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Caijia language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Caijia
Menni
Native toChina
RegionGuizhou
Native speakers
1,000 (2004)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologcaij1234

Caijia (Chinese: 蔡家话) is an endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken in an area centred on Bijie, in the west of the Chinese province of Guizhou. It was first documented by Chinese researchers in the 1980s.[2] It has been described by different authors as a relative of Bai or an early split from Old Chinese. The autonym is men³¹ni³³. According to Lu (2022), Caijia speakers in Xingfa 兴发乡, Hezhang County refer to their language as meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³.[3]

Classification[edit]

Similarities among Old Chinese, Waxiang, Caijia, and Bai have been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010)[4] and others.[5][6] Zhengzhang Shangfang (2010) argued that Bai and Caijia formed a Macro-Bai subgroup of Sino-Tibetan.[7]

Caijia also appears to be related to the extinct Longjia and Luren languages,[8] but they are too poorly documented for definitive classification.

In contrast, Sagart (2011) groups Caijia with Waxiang, a divergent Chinese variety spoken in northwestern Hunan,[9][10] as the earliest group to split off from Old Chinese.[11] Sagart (2011) lists the following features of Old Chinese retained by both Caijia and Waxiang:

  • OC *lˤ- and *lr- > Caijia and Waxiang l- (where Middle Chinese has d-), as in OC *lˤiŋ (田た) > Caijia len31, Waxiang lɛ13 'field'
  • OC *r- > Caijia ɣ- and Waxiang z- (where Middle Chinese has l-), as in OC *mə.rˤək (來き) > *rˤə > Caijia ɣɯ31, Waxiang zɛ13 'to come'

Sagart identifies two words as shared innovations:

  • 'two': Caijia ta55, Waxiang tso53, from OC *tsˤə(ʔ)-s 'twice' (再さい)
  • 'milk': Caijia mi55, Waxiang mi55, which Sagart (2011) suggests is a non-Sinitic word

Distribution[edit]

Bijie prefecture within Guizhou province, China

Bijie (1983)[12] reports the Caijia people are found in the seven counties of Bijie prefecture – Qixingguan, Dafang, Qianxi, Zhijin, Nayong, Weining, and Hezhang – comprising a total of over 3,100 households and over 18,000 individuals. Bijie (1983) reports that smaller populations of Caijia people are found in Anshun (with over 400 people) and Liupanshui (with over 3,500 people) prefectures (to the southeast and southwest respectively), as well as Zhaoyang, Yiliang, and Zhenxiong counties in Zhaotong prefecture, Yunnan (to the northwest). Bijie (1983) also contains linguistic data for the Caijia language of Hezhang County.

Caijia speakers are distributed in the following locations in Bijie prefecture (Bo Wenze 2004).[1]

  • Lijiazhai 李り家か寨, Xinying Village 新しん营村, Xingfa Township 兴发乡, Hezhang County
  • Caijiayuan 蔡家园, Yakou Village 垭口村むら, Songlinpo Township 松林まつばやし坡乡, Hezhang County
  • Lijiagou 李り家か沟, Kele Township 可か乐乡, Hezhang County
  • Xinfa Township 新しん发布依よ族ぞく乡, Weining County (not to be confused with Xingfa Township 兴发乡 in Hezhang County)

Yinajia District 以那架か区く has the most ethnic Caijia in Zhijin County. Bijie (1983)[12] also reports the location of Baiyanjiao 白岩しらいわ脚あし, Puweng Township 普ひろし翁おう公社こうしゃ, Guiguo District 桂かつら果はて区く, Zhijin County.

