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Chairman Mao Memorial Hall: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 39°54′04″N 116°23′29″E / 39.9010°N 116.3915°E / 39.9010; 116.3915
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{{Short description|Final resting place of Mao Zedong, the first leader of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Short description|Final resting place of Mao Zedong}}
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{{redirect|Mao Mausoleum||Maoling}}
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{{use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox building
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| name = Mausoleum of Mao Zedong
| name = Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
| native_name = 毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう
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The '''Chairman Mao Memorial Hall''' ({{zh|s=毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう|t=毛もう主席しゅせき紀き念ねん堂どう|p=Máo Zhǔxí Jìniàn Táng}}), also known as the '''Mausoleum of Mao Zedong''', is the [[Mausoleum|final resting place]] of [[Mao Zedong]], Chairman of the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party]] from 1943 and the [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] from 1945 until his death in 1976.
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{{redirect|Mao Mausoleum||Maoling}}
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{{use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}


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Although Mao had wished to be cremated, his wishes were ignored and his body was [[embalmed]]. The construction of a [[memorial hall]] as his final resting place began shortly after his death. This highly popular attraction is located in the middle of [[Tiananmen Square]] in [[Beijing]]. It stands on the previous site of the [[Gate of China, Beijing|Gate of China]], the southern (main) gate of the [[Imperial City, Beijing|Imperial City]] during the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] dynasties.
⚫
The '''Chairman Mao Memorial Hall''' ({{zh|s=毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう|t=毛もう主席しゅせき紀き念ねん堂どう|p=Máo Zhǔxí Jìniàn Táng}}), commonly known as the '''Mausoleum of Mao Zedong''', is the final resting place of [[Mao Zedong]], Chairman of the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party]] from 1943 and the [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] from 1945 until his death in 1976.


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The embalmed body of Chairman Mao is preserved in the cooler, central hall of the memorial hall in a glass case with dim lighting; it is guarded by a military honor guard. The memorial hall is open to the public every day except Mondays.<ref>{{cite web |title=毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう |url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/143527/143528/14973300.html |website=cpc.people.com.cn |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217102153/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/143527/143528/14973300.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
⚫
Although Mao had wished to be cremated, his wishes were ignored and his body was [[embalmed]]. The construction of a [[mausoleum]] as his final resting place began shortly after his death. This highly popular attraction is located in the middle of [[Tiananmen Square]] in [[Beijing]]. It stands on the previous site of the [[Gate of China, Beijing|Gate of China]], the southern (main) gate of the [[Imperial City, Beijing|Imperial City]] during the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] dynasties.

⚫
The [[embalmed]] body of Chairman Mao is preserved in the cooler, central hall of the mausoleum in a glass case with dim lighting; it is guarded by a military honor guard. The mausoleum is open to the public every day except Mondays.<ref>{{cite web |title=毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう |url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/143527/143528/14973300.html |website=cpc.people.com.cn |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:BeijingTiananmenSquare.jpg|thumb|The mausoleum is located on Tiananmen Square, where the Gate of China used to stand (2005)]]
[[File:BeijingTiananmenSquare.jpg|thumb|The memorial hall is located on the [[Tiananmen Square]], where the [[Gate of China, Beijing|Beijing Gate of China]] used to stand (2005)]]


