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset|title=Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen|website=ritarikunnat.fi|language=fi|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|German Empire}}:
* {{flagu|German Empire}}:
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''6 February 1873'';<ref name="prus">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=15&skin=2021 7], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=1008&skin=2021 936]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1886}}</ref> with Collar
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''6 February 1873'';<ref name="prus">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=15&skin=2021 7], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=1008&skin=2021 936]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1886}}</ref> with Collar
** [[Order of the Red Eagle|Grand Cross of the Red Eagle]]
** [[Order of the Red Eagle|Grand Cross of the Red Eagle]]
** Grand Commander's Cross of the [[House Order of Hohenzollern#Royal House Order|Royal House Order of Hohenzollern]], ''10 March 1881''<ref name="prus"/>
** Grand Commander's Cross of the [[House Order of Hohenzollern#Royal House Order|Royal House Order of Hohenzollern]], ''10 March 1881''<ref name="prus"/>
** {{flag|Baden}}:<ref name="HandbuchBaden">''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878736 pp. 62], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878750 76]</ref>
** {{flagu|Baden}}:<ref name="HandbuchBaden">''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878736 pp. 62], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878750 76]</ref>
*** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1881''
*** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1881''
*** Knight of the [[Order of Berthold the First]], ''1881''
*** Knight of the [[Order of Berthold the First]], ''1881''
** {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1879''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern'' (1908), "Königliche Orden" [https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00landgoog/page/n37/mode/2up p. 7]</ref>
** {{flagu|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1879''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern'' (1908), "Königliche Orden" [https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00landgoog/page/n37/mode/2up p. 7]</ref>
** {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]]
** {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]]
** {{flagicon|Grand Duchy of Hesse}} [[Hesse and by Rhine]]: Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''20 September 1881''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen'' (1883), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen", [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112032663715&view=1up&seq=42 p. 14]</ref>
** {{flagicon|Grand Duchy of Hesse}} [[Hesse and by Rhine]]: Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''20 September 1881''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen'' (1883), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen", [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112032663715&view=1up&seq=42 p. 14]</ref>
** {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} [[Mecklenburg]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore and Collar
** {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} [[Mecklenburg]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore and Collar
** {{flagicon|Nassau}} [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau Ducal Family]]: [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau|Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau]]
** {{flagicon|Nassau}} [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau Ducal Family]]: [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau|Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau]]
** {{flag|Oldenburg}}: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Golden Crown and Collar
** {{flagu|Oldenburg}}: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Golden Crown and Collar
** {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: [[Order of the White Falcon|Grand Cross of the White Falcon]], ''1881''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach'' (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif p. 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906150133/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif |date=6 September 2020 }}</ref>
** {{flagu|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: [[Order of the White Falcon|Grand Cross of the White Falcon]], ''1881''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach'' (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif p. 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906150133/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif |date=6 September 2020 }}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Saxony}}: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]], ''1888''<ref name="Sachsen1901">{{cite book|author=Sachsen|title=Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901|year=1901|publisher=Heinrich|chapter=Königlich Orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030492006&view=1up&seq=44&skin=2021 4]|location=Dresden|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** {{flagu|Kingdom of Saxony}}: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]], ''1888''<ref name="Sachsen1901">{{cite book|author=Sachsen|title=Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901|year=1901|publisher=Heinrich|chapter=Königlich Orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030492006&view=1up&seq=44&skin=2021 4]|location=Dresden|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** {{flag|Württemberg}}: [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1879''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg'' (1907), "Königliche Orden" [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63 p. 28]</ref>
** {{flagu|Württemberg}}: [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1879''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg'' (1907), "Königliche Orden" [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63 p. 28]</ref>
* {{flagicon|Greece|royal}} [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]: [[Order of the Redeemer|Grand Cross of the Redeemer]]
* {{flagicon|Greece|royal}} [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]: [[Order of the Redeemer|Grand Cross of the Redeemer]]
* [[Iran]]:
* Iran:
** {{flagicon image|Early 20th Century Qajar Flag.svg}} [[Qajar dynasty]]: House Order of the Imperial Effigy, 1st Class
** {{flagicon image|Early 20th Century Qajar Flag.svg}} [[Qajar dynasty]]: House Order of the Imperial Effigy, 1st Class
** {{flagicon image|State flag of the Imperial State of Iran (with standardized lion and sun).svg}} [[Pahlavi dynasty]]: Collar of the [[Order of Pahlavi]]
** {{flagicon image|State flag of the Imperial State of Iran (with standardized lion and sun).svg}} [[Pahlavi dynasty]]: Collar of the [[Order of Pahlavi]]
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq}}: Grand Collar of the Order of the Hashimites
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Iraq}}: Grand Collar of the Order of the Hashimites
* {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''29 July 1881''<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部おさかべ芳則よしのり|title=明治めいじ時代じだいの勲章くんしょう外交がいこう儀礼ぎれい|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治めいじ聖徳せいとく記念きねん学会がっかい紀要きよう|language=ja|page=143}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Empire of Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''29 July 1881''<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部おさかべ芳則よしのり|title=明治めいじ時代じだいの勲章くんしょう外交がいこう儀礼ぎれい|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治めいじ聖徳せいとく記念きねん学会がっかい紀要きよう|language=ja|page=143}}</ref>
* {{flag|Latvia}}: [[Order of the Three Stars|Commander Grand Cross of the Three Stars]], with Collar
* {{flagu|Latvia}}: [[Order of the Three Stars|Commander Grand Cross of the Three Stars]], with Collar
* {{flag|Monaco}}: [[Order of Saint-Charles|Grand Cross of St. Charles]], ''6 April 1875''<ref>[https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/a96f66cf5783b1e5fcaf380305ac4b8d.pdf Sovereign Ordonnance of 6 April 1875]</ref>
* {{flagu|Monaco}}: [[Order of Saint-Charles|Grand Cross of St. Charles]], ''6 April 1875''<ref>[https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/a96f66cf5783b1e5fcaf380305ac4b8d.pdf Sovereign Ordonnance of 6 April 1875]</ref>
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion]]
* {{flagu|Netherlands}}: [[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion]]
* {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}:
* {{flagu|Ottoman Empire}}:
** [[Order of Distinction (Ottoman Empire)|Order of Distinction]]
** [[Order of Distinction (Ottoman Empire)|Order of Distinction]]
** [[Order of Osmanieh]], 1st Class
** [[Order of Osmanieh]], 1st Class
* {{flag|Peru}}: [[Order of the Sun of Peru|Grand Cross of the Sun of Peru]], in Diamonds, ''1923''
* {{flagu|Peru}}: [[Order of the Sun of Peru|Grand Cross of the Sun of Peru]], in Diamonds, ''1923''
* {{flag|Poland}}: [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Knight of the White Eagle]], ''15 June 1928''<ref>{{citation|title=Odznaczenie króla szwedzkiego|trans-title=Awards of the King of Sweden|language=pl|url=https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/plain-content?id=33196|publisher=Gazeta Lwowska|page=3|issue=136|date=15 June 1928|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Poland}}: [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Knight of the White Eagle]], ''15 June 1928''<ref>{{citation|title=Odznaczenie króla szwedzkiego|trans-title=Awards of the King of Sweden|language=pl|url=https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/plain-content?id=33196|publisher=Gazeta Lwowska|page=3|issue=136|date=15 June 1928|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Portugal}}:
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Portugal}}:
** [[Order of the Tower and Sword|Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword]]
** [[Order of the Tower and Sword|Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword]]
** Grand Cross of the [[Sash of the Three Orders]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gemensamt ordenstecken för de tre förnämsta portugisiska ordnarna, Kristus-, S:t Bento d'Aviz- och S:t Jakobsorden|url=http://emuseumplus.lsh.se/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=38101&viewType=detailView|language=sv}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Sash of the Three Orders]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gemensamt ordenstecken för de tre förnämsta portugisiska ordnarna, Kristus-, S:t Bento d'Aviz- och S:t Jakobsorden|url=http://emuseumplus.lsh.se/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=38101&viewType=detailView|language=sv}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}:
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Romania}}:
** [[Order of the Star of Romania|Grand Cross of the Star of Romania]]
** [[Order of the Star of Romania|Grand Cross of the Star of Romania]]
** [[Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania]]
** [[Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania]]
** Collar of the [[Order of Carol I]]
** Collar of the [[Order of Carol I]]
*{{flagcountry|Russian Empire|1858}}:
*{{flagu|Russian Empire|1858}}:
** [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]], ''1881''
** [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]], ''1881''
** [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]]
** [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]]
Line 193: Line 201:
** [[Order of St. Anna|Knight of St. Anna]], 1st Class
** [[Order of St. Anna|Knight of St. Anna]], 1st Class
** [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Knight of St. Stanislaus]], 1st Class
** [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Knight of St. Stanislaus]], 1st Class
* [[File:Flag of Venezuela (1863–1905).svg|25px]] [[Venezuela]]: Collar of the [[Order of the Liberator]]
* [[File:Flag of Venezuela (1863–1905).svg|25px]] Venezuela: Collar of the [[Order of the Liberator]]
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}: [[Order of Karađorđe's Star|Grand Cross of the Star of Karađorđe]]
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}: [[Order of Karađorđe's Star|Grand Cross of the Star of Karađorđe]]