The Liupanshui City Ethnic Gazetteer 六ろく盘水市し志こころざし：民族みんぞく志こころざし (2003:182–183)[13] lists ethnic Caijia populations for the following counties in the prefecture, with a total of 4,061 (1982):

  • Liuzhi: 1,720 (1981), in Niuchang 牛うし场, Xinchang 新しん场, Heitang 黑くろ塘
  • Shuicheng: 2,296 (1982), in Bide 比ひ德とく, Huale 化か乐, Qinglin 青あお林りん, Jinpen 金きん盆ぼん
  • Zhongshan District: in Dewu 德とく坞乡

In Shuicheng County, the Caijia language is still spoken in:

  • Chahe 叉また河かわ, Jinpen Township 金きん盆ぼん乡[13]
  • Caijiapo 蔡家坡, Tujiao Township 土ど角かく乡[13]
  • Caijiayuan 蔡家园, Shuchang Township 鼠ねずみ场乡[1]

In Zhenxiong County, Yunnan, the Caijia people are scattered in the village cluster of Sumu 苏木村むら,[14][15] and in Chuanjiu 串くし九きゅう,[16] Qinggang 青あお杠ゆずりは,[17][18] Liangshui 凉水,[19] Poji 泼机,[20] Nantai 南台みなみだい, Wugu 五谷ごたに[21] (Zhenxiong County Gazetteer 1986).[22]

Phonology[edit]

Lee (2021)[23] gives the following consonants and vowels for the phononology of Caijia:

Consonants
Labial Apical Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasals /m/ ⟨m⟩ /n/ ⟨n⟩ /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩
Stops /p/ ⟨b⟩ /t/ ⟨d⟩ /k/ ⟨g⟩ /q/ ⟨gv⟩
/pʰ/ ⟨p⟩ /tʰ/ ⟨t⟩ /kʰ/ ⟨k⟩ /qʰ/ ⟨gv⟩
/b/ ⟨bb⟩ /d/ ⟨dd⟩ /ɡ/ ⟨gg⟩
Affricates /t͡s/ ⟨z⟩ /ʈ͡ʂ/ ⟨zh⟩ /t͡ɕ/ ⟨j⟩
/t͡sʰ/ ⟨c⟩ /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ɕʰ/ ⟨q⟩
/d͡z/ ⟨zz⟩ /ɖ͡ʐ/ ⟨dh⟩ /d͡ʑ/ ⟨jj⟩
Fricatives /ɸ/ ⟨f⟩ /s/ ⟨s⟩ /ʂ/ ⟨sh⟩ /ɕ/ ⟨x⟩ /x/ ⟨h⟩ /χかい/ ⟨v⟩
/v/ ⟨wf⟩ /z/ ⟨ss⟩ /ʐ/ ⟨rr⟩ /ʑ/ ⟨xx⟩ /ɣ/ ⟨hh⟩ /ʁ/ ⟨vv⟩ /ɦ/ ⟨vh⟩
/ɬ/ ⟨lh⟩
Sonorants /l/ ⟨l⟩ /ɭ/ ⟨rl⟩
/w/ ⟨w⟩ /ɹ/ ⟨r⟩ /j/ ⟨y⟩
Vowels
Front Center Back
Close /ɪ/ ⟨i⟩ /y/ ⟨yu-/-ü⟩ /u/ ⟨u⟩
Mid /e/ ⟨ea⟩ /ə/ ⟨e⟩ /o/ ⟨o⟩
Open /æ/ ⟨ae⟩ /ɑ/ ⟨a⟩

Lee (2021) also notes that vowels can have three additional forms: long ⟨(double letter)⟩, nasal ⟨-nn⟩, and r-colored ⟨-r⟩. Although sources conflict, consonants can additionally be glottalized or pharyngealized, which of the two it is actually unclear. This is presumably marked with their respective IPA symbols.

Dialects[edit]

Guizhou (1982) lists the following two dialects of the Caijia language.[24] The Caijia dialect documented in Guizhou (1982) is that of Yangjiazhai 杨家寨, Liangyan Village 亮あきら岩がん公社こうしゃ, Xingfa District 兴发区く, Hezhang County.

  1. Xingfa District 兴发区く, Hezhang County: Liangyan Village 亮あきら岩がん公社こうしゃ (including the main datapoint of Yangjiazhai 杨家寨), Yeli Village 野里のざと公社こうしゃ, and Wocun Village 窝皮寸すん[25]
  2. Kaiping Village 开坪公社こうしゃ, Longchang District 龙场区く, Weining County (located near Xinfa Township 新しん发布依よ族ぞく乡)

Guizhou (1982)[24] notes that the -an rime in Caijia of Xingfa 兴发 corresponds to the -aŋ rime in Caijia of Longchang 龙场.