The memorial hall was built soon after Mao's death on September 9, 1976. On September 14, 1976, the State Planning Commission of China organized designers from more than ten units in eight provinces and cities in China to gather at the [[Qianmen Hotel]] in Beijing to start the site selection and scheme design of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=北京ぺきん市し建けん筑设计研究けんきゅう院いん有限ゆうげん公司こうし |first1=中国ちゅうごく文物ぶんぶつ学会がっかい20世せい纪建筑遗产委员会 |title=中国ちゅうごく20世せい纪建筑遗产大典たいてん 北京ぺきん卷まき Beijing volume |date=2018 |publisher=天津てんしん大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ |location=天津てんしん |isbn=978-7-5618-6286-5 |pages=296}}</ref> The planning and design leading group consists of [[Zhao Pengfei]], [[Yuan Jingshi]], [[Shen Bo]], etc.,<ref>{{cite book |last1=徐じょ静しず主しゅ编 |title=伟人安息あんそく的てき地方ちほう 毛げ主席しゅせき纪念堂どう纪实 |date=1993 |publisher=吉林きつりん人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ |location=长春 |isbn=7-206-01779-7 |pages=89-90 }}</ref> who participated in the design from the [[China Academy of Building Research]], [[Beijing Municipal Bureau of Planning]], [[Beijing Municipal Architectural Design and Research Institute]], [[Tsinghua University]], [[Tianjin University]], [[Shanghai Municipal Civil Architecture Design Institute]], [[Guangdong Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute]], [[Guangzhou Municipal Architectural Design and Research Institute]], [[Nanjing Engineering Institute]], [[China Architecture Northwest Design and Research Institute]], [[Liaoning Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute]], [[Heilongjiang Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute]], the Chinese People's Liberation Army Basic Construction Engineering Corps Design and Research Institute.<ref>{{cite book |last1=金きむ磊总编；单霁翔名誉めいよ总编 |title=中国ちゅうごく建けん筑文化ぶんか遗产 12 China architectural heritage |date=2013 |publisher=天津てんしん大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ |location=天津てんしん |isbn=978-7-5618-4870-8 |pages=3 }}</ref> After the study by the experts and leaders concerned, it was recognized that the better location options were [[Fragrant Hills]], Tiananmen Square and [[Jingshan Park|Jingshan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=彭积冬ふゆ主ぬし编 |first1=王おう钦双，丁ちょう志こころざし平ひらめ，李り焕巧副ふく主しゅ编 |title=东城党とう史し文ぶん萃 下か |date=2015 |publisher=同心どうしん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ |location=北京ぺきん |isbn=7-5477-1421-8 |pages=632-633}}</ref>
The mausoleum was built soon after Mao's death on September 9, 1976. The groundbreaking ceremony took place November 24, 1976, and the mausoleum was completed on May 24, 1977. Chairman [[Hua Guofeng]], who supervised the mausoleum project, has his handwriting on the mausoleum's sign.


On October 8, 1976, the Decision of the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]], the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]], the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]], and the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] on the Establishment of a Memorial Hall for Chairman Mao Zedong, the Great Leader and Tutor, was issued.<ref name="中国ちゅうごく共ども产党. 中央ちゅうおう委い员会 1976 p. ">{{cite book | author=中国ちゅうごく共ども产党. 中央ちゅうおう委い员会 | title=关于建立こんりゅう伟大的てき领袖和わ导师毛げ泽东主席しゅせき纪念堂どう的てき决定: 1976年ねん10月がつ8日にち | publisher=人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ | year=1976 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A04YAAAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-29 | page=}}</ref><ref name="苏继红邓书杰 李り 梅うめ 吴晓莉 2013 p. 396">{{cite book | author=苏继红邓书杰 李り 梅うめ 吴晓莉 | title=转机时刻（1970－1979）（中国ちゅうごく历史大事だいじ详解） | publisher=青あお苹果りんご数すう据すえ中心ちゅうしん | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ghcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT396 | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-30 | page=396}}</ref><ref name="BEIJING BOOK CO. INC. 2011 p. 33">{{cite book | title=涤荡叛乱はんらん：粉碎ふんさい上海しゃんはい反はん革命かくめい武装ぶそう叛乱はんらん阴谋 | publisher=BEIJING BOOK CO. INC. | year=2011 | isbn=978-7-999206-20-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAs6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT33 | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-30 | page=33}}</ref>
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People throughout China were involved in the design and construction of the mausoleum, with 700,000 people from different provinces, autonomous regions, and nationalities doing symbolic voluntary labor.<ref>{{Citation|title = The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall Successfully Completed | journal = China Pictorial | volume = 9 | pages = 4–12 | year = 1977}}</ref> Materials from all over China were used throughout the building: granite from [[Sichuan]] province, porcelain plates from [[Guangdong]] province, pine trees from [[Yan'an]] in [[Shaanxi]] province, saw-wort seeds from the [[Tian Shan|Tian Shan mountains]] in the [[Xinjiang]] Autonomous Region, earth from [[Tangshan earthquake|quake-stricken Tangshan]], colored pebbles from [[Nanjing]], milky quartz from the [[Kunlun Mountains]], pine logs from [[Jiangxi]] province, and rock samples from [[Mount Everest]]. Water and sand from the [[Taiwan Straits]] were also used to symbolically emphasize the People's Republic of China's claims over [[Taiwan]]. The mausoleum was closed for renovations for nine months in 1997 before reopening on January 6, 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/45053.stm|title=Crowds flock to Mao mausoleum|publisher=BBC|date=January 6, 1998|access-date=2013-12-31}}</ref>