}}
}}
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!width="16%"|Name!! width="14%"|Birth!! width="14%"|Death!! width="64%"|Notes
!width="16%"|Name!! width="14%"|Birth!! width="14%"|Death!! width="64%"|Notes
|-
|-
| [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]] || 11 November 1882 || 15 September 1973 || Married 1) [[Princess Margaret of Connaught]] (1882–1920), had issue (four sons, one daughter), married 2) [[Lady Louise Mountbatten]] (1889–1965), had issue (a stillborn daughter)
| [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]] || 11 November 1882 || 15 September 1973 || Married 1) [[Princess Margaret of Connaught]] (1882–1920), had issue (including [[Ingrid of Sweden|Ingrid, Queen of Denmark]]);
Married 2) [[Lady Louise Mountbatten]] (1889–1965), had issue (a stillborn daughter)
|-
|-
| [[Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland]] || 17 June 1884 || 5 June 1965 || Married [[Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890-1958)|Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia]] (1890–1958), had issue
| [[Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland]] || 17 June 1884 || 5 June 1965 || Married [[Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890-1958)|Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia]] (1890–1958), had issue
Line 219: Line 228:
|-
|-
|}
|}
Swedish author Anders Lundebeck (1900–1976) allegedly was an extramarital son of King Gustaf V,<ref>[https://www.dixikon.se/karen-blixen-och-h-h-richardson/ Article 2009-10-02] ''Om två uteblivna Nobelpris'' by Ivo Holmqvist in ''Dixikon'' (sponsored by the [[Swedish Arts Council]])</ref> an allegation purported by Lundebeck himself and to some extent supported by existing facts.<ref>Sir [[:sv:Gustaf von Platen|Gustaf von Platen]] in ''Bakom den gyllene fasaden'' [[Bonniers]] {{ISBN|91-0-058048-1}} p 35</ref>
Swedish author Anders Lundebeck (1900–1976) allegedly was an extramarital son of King Gustaf V,<ref>[https://www.dixikon.se/karen-blixen-och-h-h-richardson/ Article 2009-10-02] ''Om två uteblivna Nobelpris'' by Ivo Holmqvist in ''Dixikon'' (sponsored by the [[Swedish Arts Council]])</ref> an allegation purported by Lundebeck himself<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hadenius |first=Stig |title=Gustaf V: en biografi |date=2005 |publisher=Historiska media |isbn=978-91-85057-20-7 |location=Lund |pages=18 |language=Swedish}}</ref> and to some extent supported by existing facts.<ref>Sir [[:sv:Gustaf von Platen|Gustaf von Platen]] in ''Bakom den gyllene fasaden'' [[Bonniers]] {{ISBN|91-0-058048-1}} p 35</ref>


