Arcadocypriot Greek
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Arcadocypriot Greek | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Arcadia, Cyprus | |||
Era | c. 1200 – 300 BC[citation needed] | |||
Indo-European
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Early forms | ||||
Greek alphabet Cypriot syllabary | ||||
Language codes | ||||
ISO 639-3 | – | |||
grc-arc | ||||
Glottolog | arca1234 | |||
![]() Distribution of Greek dialects in Greece in the classical period.[1]
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Arcadocypriot, or southern Achaean, was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and in Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as it is known from the Linear B corpus, suggests that Arcadocypriot is its descendant.
In Cyprus the dialect was written using solely the Cypriot syllabary. The most extensive surviving text of the dialect is the Idalion Tablet.[2] A significant literary source on the vocabulary comes from the lexicon of 5th century AD grammarian Hesychius.
History
[edit]Proto-Arcadocypriot (around 1200 BC) is supposed to have been spoken by Achaeans in the Peloponnese before the arrival of Dorians, so it is also called southern Achaean. The isoglosses of the Cypriot and Arcadian dialects testify that the Achaeans had settled in Cyprus. As Pausanias reported:
Agapenor, the son of Ancaeus, the son of Lycurgus, who was king after Echemus, led the Arcadians to Troy. After the capture of Troy the storm that overtook the Greeks on their return home carried Agapenor and the Arcadian fleet to Cyprus, and so Agapenor became the founder of Paphos, and built the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaepaphos (Old Paphos).[3]
The establishment happened before 1100 BC. With the arrival of Dorians in the Peloponnese, a part of the population moved to Cyprus, and the rest was limited to the Arcadian mountains.
According to John T Hooker, the preferable explanation for the general historico-linguistic picture is
that in the Bronze Age, at the time of the great Mycenaean expansion, a dialect of a high degree of uniformity was spoken both in Cyprus and in the Peloponnese but that at some subsequent epoch the speakers of West Greek intruded upon the Peloponnese and occupied the coastal states, but made no significant inroads into Arcadia.[4]
Later developments
[edit]After the collapse of the Mycenaean world, communication ended, and Cypriot was differentiated from Arcadian. It was written until the 3rd century BC using the Cypriot syllabary.[5][6]
Tsan was a letter in use only in Arcadia until around the 6th century BC. Arcadocypriot kept many characteristics of Mycenaean, early lost in Attic and Ionic, such as the /w/ sound (digamma).
Glossary
[edit]Arcadian
[edit]Arcadian word | English transliteration | Meaning | Other Greek dialects |
---|---|---|---|
ἀμφιδεκάτη | amphidekatê | 21st of the month ἡ μετὰ |
(ampheikas)(dekatê tenth) |
ἄ |
anôda | up-side | Attic ἄ |
ἄρμωλα | armôla or ἀρμώμαλα armômala | food seasoning | Attic ἀρτύματα artymata; ἀρτύω artyo |
ἄσιστος | asistos | nearest | Attic ἄγχιστος anchistos |
δάριν | darin or dareir | span of all fingers; see Ancient Greek units of measurement | Attic σπιθαμή spithame, inch) |
Ἑκατόμβαιος | Hecatombaios | epithet for Apollo in Athens and for Zeus in Gortys (Arcadia) and Gortyna, Crete | |
Ϝιστίαυ | Wistiau | Attic Hestiou, eponym genitive of Hestios; Cf.Hestia and gistia) | |
ϝοῖνος | woinos | wine | Cypriot, Cretan, Delphic, Magna Graecian; Attic oinos |
ζέλλω | zellô | "throw, put, let, cast" | Attic βάλλω ballô |
ζέρεθρον | zerethron | pit | (Homeric, Attic βέρεθρον berethron; (Koine barathron) |
θύρδα | thyrda | outside | Attic ἔ |
ἴ |
in | in, inside | Attic en; Cypriot id. |
κάθιδος | kathidos | water-jug | Attic ὑδρία hydria; (Tarentine huetos) |
κάς | kas | and | Attic καί kai; Cypriotic id. |
κίδαρις | kidaris | Arcadian dance (Athenaeus 14.631d.)[7] and Demetra Kidaria in Arcadia. | |
κόρϝα | korwa | girl | Attic korê; Pamphylian name Κορϝαλίνα Korwalina |
Κορτύνιοι | Kortynioi | (Kortys or Gortys (Arcadia)) | |
κυβήβη | kubêbê | boot, shoe | Attic hypodema |
Lênai | Bacchae (Lenaeus Dionysus, Lenaia festival | ||
μωρίαι | môriai | horses, cattle | |
ounê or ounei | come on! Go! | Attic | |
πέσσεται | pessetai | it is cooked, roasted | Attic ὀ |
πος | pos | towards, into | Attic προς pros; Cypriot id. !
