Oroch people: Difference between revisions

Orochs
Alternative names:
Nani
	Oroch people (circa 1920)
Total population
	1,000 (est.)
Regions with significant populations
Russia Khabarovsk Krai: 426; Magadan Oblast: 126; Sakhalin oblast: 42; Primorsky krai: 24;	596
Ukraine	288 (2001)
Languages
	Oroch language, Russian
Religion
	Shamanism, Russian Orthodoxy, Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
	Itelmen, Evens , Koryaks, Evenks, Ulchs, Nanai, Orok, Udege

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Orochs (Russian О́рочи), Orochons, or Orochis (self-designation: Nani) are a people of Russia that speak the Oroch (Orochon) language of the Southern group of Tungusic languages. According to the 2002 census there were 686 Orochs in Russia. According to the 2010 census there were 596 Orochs in Russia.

Orochs traditionally settled in the southern part of the Khabarovsk Krai, Russia and on the Amur and Kopp rivers. In the 19th century, some of them migrated to Sakhalin. In the early 1930s, the Orochi National District was created, but was cancelled shortly thereafter "due to lack of native population".

Because the people never had a written language, they were educated in the Russian language. Their language, Oroch, is on the verge of extinction. They follow Shamanism, the Russian Orthodox Church, and Buddhism.

History

Between 1963 and 1993, major changes took place in Oroch families:

Almost all Orochi marriages became inter-ethnic - in 1951-1955, 73% of Orochi marriages were mono-ethnic, and in 1991-1995 only 9%.^[2]
The share of Oroch-Russian marriages increased sharply from 9% in 1951-1955 to 82% in 1991-1995.^[2]
The maximum size of an Oroch family decreased from 10 to 7 people from 1963 to 1993.^[2]
The average family size of the Orochi in 1993 was 2.9 people, compared to 4.8 in 1963.^[2]

*Orochis* placed near the Sea of Japan on an 1851 map.

References

^ ["Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity" (in Russian).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Историческая Демография" [Historical Demography] (PDF). Научный журнал (in Russian). 1 (5). 2010.

External links

Media related to Oroch people at Wikimedia Commons
The Orochis in The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
Ethnologue link

This Russia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This article about an ethnic group in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] ["Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity" (in Russian).