==Ancestry==
==Ancestry==
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[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Vasa]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Norwegian Lion]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Norwegian Lion]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog]]

Revision as of 01:29, 11 May 2024

Gustaf V
Gustaf V in 1938
King of Sweden
Reign8 December 1907 – 29 October 1950
PredecessorOscar II
SuccessorGustaf VI Adolf
Prime ministers
See list
Born(1858-06-16)16 June 1858
Drottningholm Palace, Stockholm, Sweden
Died29 October 1950(1950-10-29) (aged 92)
Drottningholm Palace, Stockholm, Sweden
Burial9 November 1950
Riddarholmen Church
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1881; died 1930)​
Issue
Names
Oscar Gustaf Adolf
HouseBernadotte
FatherOscar II
MotherSophia of Nassau
ReligionChurch of Sweden
SignatureGustaf V's signature

Gustaf V (Oscar Gustaf Adolf; 16 June 1858 – 29 October 1950) was King of Sweden from 8 December 1907 until his death in 1950. He was the eldest son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Sophia of Nassau, a half-sister of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Reigning from the death of his father Oscar II in 1907 to his own death nearly 43 years later, he holds the record of being the oldest monarch of Sweden with the third-longest reign after Magnus IV (1319–1364) and Carl XVI Gustaf (1973–present). He was also the last Swedish monarch to exercise his royal prerogatives, which largely died with him, although they were formally abolished only with the remaking of the Swedish constitution in 1974. He was the first Swedish king since the High Middle Ages not to have a coronation and so never wore the king's crown, a practice that has continued ever since.