ποσκατυβλάψη[8] poskatublapse (Attic proskatablapsei) |
σίς[9] | sis | who, anyone | Attic tis; Laconian tir; Thessalian kis; Cypr. sis (si se) |
Cypriot
[edit]- ἀβάθων abathôn teacher (Attic didaskalos)
- ἁβαριστάν abaristan (γυναικιζομένην) 'effeminate'
- ἀβαρταί abartai birds, volatile (Attic hai ptênai, ta ptêna πτηνά)
- ἀβλάξ ablax 'brightly wonderful' (Attic λαμπρῶς lambrôs) (
α + βλάξ (blax) "idiot", blapto "harm") - ἀβρεμής abremês ἀβλεπής, ἀνάξιος
τ ο υ βλέπεσθαι, 'unworthy of being seen, despicable' - ἁγάνα hagana and agana (Attic σαγήνη sagênê 'dragnet')
- ἄ
γ α ν θές (agan thes) (Attic σιώπα siôpa, 'shut up' ( "too much" + "put" (tithemi imp.) - ἄγκυρα ankura (Attic τριώβολον triôbolon, "three obols") (Attic ankura anchor)
- ἀγλαόν aglaon (Attic γλαφυρόν glaphyron, "smooth, sweet, simple, decorated" (Cretan also), (Attic: aglaos "bright")
- ἀγόρ agor eagle (Attic ἀετός aetos)
- ἀγχοῦρος anchoûros near the morning (from anchauros anchi + aurion tomorrow )
- ἄδειὁς adeios (Attic akathartos), "cleanless, impure" (cf. Attic: adeios, adeia = "fearless, safe", Byzantine and Modern: adeios, adeia = "empty")
- ἄδρυον adryon (ploion dugout canoe) (
α +δ ρ ῦς) - ἀθρίζειν athrizein (Attic ῥιγοῦ
ν rhigoun to shiver) - ἀίεις aieis 'you listen' (Attic ἀκούεις akoueis) (aïô only in poetic use)
α ἰπόλος aipolos (Koine kapêlos wine-seller) (Attic aipolos 'goatherd') (Attic pôleô sell)- ἀκεύει akeuei (Attic
τ η ρ ε ῖ terei he observes, maintains, keeps order) - ἄ
κ μ ω ν akmôn (Attic ἀλετρίβανος aletribanos plough or pestle) (Attic ἄκ μ ω ν anvil, meteor) (Acmon mythology) - ἀκοστή akostê barley (Attic κριθή krithê ) Cypr. according to Hsch., but Thess. for grain of all kinds according to Sch.Il.6.506.)