[illhkomisc-2] "Историческая Демография" [Historical Demography] (PDF). Научный журнал (in Russian). 1 (5). 2010.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{distinguish|text=the related but distinct [[Oroqen people]] (of China) or  [[Orok people]] (of Sakhalin Island)}}
-Orochi (self-name orochisel , sing. orochi , as well as nani (lost, old self-name, borrowed from the Amur Nanais : na  - "land", nі  - "man", translation - "local resident"; usually called themselves by their places of residence , by family affiliation)) - the Tungus-Manchurian people living in the Far East of Russia .
+{{Infobox ethnic group|
+|group=Orochs<br><small>Alternative names:<br>Nani</small>
+|image= SYBPOP.jpg
+|caption = Oroch people (circa 1920)
+|population= 1,000 (est.)
+|popplace=
+|region1  = {{flag|Russia}}
+*[[Khabarovsk Krai]]: 426
+*[[Magadan Oblast]]: 126
+*[[Sakhalin oblast]]: 42
+*[[Primorsky krai]]: 24
+|pop1     = 596
+|ref1     = <ref>[{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity |language=ru}}</ref>
+|region2  = {{flag|Ukraine}}
+|pop2     = 288 [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|(2001)]]
+|ref2     =
+|langs= [[Oroch language]], [[Russian language|Russian]]
+|rels=[[Shamanism]], [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]], [[Buddhism]]
+|related= [[Itelmen]], [[Evens]] , [[Koryaks]], [[Evenks]], [[Ulchs]], [[Nani people|Nanai]], [[Orok people|Orok]], [[Udege people|Udege]]
+}}
+[[File:Расселение орочей в ДФО по городским и сельским поселениям, в %.png|thumb|380px|Settlement of Orochs in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census]]
+{{Expand Russian|Орочи|date=November 2010}}
+{{History of Russian Manchuria}}
+'''Orochs''' ([[Russian Language|Russian]] ''О́рочи''), '''Orochons''', or '''Orochis''' (self-designation: ''Nani'') are a people of [[Russia]] that speak the [[Oroch language|Oroch (''Orochon'') language]] of the Southern group of [[Tungusic languages]]. According to the 2002 [[census]] there were 686 Orochs in Russia. According to the 2010 census there were 596 Orochs in Russia.
+Orochs traditionally settled in the southern part of the [[Khabarovsk Krai]], Russia and on the [[Amur River|Amur]] and Kopp rivers. In the 19th century, some of them migrated to [[Sakhalin]]. In the early 1930s, the Orochi National District was created, but was cancelled shortly thereafter "due to lack of native population".
+Because the people never had a written language, they were educated in the [[Russian language]]. Their language, [[Oroch language|Oroch]], is on the verge of extinction. They follow [[Shamanism]], the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], and [[Buddhism]].
-Content
-one	Number and settlement
-	Language
-	Story
-four	A family
-	Activities and customs
-	Notes
-	Links
-eight	Literature
-Population and settlement
+== History ==
-Settlement of Orochs in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census
+Between 1963 and 1993, major changes took place in Oroch families:
-The number is 1000 people, including in Russia  - 686 people. (2002 census) [1] , in Ukraine  - 288 people. (2001 census) [2]
+* Almost all Orochi marriages became inter-ethnic - in 1951-1955, 73% of Orochi marriages were mono-ethnic, and in 1991-1995 only 9%.<ref name="illhkomisc">{{cite journal|url=http://illhkomisc.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ist-demo01-2010.pdf |title=Историческая Демография |language=ru |trans-title=Historical Demography |journal=Научный журнал |volume=1 |issue=5 |date=2010}}</ref>
+* The share of Oroch-Russian marriages increased sharply from 9% in 1951-1955 to 82% in 1991-1995.<ref name="illhkomisc"/>
+* The maximum size of an Oroch family decreased from 10 to 7 people from 1963 to 1993.<ref name="illhkomisc"/>
+* The average family size of the Orochi in 1993 was 2.9 people, compared to 4.8 in 1963.<ref name="illhkomisc"/>
+[[File:John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-NE.jpg|thumb|left|''Orochis'' placed near the [[Sea of Japan]] on an 1851 map.]]
-They live mainly in the Khabarovsk Territory (441 people in 2010, 426 people in 2002 [1] ), mainly in the lower reaches of the Tumnin River with its tributaries ( Vaninsky District ), and along the Khungari River , a tributary of the Amur , along the Amur , near Lake Kizi ( Ulchsky district ), etc.
+== References ==
-The largest number of Orochs in 2002 lived in the village of Datta (114 people) [3]
+{{reflist}}
+== External links ==
-An interesting collision was recorded during the census in Ukraine . According to the processed data, 288 Orochs lived in the country, of which only 5 called the Oroch language their native language, 52 people considered Ukrainian as their native language , 174 people. - Russian [4] . At the same time, according to the 1989 USSR census, there were only 19 Orochs in the Ukrainian SSR [5] .
+* {{Commonscatinline}}
+* [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/orochis.shtml The Orochis] in [[The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire]]
+* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=oac Ethnologue link]
+{{Indigenous peoples of Russia}}
-Language
+{{Tungusic peoples}}
-They speak the Oroch language of the Tungus-Manchu group of the Altai family . The language is divided into Tumninsky, Khadinsky, Khungarian dialects. In 1989, 17.8% considered it their native language, while 82.2% called Russian their native language .
+{{Authority control}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Oroch People}}