Gustaf's early reign saw the rise of parliamentary rule in Sweden although the leadup to World War I induced his dismissal of Liberal Prime Minister Karl Staaff in 1914, replacing him with his own figurehead, Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, the father of Dag Hammarskjöld, for most of the war. However, after the Liberals and Social Democrats secured a parliamentary majority under Staaff's successor, Nils Edén, he allowed Edén to form a new government which de facto stripped the monarchy of virtually all powers and enacted universal and equal suffrage, including for women, by 1919. Bowing to the principles of parliamentary democracy, he remained a popular figurehead for the remaining 31 years of his rule, although not completely without influence. Gustaf V had pro-German and anti-Communist stances which were outwardly expressed during World War I and the Russian Civil War. During World War II, he allegedly urged Per Albin Hansson's coalition government to accept requests from Nazi Germany for logistics support, arguing that refusing might provoke an invasion. His intervention remains controversial.

An avid hunter and sportsman, Gustaf presided over the 1912 Olympic Games and chaired the Swedish Association of Sports from 1897 to 1907. Most notably, he represented Sweden (under the alias of Mr G.) as a competitive tennis player, keeping up competitive tennis until his 80s, when his eyesight deteriorated rapidly.[1][2] He was succeeded by his son, Gustaf VI Adolf.

Early life

First years

Prince Gustaf (far left) with his parents and brothers in 1865.

Gustaf V was born on 16 June 1858 in Drottningholm Palace in Ekerö, Stockholm County, the son of Prince Oscar, Duke of Östergötland and Princess Sofia of Nassau. His father was a younger son of the reigning king, Oscar I, and as the king's eldest son, Crown Prince Charles had no surviving sons, it could be expected that the new-born prince would one day inherit the Swedish throne. At birth he was created Duke of Värmland, and on 12 July he was baptised Oscar Gustaf Adolf at the Royal Chapel of the Stockholm Palace by the Archbishop of Uppsala, Henrik Reuterdahl.

The following year, his brother Prince Oscar was born, followed by Prince Carl in 1861, and Prince Eugen in 1865. The family lived in the Arvfurstens palats (Palace of the Hereditary Prince), an 18th-century palace located at Gustav Adolfs torg in central Stockholm, and the summers were spent at Sofiero Castle near Helsingborg in Scania, which the father acquired in 1864. During his early years, the prince was considered to have a weak body constitution, and as a consequence he was treated with electrotherapy on May 10, 1871.[3]

The three eldest princes began their schooling at the newly founded Beskowska School in Östermalm in Stockholm in October 1869. Among the prince's classmates at the school was the future party leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and three times Prime Minister of Sweden, Hjalmar Branting.

Crown Prince

On 18 September 1872 his uncle King Charles XV died, and Gustaf's father ascended the throne as King Oscar II. Upon his father's accession to the throne, Gustaf became crown prince of both Sweden and Norway at the age of 14. The new king and queen and their children now moved into the large Stockholm Palace, and the crown prince's schooling at the Beskowska School was interrupted, as he was now to receive his education as heir to the throne at the palace.

Wedding medal for Gustaf and Victoria in 1881

On 20 September 1881 in Karlsruhe, Germany, he married Princess Victoria of Baden, the only daughter of Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden and Princess Louise of Prussia.

Crown Prince Gustaf wears the Coronet of the Heir Apparent in 1893
Photograph of Crown Prince Gustaf, c. 1897

On 8 December 1907 King Oscar II died and the 49-year-old Gustaf succeeded his father as King of Sweden as the fifth monarch from the House of Bernadotte.

Public life

Meeting of the three kings in Malmö, 18 December 1914: Haakon VII of Norway, Gustaf V, and Christian X of Denmark.
Wilhelm II and Gustaf V during the opening of the ferry between Sassnitz and Trelleborg.