On October 15, 1976, the [[Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute]] set up the Planning and Design Group of the Memorial Hall of Chairman Mao. On November 6, 1976, the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee reviewed the plan of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall. On November 9, 1976, Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall Project Command was established, with [[Li Ruihuan]], then deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Construction Committee, as the chief commander.<ref>{{cite book |last1=郑珺编著 |title=长安街がい |date=2018 |publisher=北京ぺきん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ |location=北京ぺきん |isbn=978-7-200-13437-7 |pages=76}}</ref> The Ninth Office of the State Council ("Ninth Office") was specially set up to coordinate the construction of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall, and Vice Premier [[Gu Mu]] was in charge of the leadership of the Ninth Office and the construction of the Memorial Hall. [[Xiao Yang (governor)|Xiao Yang]], the former director of [[Beijing Glass Factory]], and [[Han Boping]], the former vice mayor of Beijing, were members of the Ninth Office, and together they were responsible for the work of the equipment group of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=万まん新しん华著 |title=圣地韶光：20世せい纪中期き中国ちゅうごく画が之の韶山图像 作さく 者しゃ ： 出版しゅっぱん发行 : |date=2012 |publisher=文化ぶんか艺术出版しゅっぱん社しゃ |location=北京ぺきん |isbn=978-7-5039-5244-9 |pages=86}}</ref> On November 24, 1976, the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee finalized the plan of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall and the foundation stone of the Hall was laid. [[Hua Guofeng]], then the Chairman of the CCP Central Committee, [[Premier of the State Council]], and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]], participated in the groundbreaking ceremony and laid the soil for the cornerstone of the Memorial Hall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=张树军，高こう新しん民主みんしゅ编 |title=中共ちゅうきょう十じゅう一届三中全会历史档案 上じょう |date=1998 |publisher=解放かいほう军出版しゅっぱん社しゃ |location=北京ぺきん |isbn=7-5017-4469-6}}</ref><ref name="人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ 1976 p. ">{{cite book | title=在ざい伟大的てき领袖和わ导师毛げ泽东主席しゅせき纪念堂どう奠基仪式上じょう华国锋主席しゅせき的てき讲话 | publisher=人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ | year=1976 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2h2AAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-30 | page=}}</ref>

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People throughout China were involved in the design and construction of the memorial hall, with 700,000 people from different provinces, autonomous regions, and nationalities doing symbolic voluntary labor.<ref>{{Citation|title = The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall Successfully Completed | journal = China Pictorial | volume = 9 | pages = 4–12 | year = 1977}}</ref> Materials from all over China were used throughout the building: granite from [[Sichuan]] province, porcelain plates from [[Guangdong]] province, pine trees from [[Yan'an]] in [[Shaanxi]] province, saw-wort seeds from the [[Tian Shan]] mountains in the [[Xinjiang]] Autonomous Region, earth from [[Tangshan earthquake|quake-stricken Tangshan]], colored pebbles from [[Nanjing]], milky quartz from the [[Kunlun Mountains]], pine logs from [[Jiangxi]] province, and rock samples from [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=多吉たきち占うらない堆うずたか，薛文献ぶんけん著ちょ |title=雪山ゆきやま雄ゆう鹰 西藏にしくら登山とざん运动50年ねん |date=2010 |publisher=漓江出版しゅっぱん社しゃ |location=桂かつら林りん |isbn=7-5407-4877-X |pages=45-46}}</ref>