- ἅλς hals (Attic oinos wine) (Attic ἅλς hals sea) (ἅ
λ α *θάλασσαν (Α 141) vgAS ἢο ἶνος Κύπριοι) - ἀλάβη alabê or alaba (Attic μαρίλη marile charcoal-ember) λιγνύς. σποδός. καρκίνος. ἄνθρακες
- ἀλειπτήριον aleipterion (Attic γραφεῖ
ο ν grapheion writing utensil or place of writing and engraving) (Attic ἀλειφω aleiphô smear, rub) - ἄλευρον aleuron grave (Attic τάφος taphos )(leuros smooth, level, even )(Attic ἄλευρον wheat flour)
- ἄλουα aloua gardens (Attic
κ ῆπ ο ι kêpoi) - ἁλουργά halourga the red things of the sea
τ ὰ ἐκ τ ῆς θαλάσσης πορφυρᾶ Cypr. according to Hsch. - ἄ
ν δ α anda she (Atticα ὕτ η hautê) - ἄορον aoron lever μοχλός gateway
π υ λ ῶν door-keeper θυρωρός (Aeolic aoros unsleeped) - ἀούματα aoumata chaffs, straws left-overs of barleys
τ ὰτ ῶν πτισσομένωνκ ρ ι θ ῶν ἄχυρα (Cf. loumata, lumata) - ἀπέλυκα apelyka (Attic ἀπέῤῥ
ω γ α aperrhoga I am broken, crashed) - ἀπλανῆ aplanê many, a lot (Attic πολλά) (Laconian ameremera) (Attic aplaneis unmoving, non wandering esp. for stars)
- ἀποαἵ
ρ ε ι apoairei (Attic ἀποκαθαίρει apokathairei he cleans, removes) (ἀπαίρω lead off, set out to sea) - ἀπόγεμε apogeme imp. remove out, draw off liquor(Attic ἄφελκε aphelke) (Attic γέμω gemô to be full of)
- ἀπολοισθεῖ
ν apoloisthein to finish complete (Attic ἀποτελεῖν apotelein)(ὅλος holos whole) - ἀπόλυγμα apolugma denudation (Attic ἀπογύμνωσις apogymnôsis)(cf. apolouma)
- ἀ
ρ ὰς ἐπισπεῖρ α ι aras epispeirai Cypriot cursing custom sowing barley with water σπειρόντωνκ ρ ι θ ὰςμ ε θ ' ἁλ ὸςκ α τ α ρ ᾶσθαίτ ι σ ι ν - ἄριζος arizos grave (Attic taphos) (
α + ῥίζα rhiza root) - ἄρμυλα armula shoes (Attic ὑποδήματα hypodemata)
- ἀρμώατος armôatos (Attic σπασμός spasmos spasm)
- ἄρουρα aroura 'heap of wheat with straws'
σ ω ρ ὸς σίτουσ ὺν ἀχύροις (Homeric, Ionic ἄρουρα aroura earth) - ἄρπιξ arpix harpix or aprix acanthus "species of thorn",
ε ἶδος ἀκάνθης (Attic aprix fast, tight) α ὔγαρος augaros (Attic ἄσωτος asôtos unsaved, wasteful, prodigal)α ὐεκίζειν auekizein (Attic σφακελίζειν sphakelizein produce gangrene)- Ἀχαιομάντεις Achaiomanteis seers, priests in Cyprus (Hesychius)
β ᾶλλαι ballai (Attic βαθμοί bathmoi grades, steps, stages) (Aeolic arrows)- βλάστα blasta (Attic βλάστησις blastesis Vegetation)
- βομβοία bomboia (Attic κολυμβὰς ἐλαία kolumbas elaia pickled olive, swimming in brine)(Attic kolumbaô dive, swim)
- βορβορίζει borborizei γογγύζει. μολύνει it groans, pollutes
- βουκανῆ boukanê anemone flower ἀνεμώνη (bukanê trumpet)