When he ascended the throne, Gustaf V was, at least on paper, a near-autocrat. The 1809 Instrument of Government made the King both head of state and head of government, and ministers were solely responsible to him. However, his father had been forced to accept a government chosen by the majority in Parliament in 1905. Since then, prime ministers had been de facto required to have the confidence of the Riksdag to stay in office.

Early in his reign, in 1910, Gustaf V refused to grant clemency to the convicted murderer Johan Alfred Ander, who thus became the last person to be executed in Sweden.

At first Gustaf V seemed to be willing to accept parliamentary rule. After the Liberals won a massive landslide victory in 1911, Gustaf appointed Liberal leader Karl Staaff as Prime Minister. However, during the run-up to World War I, the elites objected to Staaff's defence policy. In February 1914, a large crowd of farmers gathered at the royal palace and demanded that the country's defences be strengthened. In his reply, the so-called Courtyard Speech—which was actually written by explorer Sven Hedin, an ardent conservative—Gustaf promised to strengthen the country's defences. Staaff was outraged, telling the King that parliamentary rule called for the Crown to stay out of partisan politics. He was also angered that he had not been consulted in advance of the speech. However, Gustaf retorted that he still had the right to "communicate freely with the Swedish people". The Staaff government resigned in protest, and Gustaf appointed a government of civil servants headed by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (father of future UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld) in its place.

Gustaf V and visiting L. K. Relander, the 2nd President of the Republic of Finland, pass an honour guard in 1925 in Stockholm.
Portrait of Gustaf V by Bernhard Österman, 1937/38

The 1917 elections showed a heavy gain for the Liberals and Social Democrats, who between them held a decisive majority. Despite this, Gustaf initially tried to appoint a Conservative government headed by Johan Widén. However, Widén was unable to attract enough support for a coalition. It was now apparent that Gustaf could no longer appoint a government entirely of his own choosing, nor could he keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. With no choice but to appoint a Liberal as prime minister, he appointed a Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government headed by Staaff's successor as Liberal leader, Nils Edén. The Edén government promptly arrogated most of the king's political powers to itself and enacted numerous reforms, most notably the institution of complete (male and female) universal suffrage in 1918–1919. While Gustaf still formally appointed the ministers, they now had to have the confidence of Parliament. He was now also bound to act on the ministers' advice. Although the provision in the Instrument of Government stating that "the King alone shall govern the realm" remained unchanged, the king was now bound by convention to exercise his powers through the ministers. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the ministers did the actual governing. While ministers were already legally responsible to the Riksdag under the Instrument of government, it was now understood that they were politically responsible to the Riksdag as well. Gustaf accepted his reduced role, and reigned for the rest of his life as a model limited constitutional monarch. Parliamentarianism had become a de facto reality in Sweden, even if it would not be formalised until 1974, when a new Instrument of Government stripped the monarchy of even nominal political power. Gustaf V was considered to have German sympathies during World War I. His political stance during the war was highly influenced by his wife, who felt a strong connection to her German homeland. On 18 December 1914, he sponsored a meeting in Malmö with the other two kings of Scandinavia to demonstrate unity. Another of Gustaf V's objectives was to dispel suspicions that he wanted to bring Sweden into the war on Germany's side.[4]

Although effectively stripped of political power, Gustaf was not completely without influence. In 1938, for instance, he personally summoned the German ambassador to Sweden and told him that if Hitler attacked Czechoslovakia over its refusal to give up the Sudetenland, it would trigger a world war that Germany would almost certainly lose.[5] Additionally, his long reign gave him great moral authority as a symbol of the nation's unity.

Alleged Nazi sympathies

Prince Gustaf Adolf, Hermann Göring, and King Gustaf V in Berlin, February 1939

Both the King and his grandson Prince Gustaf Adolf socialised with Nazi leaders before World War II, though arguably for diplomatic purposes. Gustaf V attempted to convince Hitler during a visit to Berlin to soften his persecution of the Jews, according to historian Jörgen Weibull. He was also noted for appealing to the leader of Hungary to save its Jews "in the name of humanity."