On May 24, 1977, the construction of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall was completed. On August 22, 1977, the delegates to the [[11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|11th CCP National Congress]] visited Mao Zedong's remains, and the communiqué of the 1st Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CCP was published on the same day. On August 31, 1977, President [[Josip Broz Tito]] of Yugoslavia went to visit Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall to admire the remains of Mao Zedong.<ref name="She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she 2017 p. 92">{{cite book | title=中国ちゅうごく特色とくしょく政党せいとう外交がいこう | publisher=社会しゃかい科学かがく文献ぶんけん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ| year=2017 | isbn=978-7-5201-0056-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWxyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-29 | page=92}}</ref> on September 9, 1977, the CCP Central Committee, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission held a "Commemoration of the First Anniversary of the Death of the Great Leader and Mentor, Chairman Mao, and the Inauguration of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall" on the North Square of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall". Since then, representatives from all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have come to pay their respects.<ref name="花城はなしろ出版しゅっぱん社しゃ 2003 p. ">{{cite book | title=清きよし华之路ろ: 素す质培养个案あん | publisher=花城はなしろ出版しゅっぱん社しゃ | year=2003 | isbn=978-7-5360-4113-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKg1AAAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-29 | page=103}}</ref>

The memorial hall was closed for renovations for nine months in 1997 before reopening on January 6, 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/45053.stm|title=Crowds flock to Mao mausoleum|publisher=BBC|date=January 6, 1998|access-date=2013-12-31|archive-date=April 21, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421063220/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/45053.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> After that, the CCP Central Committee has held commemorative activities here on the occasion of the 90th, 100th, 110th and 120th anniversaries of the birth of Mao Zedong.<ref>{{cite news |title=纪念毛げ泽东同志どうし诞辰130周年しゅうねん，毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう开放时间调整 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_25723771 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=m.thepaper.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=毛もう泽东诞辰120周年しゅうねん 习近平等びょうどう赴纪念ねん堂どう瞻仰遗容-中新ちゅうしん网 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2013/12-26/5665113.shtml |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=www.chinanews.com.cn}}</ref>


==Sculptures==
==Sculptures==
[[File:Statue outside Mao's Mausoleum, Beijing, China 2.jpg|thumb|right|One of four sculptures located near the entrance and exit of the mausoleum|alt=A brown stone sculpture of soldiers fighting with various weapons, led by one carrying a flag with a man's face in profile on it]]
[[File:Statue outside Mao's Mausoleum, Beijing, China 2.jpg|thumb|right|One of four sculptures located near the entrance and exit of the memorial hall|alt=A brown stone sculpture of soldiers fighting with various weapons, led by one carrying a flag with a man's face in profile on it]]
The North Hall contains the alabaster seated statue of Chairman Mao Zedong.<ref name="吉きち ">{{cite book | title=国くに魂たましい典てん | publisher=吉林きつりん人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ | year=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sosLAQAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-29 | page=218}}</ref> Chairman of the CCP Central Committee Hua Guofeng, Vice Chairman [[Ye Jianying]] and other central leaders personally reviewed the draft and selected the plan for the statue of Chairman Mao. In the creation of the statue, there were always two options for the seated figure, with or without crossing the legs. The central government chose the option of crossing the legs. After the statue was made, someone thought that the cross-legged statue was vivid and friendly, but it did not harmonize well with the solemn atmosphere of the Memorial Hall. The Central Committee studied and discussed these views and decided to rebuild a flat-legged statue to replace the cross-legged one. However, the implementation of this decision was very cumbersome, and finally [[Deng Xiaoping]] decided that there was no need to replace it, so the statue remained cross-legged.<ref>{{cite news |title=大だい修おさむ183天てん，毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう再さい开放 |url=https://news.ifeng.com/a/20170901/51842063_0.shtml |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=news.ifeng.com}}</ref>
Inside the mausoleum is a statue of Mao. There are four sculptural groups installed outside the mausoleum.