- βουνός bounos (Attic στιβάς stibas bed of straw, reeds, leaves) (Koine bounos hill, mountain)
- βοώνητα boôneta (Attic 'purchased things in the price of cows')
τ ι μ ῆςβ ο ῶν ἠγορασμένα (Cypriot unholy things) - βρένθιξ brenthix (Attic θριδακίνη thridakine lettuce)
- βρίγκα brinka small (Attic μικρόν mikron)
- βριμάζειν brimazein orgasmize ὀ
ρ γ ᾷν ε ἰς συνουσίαν (Brimô mythology) (brimaomai freak, be enraged) β ρ ο ῦκ α brouka green locustχ λ ω ρ ὰν ἀκρίδα (Ionic broukos)- βρούχετος brouchetos frog (Attic βάτραχος bathrachos) (Hsch. brouchetos pit βάραθρον)
- βύβλιοι byblioi gravekeepers
- γάνος ganos garden pl. ganea (Hebrew gan 'garden')
- γέμοις
ν υ gemois nu lit."you may be full, filled now" Hsch. λαβέκ α ὶ κάθιζε take and sit - γένεσις genesis libation (Attic σπονδή sponde)
γ ο ᾶν α ι goanai (Attic κλαίειν klaiein to cry) (goaô moan)γ ρ ᾶ gra or grasthi "eat (imp)" (Attic φάγε phage) (Attic graô gnaw) (Sanskrit grasate eat) (PIE *gres- devour) (Salaminianκ α γ ρ ᾶkagra kata + graô Koine kataphagas gluttonous)- δαματρίζειν damatrizein
τ ὸ συνάγειντ ὸν Δημητριακὸν καρπόν "collect the fuits of Demeter" δ ε ῖν dein 'turn' (Attic στρέφειν strephein (cf. Attic: deo tie)- δίπτυον diptuon (Attic hemimedimnos, a dry measure) (Aeolic kammarpsis)
- διφθεραλοιφός diphtheraloiphos elementary teacher γραμματοδιδάσκαλος grammatodidaskalos ( aleiphô "smear" + diphthera "goatskin, writing-material, parchment"
- δρόσος drosos ἀχρείος achreios "needless, useless" (Attic drosos dew)
- δύσεα dusea (the things around the wall)
τ ο ῦ τοίχουτ ὰ πέριξ - ἔ
α ρ ear (Atticα ἷμ α haima blood) (Attic Ear Spring (season)) - Ἔγχειος Encheios Ἀφροδίτη
- ἔλαψα elapsa (Attic διέφθειρα diephtheira I harmed)
- ἔλφος elphos butter (Attic βούτυρον boutyron)
- ἔ
ν α υ ὁν enauon ἔνθες put in, ignite εναύοντες ἀνάπτοντες πυρί.τ ὰγ ὰρ σμήνητ ῶν μελισσῶν διώκουσιδ ι ὰ πυρὸςκ α ὶ καπνοῦ A (n) - ἔπιξα epixa (Attic ὄρνεα ornea birds)
- ἐ
ρ ο ῦντες erountes (Attic λέγοντες legontes the saying) (Attic erountes the ones who will say) - ἐρούα eroua walk and rest πορεύου,αναπαύου (cf. Homeric erôeô)
- ἔ
σ τ η estê (Attic στολή stolê, equipment, garment) (cf. esthês clothing) - ζάει zaei (Attic
κ ι ν ε ῖκ α ὶ πνεῖ it moves and blows) (zaei binei, inire, coïre, of illicit intercourse) θ ᾶτες thates or thutes manual labourers (Atticθ ῆτες thêtes) (see Timocracy)θ ε ῖο ν theiο n (Attic ἴγδιον igdion mortar) (Aristophanes θυεία thyeia igdion mortar)- θίβων thibôn (Koine thibis ark, basket) (Hebrew tēbhāh ark, from Egyptian tebt 'box')