Hsiu (2018)[26] reports the discovery of a previously undocumented Caijia dialect that is spoken in Niujiaojing 牛うし角井つのい村むら, Yangjie Town 羊ひつじ街がい镇, Weining County. This Caijia dialect is also spoken in the villages of Xinglongchang 兴隆场村, Niuchishui 牛うし吃水きっすい, and Fadi 发地.

Names and ethnic subdivisions[edit]

The Caijia people are ethnoculturally related to the Lu (卢) people (Luren 卢人), who are classified as Manchu by the Chinese government. Luren (Lu) and Caijia are also closely related to Longjia (龙家).[27] Caijia, Longjia, and Lu are all spoken in western Guizhou.

In Weining County, Caijia speakers are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Gelao (Hsiu 2017), while in Hezhang County they are classified as Bai (Bo 2004).

Caijia people with the autonym "Menni" (门尼 or 门你) have also been reported in Puding County, Guizhou, where they were classified as ethnic Gelao during the 1980s (Zhou Guoyan 2004).

In Zhijin County, Guizhou, Caijia people are called Silie 斯列 by the local Miao and Awuna 阿おもね乌纳 by the local Yi (Zhijin County Gazetteer 1997:166).

Ethnic subdivisions of the Caijia people include the Black 黑くろ, White 白しろ, Qingshangshui 青あお上水じょうすい, Xiashui 下水げすい, Hanzhan 捍毡, Zhuazhua 抓つめ抓つめ, Datou 大だい头, Qianqiaoba 乾いぬい乔巴, Laohu 老ろう虎とら, Luoluo 倮倮, Xuejiao 削そぎ角かく (Xieguo 写うつし果はて), and Jiandao 剪刀.[28]

Historically recorded names for the Caijia include Caijiazi 蔡家子こ and Gantan Caijia 擀毡蔡家.[13] The Yi call the Caijia "Sha'awu 沙すな阿おもね乌", the Miao call them "Sini 斯你",[13] and other ethnic groups also call them "Xieguo 写うつし果はて".[13]

Bijie (1983:2–3)[12] lists the following autonyms and exonyms for the Caijia people.

Grammar[edit]

Lü (2022) is a comprehensive grammar of Caijia.[3]

See also[edit]

