Apologies to Indigenous peoples: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Acknowledgements of genocides and atrocities}} |
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[[File:Apology to Australia's Indigenous Peoples.jpg|thumb|Apology to Australia's Indigenous people from the Prime Minister]] |
[[File:Apology to Australia's Indigenous Peoples.jpg|thumb|Apology to Australia's Indigenous people from the Prime Minister]] |
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'''Apologies to Indigenous peoples''' refer to apologies extended by political leaders or representatives, acting on behalf of a political entity or nation, to acknowledge and express remorse for some historical wrong. |
'''Apologies to Indigenous peoples''' refer to apologies extended by political leaders or representatives, acting on behalf of a political entity or nation, to acknowledge and express remorse for some historical wrong. |
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|[[Stolen Generations|Stolen generations]], 1905-1970s |
|[[Stolen Generations|Stolen generations]], 1905-1970s |
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|2008 |
|2008 |
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|<ref name="Australian Government Official Website2">{{cite web|access-date=2012-02-21|archive-date=12 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054900/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sorry-day-stolen-generations|publisher=Australian Government|title=Official Australian Government Website – Sorry Day and the Stolen Generation|url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sorry-day-stolen-generations}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
|<ref name="Australian Government Official Website2">{{cite web|access-date=2012-02-21|archive-date=12 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054900/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sorry-day-stolen-generations|publisher=Australian Government|title=Official Australian Government Website – Sorry Day and the Stolen Generation|url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sorry-day-stolen-generations}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2023-03-28|date=2022-12-09|language=en-GB|title='Keating told the truth': Stan Grant, Larissa Behrendt and others remember the Redfern speech 30 years on|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/dec/10/paul-keating-redfern-speech-30-year-anniverary|work=The Guardian}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lightfoot |first=Sheryl |date=2015 |title=Settler-State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework and Comparative Assessment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0015 |journal=Native American and Indigenous Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |doi=10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0015 |jstor=10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0015 |s2cid=156826767 |issn=2332-1261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barta |first=Tony |date=2008 |title=Sorry, and not sorry, in Australia: how the apology to the stolen generations buried a history of genocide |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623520802065438 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=201–214 |doi=10.1080/14623520802065438 |s2cid=73078524 |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> |
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|Belgium |
|Belgium |
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|Colonial abuse |
|Colonial abuse |
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|2020 |
|2020 |
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|<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|date=2022-06-08|language=en|title=Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for wounds inflicted in Congo|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/06/08/belgian-king-reiterates-regrets-for-colonial-past-in-congo|website=euronews}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|date=2022-06-08|language=en|title=Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for wounds inflicted in Congo|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/06/08/belgian-king-reiterates-regrets-for-colonial-past-in-congo|website=euronews}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=30 Jun 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630104538/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53232105|date=2020-06-30|title=Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53232105|work=BBC News}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2021-07-04|date=2019-04-04|language=en|title=Belgium apology for mixed-race kidnappings in colonial era|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47817530|work=BBC News}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schreuer |first=Milan |date=2019-04-04 |title=Belgium Apologizes for Kidnapping Children From African Colonies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/world/europe/belgium-kidnapping-congo-rwanda-burundi.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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|Canada |
|Canada |
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|[[Canadian Indian residential school system]], 1867-1998 |
|[[Canadian Indian residential school system]], 1867-1998 |
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|2008, 2017 |
|2008, 2017 |
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|<ref name=":03">Sheryl, Lightfoot. (2015). Settler-State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework and Comparative Assessment. ''Native American and Indigenous Studies'', ''2''(1), 15–39.</ref> |