There are four sculpture groups in the square, all of which are made of [[clay]],<ref name="吉林きつりん人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ 1993 p. ">{{cite book | title=伟人安息あんそく的てき地方ちほう: 毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう纪实 | publisher=吉林きつりん人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ | year=1993 | isbn=978-7-206-01779-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omNnAAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-29 | page=146}}</ref> one on each side of the east and west sides of the main gate in the north, and one on each side of the east and west sides of the back gate in the south. The sculpture on the east side of the north gate shows the democratic revolution. The sculpture on the west side of the north gate represents the [[socialist revolution]] and [[industrial construction]]. The two sculptures on both sides of the south gate represent the inheritance of the will and the continuation of the revolution.<ref name="吉林きつりん出版しゅっぱん集しゅう团有限げん责任公司こうし 2011 p. 57">{{cite book | title=功こう绩永垂たれ：毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう设计施工しこう与あずか建けん设 | publisher=吉林きつりん出版しゅっぱん集しゅう团有限げん责任公司こうし | year=2011 | isbn=978-7-5463-2638-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6gwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57 | language=zh | access-date=2024-04-29 | page=57}}</ref>
⚫
==Visits==
⚫
The mausoleum today remains a popular destination in [[Beijing]], and is often visited by foreign dignitaries and Chinese Communist Party officials. Foreign heads of state, such as Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]] and Venezuelan President [[Nicolas Maduro]] visited the mausoleum during their state trips to China.<ref>{{cite web |title=Castro Honors Mao |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/12/03/castro-honors-mao/880cd946-c15d-464e-99f2-27729dbb967a/ |website=The Washington Post |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Venezuela’s Maduro pays tribute to ‘giant’ Mao |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/world/2018/09/14/venezuelas-maduro-pays-tribute-to-giant-mao/1672621 |publisher=MalayMail |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>


⚫
==Visits==
⚫
On 29 September 2019, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] along with other [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo members]] of the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party]] visited the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Xi bows to Mao Zedong ahead of Communist China's 70th anniversary |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/xi-bows-mao-zedong-communist-china-70th-anniversary-190930040732173.html |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Al Jazeera and news agencies |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Mao mausoleum queue.jpg|thumb|200x200px|A queue to enter the memorial hall]]
[[File:Alberto Fernández visited the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall (2).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Argentinian president [[Alberto Fernández]] visiting the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall in 2022]]
⚫
The memorial hall today remains a popular destination in [[Beijing]], and is often visited by foreign dignitaries and Chinese Communist Party officials. Foreign heads of state, such as Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]] and Venezuelan President [[Nicolas Maduro]] visited the memorial hall during their state trips to China.<ref>{{cite news |title=Castro Honors Mao |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/12/03/castro-honors-mao/880cd946-c15d-464e-99f2-27729dbb967a/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110002957/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/12/03/castro-honors-mao/880cd946-c15d-464e-99f2-27729dbb967a/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Venezuela's Maduro pays tribute to 'giant' Mao |date=September 14, 2018 |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/world/2018/09/14/venezuelas-maduro-pays-tribute-to-giant-mao/1672621 |publisher=MalayMail |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110002958/https://www.malaymail.com/news/world/2018/09/14/venezuelas-maduro-pays-tribute-to-giant-mao/1672621 |url-status=live }}</ref>


⚫
On 29 September 2019, [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] along with other [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo members]] of the Chinese Communist Party visited the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Xi bows to Mao Zedong ahead of Communist China's 70th anniversary |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/xi-bows-mao-zedong-communist-china-70th-anniversary-190930040732173.html |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Al Jazeera and news agencies |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106120251/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/xi-bows-mao-zedong-communist-china-70th-anniversary-190930040732173.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Xu Jing ({{lang|zh-hans|徐じょ静しず}}), one of the designers involved in the mausoleum's construction, later wrote about the process in ''The Place Where a Great Man Rests'' as well as listing the visits of important people to the mausoleum. However, his own visit on September 8, 1979, was not mentioned in the book, by order of the Chinese government, again for reasons never explained.


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 06:19, 22 June 2024

"Mao Mausoleum" redirects here. For other uses, see Maoling.

Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう
Map
General information
TypeMemorial Hall, Mausoleum
LocationTiananmen Square
Town or cityBeijing
CountryChina
Coordinates39°54′04″N 116°23′29″E / 39.9010°N 116.3915°E / 39.9010; 116.3915
Named forMao Zedong
GroundbreakingNovember 24, 1976
CompletedMay 24, 1977
Renovated1997-98
Known forFinal resting place of Mao Zedong
Website
jnt.mfu.com.cn

The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall (simplified Chinese: 毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう; traditional Chinese: 毛もう主席しゅせき紀き念ねん堂どう; pinyin: Máo Zhǔxí Jìniàn Táng), also known as the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, is the final resting place of Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party from 1943 and the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1945 until his death in 1976.

Although Mao had wished to be cremated, his wishes were ignored and his body was embalmed. The construction of a memorial hall as his final resting place began shortly after his death. This highly popular attraction is located in the middle of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It stands on the previous site of the Gate of China, the southern (main) gate of the Imperial City during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The embalmed body of Chairman Mao is preserved in the cooler, central hall of the memorial hall in a glass case with dim lighting; it is guarded by a military honor guard. The memorial hall is open to the public every day except Mondays.[1]

History

The memorial hall is located on the Tiananmen Square, where the Beijing Gate of China used to stand (2005)

The memorial hall was built soon after Mao's death on September 9, 1976. On September 14, 1976, the State Planning Commission of China organized designers from more than ten units in eight provinces and cities in China to gather at the Qianmen Hotel in Beijing to start the site selection and scheme design of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall.[2] The planning and design leading group consists of Zhao Pengfei, Yuan Jingshi, Shen Bo, etc.,[3] who participated in the design from the China Academy of Building Research, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Planning, Beijing Municipal Architectural Design and Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Tianjin University, Shanghai Municipal Civil Architecture Design Institute, Guangdong Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute, Guangzhou Municipal Architectural Design and Research Institute, Nanjing Engineering Institute, China Architecture Northwest Design and Research Institute, Liaoning Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute, the Chinese People's Liberation Army Basic Construction Engineering Corps Design and Research Institute.[4] After the study by the experts and leaders concerned, it was recognized that the better location options were Fragrant Hills, Tiananmen Square and Jingshan.[5]

On October 8, 1976, the Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and the Central Military Commission on the Establishment of a Memorial Hall for Chairman Mao Zedong, the Great Leader and Tutor, was issued.[6][7][8]

On October 15, 1976, the Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute set up the Planning and Design Group of the Memorial Hall of Chairman Mao. On November 6, 1976, the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee reviewed the plan of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall. On November 9, 1976, Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall Project Command was established, with Li Ruihuan, then deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Construction Committee, as the chief commander.[9] The Ninth Office of the State Council ("Ninth Office") was specially set up to coordinate the construction of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall, and Vice Premier Gu Mu was in charge of the leadership of the Ninth Office and the construction of the Memorial Hall. Xiao Yang, the former director of Beijing Glass Factory, and Han Boping, the former vice mayor of Beijing, were members of the Ninth Office, and together they were responsible for the work of the equipment group of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall.[10] On November 24, 1976, the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee finalized the plan of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall and the foundation stone of the Hall was laid. Hua Guofeng, then the Chairman of the CCP Central Committee, Premier of the State Council, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, participated in the groundbreaking ceremony and laid the soil for the cornerstone of the Memorial Hall.[11][12]

People throughout China were involved in the design and construction of the memorial hall, with 700,000 people from different provinces, autonomous regions, and nationalities doing symbolic voluntary labor.[13] Materials from all over China were used throughout the building: granite from Sichuan province, porcelain plates from Guangdong province, pine trees from Yan'an in Shaanxi province, saw-wort seeds from the Tian Shan mountains in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, earth from quake-stricken Tangshan, colored pebbles from Nanjing, milky quartz from the Kunlun Mountains, pine logs from Jiangxi province, and rock samples from Mount Everest.[14]