Notes and references[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Bo, Wenze 薄うす文ぶん泽 (2004). "Càijiāhuà gàikuàng" 蔡家话概况 [A Brief Introduction of Caijia Speech]. Mínzú yǔwén 民族みんぞく语文. 2004 (2): 68–81. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0257-5779.2004.02.012.
  2. ^ a b Hölzl, Andreas (2021). "Longjia (China) – Language Contexts" (PDF). Language Documentation and Description. 20: 13–34.
  3. ^ a b Lü, Shanshan 吕珊珊 (2022). A Reference Grammar of Caijia: An Unclassified Language of Guizhou. De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110724806. ISBN 978-3-11-072480-6. S2CID 252855820.
  4. ^ Wu, Yunji 伍ご云うん姬ひめ; Shen, Ruiqing 沈瑞清きよし (2010). Xiāngxī Gǔzhàng Wǎxiānghuà diàochá bàogào 湘西古こ丈たけ瓦かわら乡话调查报告 [An Investigative Report of Waxianghua of Guzhang County, Xiangxi Prefecture] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe.
  5. ^ "Xiāngxī Wǎxiānghuà "chīfàn" [róumō] dúyīn láilì kǎo" 湘西瓦かわら乡话“吃ども饭”【柔やわら摸】读音来らい历考. Hóuxiǎohuī de bókè 侯ほう小しょう辉的博はく客きゃく (in Chinese). Xinlang boke. 2013-12-04. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  6. ^ "Yuánlíng Xiānghuà (chuánxī) yǔ Báiyǔ Càijiāhuà gèbié dúyīn duìbǐ" 沅陵乡话（船ふね溪けい）与あずか白しろ语蔡家か话个别读音おん对比. Hóuxiǎohuī de bókè 侯ほう小しょう辉的博はく客きゃく (in Chinese). Xinlang boke. 2012-10-04. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  7. ^ Zhengzhang, Shangfang 郑张尚なお芳かおる (2010). "Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào" 蔡家话白语关系けい及词根ね比ひ较. In Pan, Wuyun 潘はん悟さとる云うん; Shen, Zhongwei 沈钟伟 (eds.). Yánjiū zhī lè: Qìngzhù Wáng Shìyuán xiānshēng qīshíwǔ shòuchén xuéshù lùnwén jí 研究けんきゅう之の乐：庆祝王おう士し元もと先生せんせい七なな十じゅう五寿辰学术论文集 [The Joy of Research: A Collection of Academic Papers Celebrating the 75th Birthday of Mr. Wang Shiyuan] (in Chinese). Vol. II. Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe. pp. 389–400.
  8. ^ Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省しょう民族みんぞく识别工作こうさく队]. 1984. Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) [南みなみ龙人（南京なんきん-龙家）族ぞく别问题调查报告つげ]. m.s.
  9. ^ Baxter, William; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
  10. ^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 73. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  11. ^ Sagart, Laurent (2011). Classifying Chinese Dialects/Sinitic Languages on Shared Innovations. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.
  12. ^ a b c Bijie Prefecture Ethnic Classification Office [贵州省しょう毕节地区ちく民族みんぞく识别办公室しつ]. 1983. "Caijia" minzu chengfen diaocha baogao ["蔡家"民族みんぞく成分せいぶん调查报告]. m.s.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Liupanshui City Ethnic Gazetteer 六ろく盘水市し志こころざし：民族みんぞく志こころざし (2003:182–183). ISBN 7-221-05533-5
  14. ^ "镇雄县黑树镇苏木村むら委い会かい". www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  15. ^ "镇雄县黑树镇苏木村むら委い会かい苏木自然しぜん村むら". www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  16. ^ "镇雄县母享とおる镇串九きゅう村むら委い会かい". www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  17. ^ "镇雄县鱼洞ほら乡青杠ゆずりは村むら委い会かい". www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  18. ^ "镇雄县鱼洞ほら乡青杠ゆずりは村むら委い会かい青あお杠ゆずりは自然しぜん村むら". www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  19. ^ "镇雄县塘房ぼう镇凉水村みずむら委い会かい". www.ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  20. ^ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/go.aspx?did=489 [dead link]
  21. ^ "镇雄县乌峰ほう镇五谷村たにむら委い会かい". Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  22. ^ "Yúnnán hé Guìzhōu duìyú Chuānqīngrén, Nánjīngrén, Lóngjiā de shìbié dàxiāngjìngtíng" 云うん南みなみ和わ贵州对于穿青あお人じん、南京なんきん人じん、龙家的てき识别大だい相しょう径庭けいてい. Liyuzhi de bókè Liyuzhi 的てき博はく客きゃく (in Chinese). Xinlang boke. 2010-08-14. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  23. ^ Lee, Man Hei (2023). "Phonological features of Caijia that are notable from a diachronic perspective". Journal of Historical Linguistics. 13: 82–114. doi:10.1075/jhl.21025.lee. S2CID 252558124.
  24. ^ a b Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省しょう民族みんぞく识别工作こうさく队语言げん组]. 1982. The language of the Caijia [Caijia de yuyan 蔡家的てき语言]. m.s.
  25. ^ Note: 皮かわ寸すん form a single character, with 皮がわ on the left and 寸すん on the right
  26. ^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. The Niujiaojing dialect of Caijia in Weining County, Guizhou, China. Manuscript draft. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1249165
  27. ^ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省しょう志こころざし. 民族みんぞく志こころざし] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴き州民しゅうみん族ぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ].
  28. ^ "白しろ族ぞく家か园——讲义寨_liyuzhi_新しん浪なみ博はく客きゃく". blog.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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