|<ref name=":03">Sheryl, Lightfoot. (2015). Settler-State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework and Comparative Assessment. ''Native American and Indigenous Studies'', ''2''(1), 15–39.</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|date=2008-06-11|language=en|title=Text of Stephen Harper's residential schools apology|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/text-of-stephen-harper-s-residential-schools-apology-1.301820|website=CTVNews}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|date=2017-11-24|language=en|title=Trudeau apologizes to Newfoundland residential school survivors left out of 2008 apology, compensation|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/11/24/trudeau-to-apologize-to-newfoundland-residential-school-survivors-left-out-of-2008-apology-compensation.html|website=thestar.com}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2023-10-01|date=2023-10-01|language=en|periodical=Reuters|title=Trudeau says 'denialism' rising as nation marks holiday for indigenous reconciliation|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/trudeau-says-denialism-rising-nation-marks-holiday-indigenous-reconcilation-2023-09-30/}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
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|- |
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|California |
|California |
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|[[California genocide]], 1846-1873 |
|[[California genocide]], 1846-1873 |
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|2019 |
|2019 |
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|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cowan |first=Jill |date=2019-06-19 |title='It's Called Genocide': Newsom Apologizes to the State's Native Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/newsom-native-american-apology.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cowan |first=Jill |date=2019-06-19 |title='It's Called Genocide': Newsom Apologizes to the State's Native Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/newsom-native-american-apology.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-18|date=2019-06-18|language=en|title=Governor Newsom Issues Apology to Native Americans for State's Historical Wrongdoings, Establishes Truth and Healing Council|url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/06/18/governor-newsom-issues-apology-to-native-americans-for-states-historical-wrongdoings-establishes-truth-and-healing-council/|website=California Governor}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
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|Catalonia |
|Catalonia |
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|Violence, abuse and negligence |
|Violence, abuse and negligence |
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|2000, 2010 |
|2000, 2010 |
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|<ref name=":03" /> |
|<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|title=A sorry saga: Obama signs Native American apology resolution; fails to draw attention to it {{!}} Indian Law Resource Center|url=https://indianlaw.org/node/529|website=indianlaw.org}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gover |first=Kevin |date=2000 |title=Remarks of Kevin Gover, Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs: Address to Tribal Leaders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24398427 |journal=Journal of American Indian Education |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=4–6 |jstor=24398427 |issn=0021-8731}}</ref> |
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|United States |
|United States |
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|[[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom]], 1893 |
|[[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom]], 1893 |
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|1993 |
|1993 |
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|<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-10-30|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620051337/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-05-07-0005140269-story.html|date=2000-05-07|title=Nations try saying, 'We're sorry'; Trend: Increasingly, leaders are apologizing for horrendous wrongs committed by earlier generations.|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-05-07-0005140269-story.html|website=Baltimore Sun}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-10-30|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620051337/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-05-07-0005140269-story.html|date=2000-05-07|title=Nations try saying, 'We're sorry'; Trend: Increasingly, leaders are apologizing for horrendous wrongs committed by earlier generations.|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-05-07-0005140269-story.html|website=Baltimore Sun}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay |date=2000 |title=Native Social Capital: The Case of Hawaiian Sovereignty and Ka Lahui Hawaii |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4532510 |journal=Policy Sciences |volume=33 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–385 |doi=10.1023/A:1004870517612 |jstor=4532510 |s2cid=152872242 |issn=0032-2687}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|date=2012-01-17|quote=In 1993, Congress issued an apology to the people of Hawaii for the U.S. government's role in the overthrow and acknowledged that 'the native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty'.|title=Jan. 17, 1893 {{!}} Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown by America-Backed Businessmen|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/jan-17-1893-hawaiian-monarchy-overthrown-by-america-backed-businessmen/|website=The Learning Network}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
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|United States |
|United States |
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|Norway |
|Norway |
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|[[Sámi peoples| |
|[[Sámi peoples|Sámi]] |
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|[[Norwegianization of the Sámi|Norwegianization (forced assimilation)]] |
|[[Norwegianization of the Sámi|Norwegianization (forced assimilation)]] |
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|1997 |
|1997 |
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|Expropriation, slavery, and treaty breaking |
|Expropriation, slavery, and treaty breaking |
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|2020 |
|2020 |
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|<ref name=":03" /> |
