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Longjia language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Longjia
Songnibao
suŋ55 ni55 mpau21
Native toChina
RegionGuizhou
EthnicityLongjia
Native speakers
extinct? (2011)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologlong1417

Longjia (autonym: suŋ55 ni55 mpau21) is a Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China related to Caijia and Luren.[2] Longjia may already be extinct (Zhao 2011).

The Longjia people now speak Southwestern Mandarin, though they used to speak their own language, and have had a long presence in western Guizhou. According to the Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer (2002),[5] the Longjia language was spoken in Dafang County, Qianxi County (Zhongping District 中坪なかつぼ区く; Xinfacun 新しん发村 of Pojiao District 坡脚区く), and Puding County (Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 of Baiyan Township 白岩しらいわ乡). It is reportedly most similar to Caijia,[5] and has many Old Chinese loanwords.[6]

Classification

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Further information: Macro-Bai languages

Guizhou (1984)[3] shows that Longjia is closely related to Caijia and Luren. However, the classification of Caijia within Sino-Tibetan is uncertain. Zhengzhang (2010)[7] suggests that Caijia and Bai are sister languages, while Sagart argues that Caijia is Sinitic and a close relative of Waxiang.[8]

Dialects

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The following dialects of Longjia have been described.

  • Pojiao District 坡脚区く, Dafang County, Guizhou[9][3] (Pojiao District now comprises Maochang 猫ねこ场镇, Dingxin 鼎かなえ新しん彝つね族ぞく苗なえ族ぞく乡, and Lütang 绿塘乡 townships of southwestern Dafang County.)
  • Huaxi Village 花はな溪けい大だい队, Zhongping District 中坪なかつぼ区く, Qianxi County[3] (now Huaxi Township 花はな溪けい彝つね族ぞく苗なえ族ぞく乡)
  • Jiangyizhai 讲义寨, Puding County[3]
  • Caiguan Town 蔡官镇, Anshun City, Guizhou[10]

The following comparative word list of three Longjia dialects is from Guizhou (1984:2-3).[3] Guizhou (1984) notes that the dialect of Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 (Puding County) is divergent, while the dialects of Pojiao 坡脚 (Dafang County) and Huaxi 花はな溪けい (Qianxi County) are more closely related to each other.

English gloss Chinese gloss Pojiao 坡脚 Huaxi 花はな溪けい Jiangyizhai 讲义寨
cattle 牛うし ŋau55 ŋau55 ŋau35
to eat 吃ども ua31 ua31 ua31
dog 狗いぬ kuɛ33 kuɛ33 kuɛ53
pig 猪いのしし lɛ55 lɛ55 lɛ35
chicken 鸡 kɛ55 kɛ55 kɛ55
rice (crop) 稻谷いなだに mɛ31 mɛ31 mai31
water 水みず ɕi31 ɕe31 se31
big 大だい la55 la55 lɛ31
two 二に ta31 ta31 to33
four 四よん sɿ55 si55 so55
meat 肉にく ȵi31 ȵi31 ȵi31; ntɕi31

Phonology

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The Puding County Almanac (1999) reports that the Longjia language (autonym: Songnibao 松まつ泥どろ保ほ) has 38 onsets and 22 rimes (8 simple, 14 complex). The Bijie County Almanac (1996:143) reports that there are many prenasalized onsets. In Dafang County, the autonym is Songlibao 松まつ立たて保ほ.[6]

The most extensive lexical data of Longjia can be found in Zhang & Li (1982).[11]

Nanjinghua

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The Nanjing people (南京なんきん人じん) have usually been classified with the Longjia people, and claim to be descendants of soldiers from the Nanjing area who had intermarried with the local Longjia in Guizhou.[1] Their language is known as Nanjinghua (南京なんきん话; "Nanjing speech"), which is probably now functionally extinct.[12]

In Jianxinhe village 建けん新しん河村かわむら, Kunzhai Township 昆こん寨乡, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, the phrase suo55 mu33 ‘eat rice’ was elicited from an elderly rememberer of Nanjinghua.[12] As suo55 is derived from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzya ‘to eat’, this points to Nanjinghua having an SVO word order like Caijia, Longjia, Bai, and Sinitic languages.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰ほう]. 2011. History of the Bai people of Guizhou [贵州白しろ族ぞく史し略りゃく]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ]. ISBN 9787227046783
  2. ^ a b Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. Longjia (China) - Language Contexts. Language Documentation and Description 20, 13-34.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省しょう民族みんぞく识别工作こうさく队]. 1984. Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) [南みなみ龙人（南京なんきん-龙家）族ぞく别问题调查报告つげ]. m.s.
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Longjia-Luren". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  5. ^ a b Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省しょう志こころざし. 民族みんぞく志こころざし] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴き州民しゅうみん族ぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ].
  6. ^ a b Dafang County Almanac (1996:150-152)
  7. ^ Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng [郑张尚なお芳かおる]. 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào [蔡家话白语关系けい及词根ね比ひ较]. In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi [潘はん悟さとる云うん、沈钟伟] (eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research [研究けんきゅう之の乐-庆祝王おう士し元もと先生せんせい七なな十じゅう五寿辰学术论文集], II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
  8. ^ Sagart, Laurent. 2011. Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.
  9. ^ Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省しょう民族みんぞく识别工作こうさく队语言げん组]. 1982. The language of the Caijia [Caijia de yuyan 蔡家的てき语言]. m.s.
  10. ^ Caiguan Town Gazetteer [蔡官镇志] (2004). Guiyang: Guizhou People's Press [贵州人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ].
  11. ^ Zhang Jimin 张济民みん & Li Juewei 李り珏伟. 1982. Yuyan diaocha dagang: Dafang Longjiayu 语言调查大だい纲: 大方おおがた龙家语. (Unpublished manuscript.)
  12. ^ a b c Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. New endangered Tibeto-Burman languages of southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and others. Presented at ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College.

Further reading

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  • Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省しょう民族みんぞく识别工作こうさく队语言げん组]. 1982. The language of the Caijia [Caijia de yuyan 蔡家的てき语言]. m.s.
  • Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省しょう民族みんぞく识别工作こうさく队]. 1984. Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) [南みなみ龙人（南京なんきん-龙家）族ぞく别问题调查报告つげ]. m.s.
  • Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. "New endangered Tibeto-Burman languages of southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and others". Presentation given at ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College.
  • Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰ほう]. 2011. History of the Bai people of Guizhou [贵州白しろ族ぞく史し略りゃく]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ]. ISBN 978-7-227-04678-3
  • Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. Longjia (China) - Language Contexts. Language Documentation and Description, vol 20: 13-34.
  • Hölzl, Andreas. 2021b. Prenasalization in Longjia. The 34th Paris Meeting on East Asian Linguistics (JLAO 34), 7-9 July 2021, Paris.
  • Hölzl, Andreas. 2022a. A typological profile of Longjia, an archaic Sinitic language. 14th Conference of the Association for Linguistic Typology (ALT), Austin, 15-17 December 2022 (online).
  • Hölzl, Andreas. 2022b. Longjia: An archaic Sinitic language. Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, CRLAO Paris, 25 October 2022.
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