- θρόδαξ throdax (Attic θρίδαξ thridax lettuce)
- θύα thua flavourings ἀρτύματα. Κύπριοι. ἔνιοι
τ ὰ ἀρώματα. Καλλίμαχος (fr.564).Ε ὔπολις (fr. 108,2)τ ὰ πέμματα. λέγεταιδ ὲκ α ὶτ ὰ θυόμενατ α ῖν θ ε α ῖν - ἵ
γ α higa shut up (Attic σιώπα siôpa) (Cretan iga) - ἱμονιά himonia strap (Attic ἵμας himas)
- ἳ
ν hin dat. and acc. of the old pers. Pron. hi (q.v.). in, Arc., Cypr., and Cret. for en (q.v.)[10] - καλίνδινα kalindina intestines (Attic ἔντερα entera) (PIE: ghel-ond-, ghol-n•d- stomach; bowels) (Homeric cholades) (Macedonian gola)
- καχίλα kachila flowers (Attic ἄ
ν θ η anthê) - κενεά (Attic ἀναδενδράδες anadendrades climbing vineyards) (Attic kena kenea vain
- κίβισις kibisis bag (Attic πήρα pêra) (Aetolian kibba)
- κίλλος killos morning cicada ( τέττιξ πρωϊνὸς tettix proinos) (Hesychius killos donkey)
- Κινυράδαι Kinyradai priests of Aphrodite ἱερεῖς Ἀφροδίτης
- κίρις kiris or kirris (cypriotic epithet for Adonis) (Laconian kirris λύχνος lychnos light, lamp)
- κίτταρις kittaris Cypriot Diadem.Κίτταροι Kittaroi, the ones who wear it
- κιχητός kichêtos the vessel or the substance where the censer(Attic libanôtos) is being dyed
ε ἰς ὃ ἐμβάπτεται ὁ λιβανωτός - κυνύπισμα kunupisma drink from pomace (stemphyla), i.e. left-overs of pressed grapes.
- λήνεα lênea or λείνα leina (Attic ἔ
ρ ι α eria wools) - μόψος mopsos 'stain on the clothes' (Attic kêlis
κ η λ ὶς ἡ ἐν τ ο ῖς ἱματίοις) (Mopsus mythology) (Mopsopia old name of Attica and Attic tales of Euphorion of Chalcis) - μύθα mytha voice (Attic φωνή phonê mythos μυθέομαι mytheomai speak narrate)
- μυλάσασθαι mulasasthai cleanse with oil (Attic σμήξασθαι smêxasthai σμήχω smêchô)
- ὄλινοι olinoi sheaves of barley ὄλινοι
κ ρ ι θ ῆς δέσμαι.κ α ὶ ὤλενοςπ α ρ ὰ Κυπρίοις - ὀρτός ortos (Attic βωμός bômos altar)
ο ὐάραι ouarai we (Attic ἡμ ε ῖς hemeis)ο ὔαρον ouaron olive oil (Attic ἔλαιον elaion)ο ὖν ο ν ounon or ounos road (Attic odos) (Koine dromos)- πέσσον pesson (Attic ὄρος mountain or χωρίον village)
- πιλνόν pilnon (Attic φαιόν phaion obscure brown, πελιδνόν pelidnon livid (blue, green/ dark)
- πρέπον prepon beast (Attic τέρας teras beast)(prepôn -ontos, a fish) (Attic prepon -ntos suitable)
- Πυγμαίων Pygmaion Ἄδωνις Adonis
- ῥύεινα rhueina lamb, accusative (Attic ἄ
ρ ν α arna)(nom. rhuein, arên from Wrêna) - σί βόλε si bole? (Attic τί βούλει; ti boulei? what do you want?)