|<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|author=Cineas|date=2023-01-17|first=Fabiola|language=en|title=New Zealand's Māori fought for reparations — and won|url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/23518642/new-zealand-reparations-maori-settlements|website=Vox}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Eleanor Ainge |last2=Jong |first2=Eleanor de |date=2020-02-14 |title=After more than 150 years, New Zealand recognises 'extinct' Moriori people |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/14/after-more-than-150-years-new-zealand-recognises-extinct-moriori-people |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |
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|Netherlands |
|Netherlands |
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|Excessive violence, 1945-1949 |
|Excessive violence, 1945-1949 |
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|2020 |
|2020 |
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|<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|date=2022-12-19|language=en|title=Dutch PM Mark Rutte apologises for country's role in the slave trade|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/12/19/dutch-pm-mark-rutte-apologises-for-countrys-role-in-the-slave-trade|website=euronews}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
|<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-28|date=2022-12-19|language=en|title=Dutch PM Mark Rutte apologises for country's role in the slave trade|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/12/19/dutch-pm-mark-rutte-apologises-for-countrys-role-in-the-slave-trade|website=euronews}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Nowakowski |first2=Teresa |title=Dutch King Apologizes for the Netherlands' Role in the Slave Trade |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dutch-king-apology-netherlands-slave-trade-180982473/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=2022-02-17 |title=Dutch PM apologises for state's role in abuses in 1940s Indonesian war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/17/dutch-state-condoned-extreme-violence-in-indonesian-war-inquiry-concludes |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |
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|El Salvador |
|El Salvador |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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* Bentley, Tom. (2018) ''Colonial apologies and the problem of the transgressor speaking'', Third World Quarterly, 39:3, 399-417, {{doi|10.1080/01436597.2017.1401922}} |
* Bentley, Tom. (2018). ''Colonial apologies and the problem of the transgressor speaking'', Third World Quarterly, 39:3, 399-417, {{doi|10.1080/01436597.2017.1401922}} |
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* Corntassel, Jeff; Holder, Cindy. (2008) ''Who’s Sorry Now? Government Apologies, Truth Commissions, and Indigenous Self-Determination in Australia, Canada, Guatemala, and Peru''. Human Rights Rev 9, Pages 465–489. |
* Corntassel, Jeff; Holder, Cindy. (2008). ''Who’s Sorry Now? Government Apologies, Truth Commissions, and Indigenous Self-Determination in Australia, Canada, Guatemala, and Peru''. Human Rights Rev 9, Pages 465–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-008-0065-3. |
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* Organick, A. G. (2019). N''on-Apology in the Age of Apology''. Denning LJ, 31, 149. |
* Organick, A. G. (2019). N''on-Apology in the Age of Apology''. Denning LJ, 31, 149. |
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* Short, D. (2012). ''When sorry isn’t good enough: Official remembrance and reconciliation in Australia''. Memory Studies, 5(3), 293-304. |
* Short, D. (2012). ''When sorry isn’t good enough: Official remembrance and reconciliation in Australia''. Memory Studies, 5(3), 293-304. |
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* Rothermund, D. (2011). ''The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison''. India Quarterly, ''67''(1), 1–18. |
* Rothermund, D. (2011). ''The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison''. India Quarterly, ''67''(1), 1–18. |
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* Tager, Michael (2014). ''Apologies to Indigenous Peoples in comparative perspective''. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(4). |
* Tager, Michael. (2014). ''Apologies to Indigenous Peoples in comparative perspective''. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(4). |
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== References == |
== References == |
Latest revision as of 13:53, 12 May 2024
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apology_to_Australia%27s_Indigenous_Peoples.jpg/220px-Apology_to_Australia%27s_Indigenous_Peoples.jpg)
Apologies to Indigenous peoples refer to apologies extended by political leaders or representatives, acting on behalf of a political entity or nation, to acknowledge and express remorse for some historical wrong.
Background[edit]
During the era of colonization, European empires colonized territories inhabited by Indigenous peoples and the colonies created new countries that would contain Indigenous peoples within their new political borders.[5] In such processes, there were a series of atrocious crimes against Indigenous populations. Given that the dominant group has held political and economic power, these facts had not been officially investigated and recognized.[9][10]
During colonialism, many Western officials have expressed concerns, enacted laws to protect Indigenous peoples, and have punished a few colonial agents for some of their colonial atrocities.[11] Widely known examples are the Laws of Burgos and the New Laws in the Spanish Empire, which were poorly implemented.[12] On occasion, some Indigenous government agencies committed atrocities, as is the case of the Indian Protection Service in Brazil as described in the Figueiredo Report,[13][14] or the Office of Indigenous Affairs in the United States, who acknowledged its systemic shortcomings.[15]
Indigenous groups have publicly requested apologies from a number of states and Christian churches for their historical or contemporary role in atrocities committed against Indigenous peoples.[16][17][18] No country has ever voluntarily acknowledged committing genocide.[19]