-According to the 2002 census in the Khabarovsk Territory , out of 426 Orochs, 4.2% (18 people) speak the Oroch language ,  99.8% (425 people) speak Russian . [6] The Oroch script was created in the early 2000s.
+[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
+[[Category:Tungusic peoples]]
+[[Category:Indigenous peoples of North Asia]]
+[[Category:Khabarovsk Krai]]
+[[Category:Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East]]
+[[Category:Indigenous peoples in the Arctic]]
+{{Russia-stub}}
-In Ukraine , out of 288 Orochs , 5 people named the Oroch language as their native language. (1.7%), Russian  - 174 people. (60.4%), Ukrainian  - 52 people. (18.1%). [2]
+{{Asia-ethno-group-stub}}
-History
-There is no certainty in the question of self-name. The Ulchi and the Nanais have long, and since the 19th century also the Russians, called the indigenous population of the Amur Orochs. This ethnonym was introduced in the 1930s. in official passports . Later, the self-name used by them Nani was revealed - “local inhabitants”, like among the Nanai and Ulchi, but this ethnonym, according to their own statement, was “brought” from the Amur by tribesmen who had lived among the Amur aborigines for a long time .
-Orochis , shown off the Sea of Japan on an 1851 British map
-The formation of the Orochs took place on the slopes of the Sikhote-Alin , in the territory from the De-Kastri Bay in the north to the river. Bots in the south. This long process involved elements of various ethnic origins, both local (Nivkh, Ainsk, etc.), and Evenki, etc. As a result, five territorial groups were formed: Amur, Khungari, Tumnin, Primorskaya (Khadin) and Koppinsky.
-Family
-In 1963-1993, important changes took place in Oroch families:
-Almost all Oroch marriages became inter-ethnic - in 1951-1955, 73% of Oroch marriages were mono-ethnic, and in 1991-1995 only 9% [7] .
-The share of Oroch-Russian marriages increased sharply from 9% in 1951-1955 to 82% in 1991-1995 [7] .
-The maximum size of an Oroch family decreased from 10 to 7 people from 1963 to 1993 [7] .
-The average family size of the Orochi in 1993 was 2.9 people, compared to 4.8 in 1963 [7]
-Occupations and customs
-The main traditional occupations are hunting ( musk deer , elk , bear , fur-bearing animal), including sea hunting, as well as fishing . The weapons were a bow with arrows , a spear , traps, loops, crossbows , etc. were used. Firearms , traps appeared in the 19th century . They fished all year round, in the summer - in small dugouts and large wooden boats along the rivers, and to catch seals and sea lions they went to the Tatar Straitand its bays. The sea animal was beaten with harpoons , from a gun , on ice floes and on the shore - with mallets , fish ( chum salmon , pink salmon , taimen , etc.) were caught with nets , seine nets, traps were set, and they were beaten with spears .
-According to ethnographic studies [8] , in ancient times the Orochi practiced the rite of air burial .
-The year was divided into months corresponding to phenological (natural) phenomena and fishing activities:
-geese biani - "the month of the arrival of the eagle";
-tua - "the month of the raven";
-zonka - "the month when it flows from the roof";
-ilakta biani - "month of flowers";
-nada biani - "hot month" (7th);
-omo hukkanku ini - "the first month of hunting with nooses";
-amukin hukkankini - "the last period of hunting with nooses";
-miie - "shoulder month";
-iche - "new month" - January.
-Notes
-All-Russian population census of 2002 . Retrieved: 24 December 2009.
- All-Ukrainian population census 2001. Russian version. Results. Nationality and mother tongue.
-Database of microdata of the All-Russian population census of 2002 (inaccessible link) . std.gmcrosstata.ru. Retrieved 15 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019.
-Results  (ukr.) . All-Ukrainian population census 2001 . Date of access: 15 February 2018.
-All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population by republics of the USSR
-All-Russian population census of 2002 . www.perepis2002.ru. Date of access: 15 February 2018.
- http://illhkomisc.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ist-demo01-2010.pdf
-G. Yu. Sitnyansky, ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ANCIENT KYRGYZ FUNERAL RITE. Printed version // Central Asian ethnographic collection. Issue IV.M., 2001.S.175-180
-Links
-Peoples of Russia - Orochi
-OROCHI
-Disappearing peoples and nationalities of Russia
-Indigenous - Orochi
-Literature
-Bereznitsky S. V. Mythology and beliefs of the Orcs. - St. Petersburg. , 1999. - 188 p.
-Margaritov V.P. About the Orochs of the Imperial Harbor. - St. Petersburg. , 1988. - 56 p.
-Orochi // Siberia. Atlas of Asiatic Russia . - M . : Top book, Feoria, Design. Information. Cartography, 2007. - 664 p. — ISBN 5-287-00413-3 .
-Orochi // Peoples of Russia. Atlas of Cultures and Religions . - M . : Design. Information. Cartography, 2010. - 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8 .
-Mazin A.I. Traditional beliefs and rituals of the Evenks-Orochons. - Novosibirsk, 1984.
-Sychenko G. B. (oral creativity). Orochi  // Great Russian Encyclopedia  : electronic version. - 2016. - Date of access: 03.03.2018.

v t e Tungusic peoples
Evens Evenks Solons Oroqens Negidals Duchers Udeges Orochs Taz Sushen (controversial) Yilou (controversial) Wuji (controversial) Shiwei (controversial) Mohes (controversial, including Heishui Mohe, Sumo Mohe etc.) Jurchens (including Five state tribes; Jianzhou Jurchens, Haixi Jurchens, Wild Jurchens) Manchus Sibes Nanais Ulchs Oroks
Italics indicate extinct group