- σίγυνον sigunon (Attic ἀκόντιον akontion spear)[11]
Paphian
[edit]- ἐπίκορον epicoron (Attic ἐπίκοπον epikopon) cutting, re-stamped coin (from keirô and koptô cut)
- ἐς πόθ' ἕρπες es poth' herpes? (Attic πόθεν ἥκεις pothen hekeis? where do you come from?) (Attic ἕρπειν herpein to creep, to crawl, move slowly like a serpent
ε ὐτρόσσεσθαι eutrossesthai (Attic ἐπιστρέφεσθαι epistrephesthai return)- θόρανδε thorande (Attic ἔ
ξ ω exo outside) θύρα thyra door - ἵγγια hingia one (Cypr. ingia) (
ε ἷς heis) (Cretan itton hen one) - ἰμίτραιον imitraion (Hsch.ὑπόζωστον hypozoston under-girdle, rope of ship
- ἰμπάταὁ
ν impataon (Attic ἔμβλεψον emblepson look inside -imperative) (Hsch. inkapathaon enkatablepson) - κάβειος kabeios young (Attic νέος neos)
- καβλή kablê (Koine μάνδαλος mandalos latch)
- κακκέρσαι kakkersai (Attic κατακόψαι katakopsai to cut, slay) (kata + keirô cut)
- καλέχεο kalecheo (Attic κατάκεισο katakeiso lay down -imperative) (Homeric λέχος lechos bed)
- καπατάξεις kapataxeis (Attic κατακόψεις katakopseis you will cut, slay)
- κάῤῥ
α ξ ο ν karrhaxon (Attic κατάραξον kataraxon strike -imperative) (kata + arassô - κατέρεαι katereai (Atticκάθισαι kathisa sit)
- κίβος kibos (Attic kibôtos ark or ἐνεός eneos speechless)
- κιδνόν kidnon here (Attic ἐνθάδε enthade)
- κόρζα korza or korzia heart ( Attic καρδία kardia ) ( Ionic kardiê )( Homeric kradiê ) ( Aeolic karza )
- κύβος kubos saucer bowl dish (Attic τρύβλιον trublion) (Attic kubos cube)
- λιμήν limên ἀγορά and (ἐνδιατριβή endiatribê delay, abide, stay) (Attic λιμήν limên port, harbour)
μ ο χ ο ῖ mochoi inside (Attic ἐντός entos)(cf.muchos innermost part, nook, corner)- σάπιθος sapithos sacrifice (Attic θυσία thysia)
- σάσαι sasai to sit (Attic καθίσαι kathisai) (cf. Poetic thassô sit, thôkos backless throne)
- σές ses (Attic ἔλαθες elathes you were hidden, escaped notice see λανθάνω lanthano)
- σίαἱ sihai to spit (Attic πτύσαι ptusai to spit, cast out)
- σοάνα soana (Attic ἀξίνη axinê axe)
- στροπά stropa (Attic ἀστραπή astrapê) (Homeric sterope, lightning flash)
- ὕ
ε σ ι huesi (Koine στολή stolê "garment", (Attic ἀμφίεσις amphiesis clothing, Hsch. ὑεστάκα huestaka) - Φάπη Phapê Παφία Paphia (Paphian Aphrodite)
See also
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
- Hesychius of Alexandria
- Cypriot Greek for the modern variety of Greek spoken on Cyprus
References
[edit]- ^ Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.
- ^ Georgiadou, Anna (2015). "The Tablet of Idalion (ICS 217)". Kyprios Character. History, Archaeology & Numismatics of Ancient Cyprus.
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.5.1 Archived 2008-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ John T Hooker, Mycenaean Greece (Routledge Revivals). Archived 2015-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Routledge, 2014 ISBN 1317751221 p164
- ^ Kypros, Salamis, c. 600 BC [1] Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kypros — Kourion ~320 BC [2] Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mortals and Immortals [3] Archived 2016-12-24 at the Wayback Machine by Jean-Pierre Vernant
- ^ Arkadia — Tegea — 4th century BC IG V,2 6 38 Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Arkadia — Mantineia — stoichedon. — 5th century BC [4] Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "LSJ". Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
- ^ Aristotle, Poetics, XXI [5] Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine
Bibliography
[edit]- A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity- Arcado-Cypriot by A.Panayotou
- C. M. Bowra Homeric Words in Arcadian Inscriptions
- Yves Duhoux. Introduction aux dialectes grecs anciens. Lounain-la-Neuve: Cabay, 1983 ISBN 2-87077-177-0
- Rüdiger Schmitt. Einführung in die griechischen Dialekte. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1977 ISBN 3-534-05672-8
- Markus Egetmeyer. Le dialecte grec ancien de Chypre. 2 vols., vol. 1: Grammaire; vol. 2: Répertoire des inscriptions en syllabaire chypro-grec. Berlin–NY: De Gruyter, 2010.
Further reading
[edit]- Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos, ed. 2007. A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. The Greek language. London: Faber & Faber.