In 2023 Indigenous leaders from Antigua and Barbuda, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Australia, the Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines issued an open letter. The signed letter requests King Charles III to acknowledge at his coronation the "horrific impacts" of colonization.[20][21][22]
Apologies to Indigenous peoples[edit]
Government apologies to Indigenous peoples[edit]
In recent decades governments have acknowledged past atrocities or apologized for the policies of previous governments.[23] In their apologies, some state officials do not always agree with scholarly characterization of the atrocities.[24][25]
From | To | Scope | Year of apology | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | Herero and Nama | Herero and Namaqua genocide, 1904-7 | 2021 | [26] |
Argentina | Toba and Moqoit | Napalpí massacre, 1924 | 2022 | [27] |
Australia | Indigenous peoples | Stolen generations, 1905-1970s | 2008 | [28][29][30][31] |
Belgium | Belgian Congo | Colonial abuse | 2020 | [32][33][34][35] |
Canada | Indigenous peoples | Canadian Indian residential school system, 1867-1998 | 2008, 2017 | [36][37][38][39] |
California | Indigenous peoples | California genocide, 1846-1873 | 2019 | [40][41] |
Catalonia | Indigenous peoples | Colonial abuse in Mexican conquest | 2019 | [42][43] |
Chile | Mapuche | Colonial abuse | 2017 | [36][44] |
United States | Indigenous peoples | Violence, abuse and negligence | 2000, 2010 | [36][45][46] |
United States | Native Hawaiians | Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1893 | 1993 | [47][48][49] |
United States | Guatemala | Role in Guatemalan Civil War in support for military government, 1960-96 | 1999 | [50] |
United Kingdom | Tainui | Land appropriation and invasion | 1995 | [51] |
United Kingdom | Kĩkũyũ | Colonial abuse | 2013 | [52] |
Mexico | Maya peoples | Historical injustice and contemporary discrimination | 2021 | [53][54] |
Mexico | Yaqui | Marginalization, injustice and abuse | 2021 | [55][56] |
Norway | Sámi | Norwegianization (forced assimilation) | 1997 | [57] |
New Zealand | Moriori | Expropriation, slavery, and treaty breaking | 2020 | [36][58][59] |
Netherlands | Indonesia | Excessive violence, 1945-1949 | 2020 | [60][61][62] |
El Salvador | Indigenous peoples | Oppression and extermination | 2010 | [36][63] |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kalinga_park_se_apology_plaque.jpg/220px-Kalinga_park_se_apology_plaque.jpg)
Apologies from religious institutions[edit]
Pope Francis apologized for the Catholic Church's role in colonization and for "crimes committed against the native peoples during the so-called conquest of America".[64] He has also apologized for the Church's role in the operation of residential schools in Canada,[65] qualifying it as genocide.[66] In 2023, the Vatican rejected the Doctrine of Discovery.[67][68]
In 2022 Justin Welby, the Primate of the Church of England, apologized to the Indigenous peoples in Canada for the role of the church in the Canadian Indian residential school system,[69] adding to similar apologies by other churches in Canada such as the Anglican Church of Canada.[70][71]
Other apologies[edit]
Scouts Canada has issued an apology for "its role in the eradication of First Nation, Inuit and Métis people for more than a century".[72]
In 2016 the Australian Psychological Society apologized to Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[73] In 2023, the American Psychological Association issued an offer of apology to First Peoples for more than a century of harmful practices.[74][75]
Criticism of the apologies[edit]
Professor Alice MacLachlan has criticized the apologies of the Australian and Canadian governments as they have apologized for specific policies, "avoiding the broader question of apologizing for a much longer history of genocidal appropriation and displacement."[76] Francesca Dominello has said official apologies from Canada and Australia have done little to change the status quo for Indigenous peoples.[77]
Indigenous historian Gary Foley has criticized the Australian government's apology for the Stolen Generations, as there is lack of compensation.[78]
See also[edit]
- Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples
- Decolonization
- Genocide of Indigenous peoples
- Historiography of Indigenous genocide
- Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
- Indigenous response to colonialism
Bibliography[edit]
- Bentley, Tom. (2018). Colonial apologies and the problem of the transgressor speaking, Third World Quarterly, 39:3, 399-417, doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1401922
- Corntassel, Jeff; Holder, Cindy. (2008). Who’s Sorry Now? Government Apologies, Truth Commissions, and Indigenous Self-Determination in Australia, Canada, Guatemala, and Peru. Human Rights Rev 9, Pages 465–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-008-0065-3.
- Organick, A. G. (2019). Non-Apology in the Age of Apology. Denning LJ, 31, 149.
- Short, D. (2012). When sorry isn’t good enough: Official remembrance and reconciliation in Australia. Memory Studies, 5(3), 293-304.
- Rothermund, D. (2011). The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison. India Quarterly, 67(1), 1–18.
- Tager, Michael. (2014). Apologies to Indigenous Peoples in comparative perspective. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(4).
References[edit]
- ^ Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. pp. 208, 230, 791–793. ISBN 978-1-136-93797-2.
- ^ "Indian Tribes and Resources for Native Americans". United States Government. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
The U.S. government officially recognizes 574 Indian tribes in the contiguous 48 states and Alaska.
- ^ Totten, Samuel; Hitchcock, Robert K. (2011). Genocide of Indigenous Peoples: A Critical Bibliographic Review. Transaction Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4128-4455-0.
In Asia, for example, only one country, the Philippines, has officially adopted the term "Indigenous peoples," and established a law specifically to protect Indigenous peoples' rights. Only two countries in Africa, Burundi and Cameroon, have statements about the rights of Indigenous peoples in their constitutions.