On May 24, 1977, the construction of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall was completed. On August 22, 1977, the delegates to the 11th CCP National Congress visited Mao Zedong's remains, and the communiqué of the 1st Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CCP was published on the same day. On August 31, 1977, President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia went to visit Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall to admire the remains of Mao Zedong.[15] on September 9, 1977, the CCP Central Committee, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission held a "Commemoration of the First Anniversary of the Death of the Great Leader and Mentor, Chairman Mao, and the Inauguration of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall" on the North Square of Chairman Mao's Memorial Hall". Since then, representatives from all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have come to pay their respects.[16]

The memorial hall was closed for renovations for nine months in 1997 before reopening on January 6, 1998.[17] After that, the CCP Central Committee has held commemorative activities here on the occasion of the 90th, 100th, 110th and 120th anniversaries of the birth of Mao Zedong.[18][19]

Sculptures

A brown stone sculpture of soldiers fighting with various weapons, led by one carrying a flag with a man's face in profile on it
One of four sculptures located near the entrance and exit of the memorial hall

The North Hall contains the alabaster seated statue of Chairman Mao Zedong.[20] Chairman of the CCP Central Committee Hua Guofeng, Vice Chairman Ye Jianying and other central leaders personally reviewed the draft and selected the plan for the statue of Chairman Mao. In the creation of the statue, there were always two options for the seated figure, with or without crossing the legs. The central government chose the option of crossing the legs. After the statue was made, someone thought that the cross-legged statue was vivid and friendly, but it did not harmonize well with the solemn atmosphere of the Memorial Hall. The Central Committee studied and discussed these views and decided to rebuild a flat-legged statue to replace the cross-legged one. However, the implementation of this decision was very cumbersome, and finally Deng Xiaoping decided that there was no need to replace it, so the statue remained cross-legged.[21]

There are four sculpture groups in the square, all of which are made of clay,[22] one on each side of the east and west sides of the main gate in the north, and one on each side of the east and west sides of the back gate in the south. The sculpture on the east side of the north gate shows the democratic revolution. The sculpture on the west side of the north gate represents the socialist revolution and industrial construction. The two sculptures on both sides of the south gate represent the inheritance of the will and the continuation of the revolution.[23]

Visits

A queue to enter the memorial hall
Argentinian president Alberto Fernández visiting the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall in 2022

The memorial hall today remains a popular destination in Beijing, and is often visited by foreign dignitaries and Chinese Communist Party officials. Foreign heads of state, such as Cuban leader Fidel Castro and Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro visited the memorial hall during their state trips to China.[24][25]