When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Gustaf V tried to write a private letter to Hitler thanking him for taking care of the "Bolshevik[6] pest" and congratulating him on his "already achieved victories".[7] He was stopped from doing so by Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson.[8]

During the war Gustaf V invited Swedish Nazi leader Sven Olov Lindholm to Stockholm Palace. The King had friends in Lindholm's movement.[9][10][11]

Midsummer crisis 1941

According to Prime Minister Hansson, during the Midsummer crisis, the King in a private conversation had threatened to abdicate if the government did not approve a German request to transfer a German infantry division, the so-called Engelbrecht Division, through Swedish territory from southern Norway to northern Finland in June 1941, around Midsummer. The accuracy of the claim is debated, and the King's intention, if he really made the threat, is sometimes alleged to be his desire to avoid conflict with Germany. The event has received considerable attention from Swedish historians and is known as midsommarkrisen, the Midsummer Crisis.[12]

Confirmation of the King's action is contained in German Foreign Policy documents captured at the end of the war. On 25 June 1941, the German Ambassador in Stockholm sent a "Most Urgent-Top Secret" message to Berlin in which he stated that the King had just informed him that the transit of German troops would be allowed. He added:

The King's words conveyed the joyful emotion he felt. He had lived through anxious days and had gone far in giving his personal support to the matter. He added confidentially that he had found it necessary to go so far as to mention his abdication.[13]

Personal life

Gustaf V playing tennis at Real Club de la Puerta de Hierro, 1927
Tennis shoes worn by Gustaf V.

Gustaf V was thin, and known for his height. He wore pince-nez eyeglasses and sported a pointed mustache for most of his teen years.

Gustaf V was a devoted tennis player, appearing under the pseudonym Mr G. As a player and promoter of the sport, he was elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1980. The King learned to play tennis during a visit in Britain in 1876 and founded Sweden's first tennis club on his return home. In 1936 he founded the King's Club. During his reign, Gustaf was often seen playing on the Riviera. On a visit to Berlin, Gustaf went straight from a meeting with Hitler to a tennis match with the Jewish player Daniel Prenn. During World War II, he interceded to obtain better treatment for Davis Cup star Jean Borotra of France and his personal trainer and friend Baron Gottfried von Cramm of Germany, who had been imprisoned by the Nazi Government on the charge of a homosexual relationship with a Jew.

Swedish coastal defence ship HM Pansarskepp Gustaf V (1922–1957).

Haijby affair

Allegations of a love affair between Gustaf V and Kurt Haijby led to the court paying 170,000 kronor under the threat of blackmail by Haijby. That led to the so-called Haijby Affair and several controversial trials and convictions against Haijby, which spawned considerable controversy about Gustaf V's alleged homosexuality.[14]

In 2021 the alleged events surrounding the Haijby Affair were adapted into a fictional miniseries for Sveriges Television called En Kunglig Affär (A Royal Secret), directed by Lisa James Larsson and written by Bengt Braskered.[15]

Death

After a reign of nearly 43 years, Gustaf V died in Stockholm of acute bronchitis with bronchietasis on 29 October 1950. His 67-year-old son Gustaf succeeded him as Gustaf VI Adolf.

Honours

National honours[16]
Foreign military ranks[18]
  •  Denmark: General à la suite in the Royal Danish Army, 1909
  •  Russian Empire: Admiral à la suite in the Imperial Russian Navy, 1909
  •  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Admiral in the Royal Navy, 3 november 1908.[19]
  •  German Empire: General à la suite in the Imperial German Army, 1909
  •  German Empire: Admiral à la suite in the Imperial German Navy, 1909
  •  Restoration (Spain): Admiral à la suite in the Spanish Navy, 1928
  •  German Empire: Honorary commander of the third Life Grenadier Regiment "Königin Elisabeth", 1909
Foreign honours[20]

Arms

Upon his creation as Duke of Värmland, Gustaf V was granted a coat of arms with the Arms of Värmland in base. Upon his accession to the throne, he assumed the Arms of Dominion of Sweden.

  • Arms as crown prince from 1872 to 1905
    Arms as crown prince from 1872 to 1905
  • Arms as crown prince from 1905 to 1907
    Arms as crown prince from 1905 to 1907
  • Greater Coat of Arms of Sweden
    Greater Coat of Arms of Sweden
  • Royal Monogram of King Gustaf V of Sweden
    Royal Monogram of King Gustaf V of Sweden

Issue

Name Birth Death Notes
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden 11 November 1882 15 September 1973 Married 1) Princess Margaret of Connaught (1882–1920), had issue (including Ingrid, Queen of Denmark);

Married 2) Lady Louise Mountbatten (1889–1965), had issue (a stillborn daughter)

Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland 17 June 1884 5 June 1965 Married Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890–1958), had issue
Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland 20 April 1889 20 September 1918 Died unmarried of the Spanish flu, no issue