- ^ Sengar, Bina; Adjoumani, A. Mia Elise (2023-03-07). Indigenous Societies in the Post-colonial World: Responses and Resilience Through Global Perspectives. Springer Nature. p. 318. ISBN 978-981-19-8722-9. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
Indigenous populations are communities that live within, or are attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group, descended from groups present in the area before modern states were created and current borders defined. They generally maintain cultural and social identities, and social, economic, cultural and political institutions, separate from the mainstream or dominant society or culture.
- ^ [1][2][3][4]
- ^ Englert, Sai (November 2020). "Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession". Antipode. 52 (6): 1647–1666. Bibcode:2020Antip..52.1647E. doi:10.1111/anti.12659. hdl:1887/3220822. S2CID 225643194.
- ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2017-01-02). "Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders". African Historical Review. 49 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863. ISSN 1753-2523. S2CID 165086773.
- ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2022). Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1-64792-054-8.
- ^ [6][7][8]
- ^ Fontaine, Theodore (2014). Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff; Hinton, Alexander Laban (eds.). Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11sn770. ISBN 978-0-8223-5763-6. JSTOR j.ctv11sn770. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
"From Lemarchand's volume, it is clear that what is remembered and what is not remembered is a political choice, producing a dominant narrative that reflects the victor's version of history while silencing dissenting voices. Building on a critical genocide studies approach, this volume seeks to contribute to this conversation by critically examining cases of genocide that have been "hidden" politically, socially, culturally, or historically in accordance with broader systems of political and social power". (p2) ...the U.S. government, for most of its existence, stated openly and frequently that its policy was to destroy Native American ways of life through forced integration, forced removal, and death. An 1881 report of the U.S. commissioner of Indian Affairs on the "Indian question" is indicative of the decades- long policy: "There is no one who has been a close observer of Indian history and the effect of contact of Indians with civilization who is not well satisfied that one of two things must eventually take place, to wit, either civilization or extermination of the Indian. Savage and civilized life cannot live and prosper on the same ground. One of the two must die." (p3) "As such it is important for the peoples of the United States and Canada to recognize their shared legacies of genocide, which have too often been hidden, ignored, forgotten, or outright denied." (p3) "After all, much of North America was swindled from Indigenous peoples through the mythical but still powerful Doctrine of Discovery, the perceived right of conquest, and deceitful treaties. Restitution for colonial genocide would thus entail returning stolen territories". (p9) "Thankfully a new generation of genocide scholarship is moving beyond these timeworn and irreconcilable divisions." (p11)"Variations of the Modoc ordeal occurred elsewhere during the conquest and colonization of Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. Indigenous civilizations repeatedly resisted invaders seeking to physically annihilate them in whole or in part. Many of these catastrophes are known as wars. Yet by carefully examining the intentions and actions of colonizers and their advocates it is possible to reinterpret some of these cataclysms as both genocides and wars of resistance. The Modoc case is one of them" (p120). "Memory, remembering, forgetting, and denial are inseparable and critical junctures in the study and examination of genocide. Absence or suppression of memories is not merely a lack of acknowledgment of individual or collective experiences but can also be considered denial of a genocidal crime (p150). Erasure of historical memory and modification of historical narrative influence the perception of genocide. If it is possible to avoid conceptually blocking colonial genocides for a moment, we can consider denial in a colonial context. Perpetrators initiate and perpetuate denial" (p160).
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Imposition of a new religion, uprooting from their lands and loss of ownership thereof, restriction of freedom of movement, acculturation... The 'Burgos Laws': a complete fallacy of human rights...
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In 1993, Congress issued an apology to the people of Hawaii for the U.S. government's role in the overthrow and acknowledged that 'the native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty'.
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It's true, I didn't use the word because it didn't come to my mind, but I described the genocide and asked for forgiveness, pardon for this activity that is genocidal. For example, I condemned this too: taking away children, changing culture, changing mentality, changing traditions, changing a race, let's put it that way, an entire culture. Yes, genocide is a technical word. I didn't use it because it didn't come to my mind, but I described it... It's true, yes, yes, it's genocide. You can all stay calm about this. You can report that I said that it was genocide.
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[Rudd] could have been a lot more honest and taken the opportunity to make it an apology to all Aboriginal people of Australia accompanied by some offer of reconciliation – a meaningful offer in terms of reparation and compensation...
Further reading[edit]
- Coates, K., & Coates, K. S. (2004). A global history of indigenous peoples. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Lind, J. (2017). Sorry states: Apologies in international politics. Cornell University Press.
- Ramsbotham, O., Miall, H., & Woodhouse, T. (2011). Contemporary conflict resolution. Polity.