Bulang people
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
Total population | |
---|---|
92,000 | |
Regions with significant populations | |
China: Yunnan; smaller populations in Burma and Thailand | |
Languages | |
Blang, U | |
Religion | |
Theravada Buddhism, Animist | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Va |
The Bulang people (Chinese:
Names
[edit]Yan & Zhou (2012:147)[1] list the following autonyms of ethnic Bulang in various counties.
- plaŋ31 (
布 朗 ): in Xishuangbanna - a55 vaʔ55 (
阿 佤): in Shuangjiang and Lancang counties - ʔu33 tɤr11 (乌德尔): some Bulang of Shuangjiang; means 'mountain people'
- ʔu55 (乌): in Yongde (ʔu˥˩ in Gantang
甘 塘), Zhenkang, Shidian (ʔu55 in Hazhai 哈寨), Changning counties - vaʔ55 (佤): in Mojiang County
Exonyms for Bulang include (Yan & Zhou 2012:147):[1]
- mɔn33 (谟): Dai exonym for the Bulang of Xishuangbanna
- a bø55 (
阿 别): Hani exonym for the Bulang of Xishuangbanna - la31 (
拉 ): Dai exonym for the Bulang of Shuangjiang - kha33 phv53 (卡朴): Lahu exonym for the Bulang
- pa̠ ʔa̠ɯ̠ʔ (
巴 尔克): Wa exonym for the Bulang of Cangyuan - Puman (濮曼,
蒲 满): Han Chinese exonym for the Bulang
Languages
[edit]People classified as Bulang in China speak various Palaungic languages, including Blang and U.
The Blang language belongs to the Palaungic branch of the Austroasiatic language family. Within the Palaungic branch, Blang belongs to the Waic subgroup, which also contains the languages of the Wa and Lawa peoples in addition to Blang. Some Blang also speak the Chinese language and Southwestern Tai languages in addition to Blang. Two systems of writing, based on the Latin alphabet, have been developed: 'Totham' in the Xishuangbanna and 'Tolek' from Dehong and Lincang.
History
[edit]Chinese ethnographers identify the Blang as descendants of an ancient tribe known as the "Pu" (濮), who lived in the Lancang river valley during ancient times. It is believed that these people were one branch of a number of peoples that were collectively known to the ancient Chinese as the Bǎipú (
Culture
[edit]Traditionally, the Blang considered teeth blackened by chewing betel nuts a beauty characteristic.
The women usually dress in jackets with black skirts. The men had tattoos in the torso and the stomach. They dressed in wide black trousers and jackets buttoned to the front. Often, they would wear turbans of either white or black fabric.
The houses of the Blang are made out of bamboo and usually consist of two floors. The first floor is designed as a warehouse for food and a stable for livestock animals, such as chickens, whereas the second is designed to house the family. The chimney is located in the center of the house.
The Blang are traditionally divided into small clans, with each clan owning its own land. Every Blang town has its own cemeteries, which are divided by clans. The deceased are buried, with the exception of those who perished due to unnatural causes. In this case, they are cremated.
Bulang are among the earliest known cultivators of tea, with natural tea forest canopy home to unique species & ecosystems as opposed to monoculture fertilizer & pesticide-consuming tea plantations.
Religion
[edit]The Blang are traditionally associated with animism, ancestor worship, and Theravada Buddhism. Writing in 2011, James Miller described these overlapping traditions as follows:
The Blang, like many nationalities in southwest China, are Theravada Buddhists, but their highly complex religious life is also informed by local beliefs and customs that relate to the traditional ecology, with special attention being paid to rice, water, bees, beeswax, and the various local spirits that are associated with them.[2]
A Christian missionary source describes them as "ardent followers of Theravada Buddhism", and offers as an estimate that 80% of the Bulang are "professing Buddhists", with a lower estimate of 35% being "practicing Buddhists".[3]