Swedish author Anders Lundebeck (1900–1976) allegedly was an extramarital son of King Gustaf V,[49] an allegation purported by Lundebeck himself[50] and to some extent supported by existing facts.[51]

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ "Gustaf V". NE Nationalencyklopedin AB (in Swedish). Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  2. ^ "Haijbyaffären". NE Nationalencyklopedin AB (in Swedish). Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  3. ^ von Dardel, Fritz (1913). Minnen, Fjärde delen 1871–1872 (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag. p. 37.
  4. ^ "Kin Gustav V's No Nazi Sympathizer". Real Clear History. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  5. ^ William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)
  6. ^ Hadenius, Stig (2005). Gustaf V: en biografi (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. p. 244. ISBN 978-91-85057-20-7.
  7. ^ Dagens Nyheter 070729 "Churchill fick vredesutbrott över svenske kungens svek". Debatt (in Swedish). 29 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2007.
  8. ^ "King Gustav V of Sweden: Nazi Sympathiser?". RoyaltyRobert Blogger and writer. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  9. ^ "Karaktärsmord på döda svenskar". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 18 September 2002. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  10. ^ Gustaf V och andra Världskriget. Carlsson, Erik. 2007. ISBN 9789185057887
  11. ^ Operation Norrsken: Om Stasi och Sverige under kalla kriget, av Christoph Andersson
  12. ^ Hansson (Wahlbäck, Regeringen och kriget. Ur statsrådens dagböcker 1939–41)
  13. ^ Documents of German Foreign Policy 1918–1945 Series D Volume XIII The War Years 23 June 1941 – 11 December 1941, Published in UK by HMSO and in US By Government Printing Office.
  14. ^ Heumann, Maths (1978). Rättsaffärerna Kejne och Haijby (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. ISBN 91-1-787202-2.
  15. ^ "A Royal Secret: The intriguing true story of King Gustaf V, Sweden's first gay king". www.voguescandinavia.com. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  16. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 438, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  17. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 525, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  18. ^ Almanach de Gotha (in French). Justus Perths Publishers. 1 January 1909. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  19. ^ "Supplement 28192 in the London Gazette". The Gazette. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  20. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), vol. 2, 1950, p. 5, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  21. ^ Sveriges och Norges statskalender (in Swedish), 1870, p. 690, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  22. ^ "The Order of the Norwegian Lion", The Royal House of Norway. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  23. ^ a b Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1944) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1944 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1944] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 16. Retrieved 1 May 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.
  24. ^ Levin, Sergey (15 June 2018). "Order of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogordenen). Denmark". Tallinn Museum of Orders of Knighthood. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  25. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
  27. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1887, p. 147, retrieved 21 March 2019
  28. ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (9 March 1898). "พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ ทีประเทศยุโรป" (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  29. ^ "No. 27286". The London Gazette. 19 February 1901. p. 1226.
  30. ^ "No. 27806". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 June 1905. p. 4249.
  31. ^ "Garter Knights Meet in Splendid Ceremony ... King Haakon is Invested," New York Times. 25 November 1906
  32. ^ "No. 28134". The London Gazette. 5 May 1908. p. 3311.
  33. ^ "Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" (in Czech), Czech Medals and Orders Society. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
  34. ^ "Cross of Liberty: Gustav V of Sweden". Estonian State Decorations (in Estonian). Retrieved 22 June 2020.
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  40. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern (1908), "Königliche Orden" p. 7
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  44. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28
  45. ^ 刑部おさかべ芳則よしのり (2017). 明治めいじ時代じだいの勲章くんしょう外交がいこう儀礼ぎれい (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治めいじ聖徳せいとく記念きねん学会がっかい紀要きよう. p. 143.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gustav V of Sweden.
Gustaf V
Born: 16 June 1858 Died: 29 October 1950
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Sweden
1907–1950 		Succeeded by
Royal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Charles 		Crown Prince of Sweden
1872–1907 		Succeeded by
Crown Prince of Norway
1872–1905 		Vacant
Title next held by
Olav
Vacant
Title last held by
Carl Adolf 		Duke of Värmland
1858–1907 		Vacant
Title next held by
Carl Philip
Political offices
Vacant
Title last held by
Carl 		Viceroy of Norway
1884 		Vacant
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Cover of Time magazine
30 October 1939 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustaf_V&oldid=1223280577"