On 29 September 2019, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping along with other Politburo members of the Chinese Communist Party visited the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall.[26]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mausoleum of Mao Zedong.
  1. ^ "毛げ主席しゅせき纪念堂どう". cpc.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  2. ^ 北京ぺきん市し建けん筑设计研究けんきゅう院いん有限ゆうげん公司こうし, 中国ちゅうごく文物ぶんぶつ学会がっかい20世せい纪建筑遗产委员会 (2018). 中国ちゅうごく20世せい纪建筑遗产大典たいてん 北京ぺきん卷まき Beijing volume. 天津てんしん: 天津てんしん大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 296. ISBN 978-7-5618-6286-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ 徐じょ静しず主しゅ编 (1993). 伟人安息あんそく的てき地方ちほう 毛げ主席しゅせき纪念堂どう纪实. 长春: 吉林きつりん人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. pp. 89–90. ISBN 7-206-01779-7.
  4. ^ 金きむ磊总编；单霁翔名誉めいよ总编 (2013). 中国ちゅうごく建けん筑文化ぶんか遗产 12 China architectural heritage. 天津てんしん: 天津てんしん大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 3. ISBN 978-7-5618-4870-8.
  5. ^ 彭积冬ふゆ主ぬし编, 王おう钦双，丁ちょう志こころざし平ひらめ，李り焕巧副ふく主しゅ编 (2015). 东城党とう史し文ぶん萃 下か. 北京ぺきん: 同心どうしん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. pp. 632–633. ISBN 7-5477-1421-8.
  6. ^ 中国ちゅうごく共ども产党. 中央ちゅうおう委い员会 (1976). 关于建立こんりゅう伟大的てき领袖和わ导师毛げ泽东主席しゅせき纪念堂どう的てき决定: 1976年ねん10月がつ8日にち (in Chinese). 人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  7. ^ 苏继红邓书杰 李り 梅うめ 吴晓莉 (2013). 转机时刻（1970－1979）（中国ちゅうごく历史大事だいじ详解） (in Chinese). 青あお苹果りんご数すう据すえ中心ちゅうしん. p. 396. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  8. ^ 涤荡叛乱はんらん：粉碎ふんさい上海しゃんはい反はん革命かくめい武装ぶそう叛乱はんらん阴谋 (in Chinese). BEIJING BOOK CO. INC. 2011. p. 33. ISBN 978-7-999206-20-0. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  9. ^ 郑珺编著 (2018). 长安街がい. 北京ぺきん: 北京ぺきん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 76. ISBN 978-7-200-13437-7.
  10. ^ 万まん新しん华著 (2012). 圣地韶光：20世せい纪中期き中国ちゅうごく画が之の韶山图像 作さく 者しゃ ： 出版しゅっぱん发行 :. 北京ぺきん: 文化ぶんか艺术出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 86. ISBN 978-7-5039-5244-9.
  11. ^ 张树军，高こう新しん民主みんしゅ编 (1998). 中共ちゅうきょう十じゅう一届三中全会历史档案 上じょう. 北京ぺきん: 解放かいほう军出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 7-5017-4469-6.
  12. ^ 在ざい伟大的てき领袖和わ导师毛げ泽东主席しゅせき纪念堂どう奠基仪式上じょう华国锋主席しゅせき的てき讲话 (in Chinese). 人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. 1976. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  13. ^ "The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall Successfully Completed", China Pictorial, 9: 4–12, 1977
  14. ^ 多吉たきち占うらない堆うずたか，薛文献ぶんけん著ちょ (2010). 雪山ゆきやま雄ゆう鹰 西藏にしくら登山とざん运动50年ねん. 桂かつら林りん: 漓江出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. pp. 45–46. ISBN 7-5407-4877-X.
  15. ^ 中国ちゅうごく特色とくしょく政党せいとう外交がいこう (in Chinese). 社会しゃかい科学かがく文献ぶんけん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. 2017. p. 92. ISBN 978-7-5201-0056-4. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  16. ^ 清きよし华之路ろ: 素す质培养个案あん (in Chinese). 花城はなしろ出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. 2003. p. 103. ISBN 978-7-5360-4113-4. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  17. ^ "Crowds flock to Mao mausoleum". BBC. January 6, 1998. Archived from the original on April 21, 2004. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  18. ^ "纪念毛げ泽东同志どうし诞辰130周年しゅうねん，毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう开放时间调整". m.thepaper.cn. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  19. ^ "毛げ泽东诞辰120周年しゅうねん 习近平等びょうどう赴纪念ねん堂どう瞻仰遗容-中新ちゅうしん网". www.chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  20. ^ 国くに魂たましい典てん (in Chinese). 吉林きつりん人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. 1993. p. 218. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  21. ^ "大だい修おさむ183天てん，毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう再さい开放". news.ifeng.com. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  22. ^ 伟人安息あんそく的てき地方ちほう: 毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう纪实 (in Chinese). 吉林きつりん人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. 1993. p. 146. ISBN 978-7-206-01779-7. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  23. ^ 功こう绩永垂たれ：毛もう主席しゅせき纪念堂どう设计施工しこう与あずか建けん设 (in Chinese). 吉林きつりん出版しゅっぱん集しゅう团有限げん责任公司こうし. 2011. p. 57. ISBN 978-7-5463-2638-2. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  24. ^ "Castro Honors Mao". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  25. ^ "Venezuela's Maduro pays tribute to 'giant' Mao". MalayMail. September 14, 2018. Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  26. ^ "Xi bows to Mao Zedong ahead of Communist China's 70th anniversary". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera and news agencies. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
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