Distribution
[edit]The Bulang are distributed in the following villages of Yunnan province (Tao 2012:16-18).[4] Except for the Bulang of Xishuangbanna, the Bulang of most of these counties speak the U language (Svantesson 1991).[5] Locations from Wang & Zhao (2013:173-179) are also included.[6]
- Menghai County (pop. 30,678; 33% of all ethnic Bulang in China)
- Bulangshan (Bulang Mountain) Township
布 朗 山 乡 - Bada Township
巴 达乡 - Xiding Township
西 定 乡
- Bulangshan (Bulang Mountain) Township
- Shuangjiang County (pop. 12,527; 7.9% of all ethnic Bulang in China)
- Yongde County (pop. 6,630)
- Yongkang Township
永 康 镇: Songgui送 归,[7] Luo'ade 罗阿德 , Xiaobaishui小 白水 ,[8] Luoshuiba落水 坝,[9] Xiamangping下 忙 坪 ,[10] Nanmusuan南 木 算 ,[11] Manghai忙 海 ,[12] Yatang 鸭塘,[13] Duande端 德 村 ,[6] Mangkuang忙 况村,[6] Reshuitang 热水塘村[6] - Xiaomengtong Township
小 孟 统乡: Dazhai大 寨,[14] Hudong 户董,[15] Hewei河 尾 ,[16] Landizhai 烂地寨,[17] Banpo半 坡[18] - Mengban Township 勐板乡: Ganzhe
甘蔗 , Xiazhai下 寨, Dazhai大 寨, Huangguozhai黄 果 寨,[19] Datian大田 ,[20] Nandongshan南 董 山 ,[21] Xiahuya下 户丫[22] - Dashan Township
大山 乡: Huwei 户威, Hongshan 红山,[23] Malizhai麻 栗 寨, Pahong 怕红[24] - Dedang Township
德 党 乡: Qianshandong 钻山洞 村 ,[6] Mangjiantian忙 见田村 [6] - Menggong 勐汞乡, Zhaigang 寨岗乡, Daxueshan
大雪山 乡 Townships
- Yongkang Township
- Yun County (pop. 5,741)
- Manghuai Township
忙 怀乡: Bangliu邦 六 ,[25] Gaojingcao高井 槽 [26] - Manwan Township 漫湾镇: Dapingzhang
大平 掌 ,[27] Manjiu 慢旧,[28] Hetaolin核 桃 林村 [6] - Maolan Township
茂 兰乡: Mao'an茂 岸 , Zhanglong掌 龙 - Dazhai Township
大 寨乡: Xinhe新合 , Pingzhang平 掌 , Dacun大村 , Reshuitang 热水塘 - Yongbao Township 涌宝乡: Shilong
石 龙,[29] Langbashan浪 坝山,[30][31] Laolu老 鲁[32] - Lishu Township
栗 树乡: Mangbang忙 蚌,[33] Manlang 慢郎,[34] Xiaobanggan小 邦 赶[35]
- Manghuai Township
- Gengma County (pop. 2,957)
- Lincang County (pop. 450)
- Zhenkang County (pop. 452)
- Fengqing County (pop. 1,276)
- Dazhai Township
大 寨乡: Dalise大立 色 村 , Qiongyin 琼英村 , Pingzhang平 掌 村 [6] - Sanchahe Township
三 岔河乡: Shantoutian山 头田村 - Dasi
大寺 乡, Yingpan 营盘乡, Fengshan 凤山乡, Luodang洛 党 乡 Townships
- Dazhai Township
- Shidian County (pop. 6,712)
- Bailang Township 摆榔乡: Hazhai 哈寨, Upper and lower Mulaoyuanzhai
上下 木 老 元 寨, Dazhong Jianshan大中 尖山 , Yaoguang 姚光
- Bailang Township 摆榔乡: Hazhai 哈寨, Upper and lower Mulaoyuanzhai
- Changning County (pop. 1,000+)
- Kasi Township 卡斯乡: Xingu
新谷 , Shuanglong双 龙, Yingbaizhai 应百 寨, Ergoudi二 沟地 - Gengga Township
更 嘎乡: Baicaolin百草 林 , Dachushui大 出水
- Kasi Township 卡斯乡: Xingu
- Lancang County (pop. 6,500)
- Mojiang County (pop. 1,000+)
- Jingxing Township
景 星 乡: Taihe太 和 村
- Jingxing Township
- Jinggu County (pop. 1000+)
- Jingdong County
- Baodian Township
保 甸乡[50]
- Baodian Township
- Simao County
Ethnic Bulang villages are also located in Jinghong City, including in Kunhan Dazhai
References
[edit]- ^ a b Yan Qixiang [颜其
香 ] & Zhou Zhizhi [周 植 志 ] (2012). Mon-Khmer languages of China and the Austroasiatic family [中国 孟 高 棉 语族语言与 南 亚语系 ]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academy Press [社会 科学 文献 出版 社 ]. - ^ Miller, James (16 August 2011). "News: The Religion and Ecology of the Blang Minority Nationality". fore.research.yale.edu. Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Tao Yuming [
陶 玉 明 ]. 2012. The Bulang people of China [中国 布 朗 族 ]. Yinchuan: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民 出版 社 ]. - ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof. 1988. "U." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 11 , no. 1: 64-133.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Wang Xingzhong [
王 兴中] & Zhao Weihua [赵卫华]. 2013. Geography and multilingualism in Lincang [临沧地理 与 双 语使用 ]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云 南 人民 出版 社 ]. ISBN 978-7-222-08581-7 - ^ "
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