Chanyu

Chanyu (simplified Chinese: 单于; traditional Chinese: 單たん于; pinyin: Chányú) or Shanyu (Chinese: 善ぜん于), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤こ塗ぬり單たん于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 CE.^[3] The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) and Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders.

Etymology

According to the Book of Han, "the Xiongnu called the Heaven (天てん) 'Chēnglí' (撐犁) and they called a child (子こ) gūtú (孤こ塗ぬり). As for Chányú (單たん于), it is a "vast [and] great appearance" (廣大こうだい之の貌).".^[4]

L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that the title chanyu may be equivalent to the later attested title tarkhan, suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally dān-ĥwāĥ, an approximation for *darxan.^[5] Linguist Alexander Vovin tentatively proposes a Yeniseian etymology for 撐犁孤こ塗ぬり單たん于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri k^wa-la dar-ɢ^wā, from four roots: **tɨŋgɨr- "high",^[6]^[7] *k^wala- "son, child", *tɨl "lower reaches of the Yenisei" or "north", and *qʌ̄j ~ *χかいʌ̄j "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".^[8]^[9]

List of Xiongnu Chanyus

Title	Reconstructed Han period's late Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese pronunciations^[10]	Personal Name	Reign

Touman (頭あたま曼單于/头曼单于)	*do-mɑnᴬ		220–209 BC
Modu Chanyu (冒おかせ頓ひたすら單たん于/冒おかせ顿单于)	mouᴴ-tuən/mək-tuən < mûh-tûn/mə̂k-tûn^[a]		209–174 BC
Laoshang Chanyu (老ろう上うえ單たん于/老ろう上うえ单于)	*lou^B-dźaŋ^C	Jiyu (稽鬻)	174–161 BC
Junchen Chanyu (軍ぐん臣しん單たん于/军臣单于)	*kun-gin		161–126 BC
Yizhixie Chanyu (伊い稚やや斜はす單たん于/伊い稚やや斜はす单于)	*ʔi-ḍiᴴ-ja		126–114 BC
Wuwei Chanyu (烏がらす維/乌维)	*ʔɑ-wi		114–105 BC
Er Chanyu (兒こ^[b]單たん于/儿单于)	*ńe	Wushilu (烏がらす師し廬いおり/乌师庐)	105–102/101 BC
Xulihu Chanyu (呴犛湖みずうみ/呴犁湖こ) / Goulihu (句く犁湖)	hɨo-li-gɑ / ko-li-ga		102/101–101/100 BC
Qiedihou (且鞮侯こう)^[c]	*tsiɑ-te-go		101/100–96 BC
Hulugu Chanyu (狐きつね鹿しか姑しゅうと單たん于/狐きつね鹿しか姑しゅうと单于)	*ɣuɑ-lok-kɑ		96–85 BC
Huyandi Chanyu (壺つぼ衍鞮單たん于/壺つぼ衍鞮单于)	*ɣɑ-jan^B/H-te		85–68 BC
Xulüquanqu Chanyu (虛きょ閭權渠みぞ單たん于/虚きょ闾权渠みぞ单于)	*hɨɑ-liɑ-gyan-gɨɑ		68–60 BC
Woyanqudi Chanyu (握にぎ衍朐鞮單于/握にぎ衍朐鞮单于)	*ʔɔk-jan^B/H-hɨo-te	Tuqitang (屠ほふ耆堂/ 屠ほふ耆堂)	60–58 BC
Huhanye Chanyu (呼よび韓かん邪よこしま單たん于/呼よび韩邪单于)	*hɑ-gɑn-ja	Jihoushan^[12]^: 59 ( 稽侯狦)	58 – 31 BC Tuqi 屠ほふ耆單于, 58–56 BC Hujie 呼よび揭單于, 57 BC Juli 車しゃ犂すき單たん于, 57–56 BC Wuji 烏がらす籍せき單たん于, 57 BC Runzhen 閏うるう振ふ單たん于, 56–54 BC Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單たん于, 55 – 36 BC Yilimu 伊い利目ききめ單たん于, 49 BC
Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu^[12]^: 86 (復ふく株かぶ纍若鞮^[d]單たん于/复株累るい若わか鞮单于)	*ńak-te	Diaotaomogao (彫ほ陶すえ莫皋/雕陶莫皋)^[12]^: 86	31–20 BC
Souxie Chanyu^[12]^: 86 (搜さがせ諧若鞮單于/搜さがせ谐若鞮单于)	so-gɛi / ṣu-gɛi	Jumixu^[12]^: 86 (且麋胥)	20–12 BC
Juya Chanyu^[12]^: 87 (車くるま牙きば若わか鞮單于/车牙若わか鞮单于)	*kɨɑ-ŋa	Jumoju^[12]^: 87 (且莫車しゃ/攣鞮且莫車しゃ)	12–8 BC
Wuzhuliu Chanyu^[12]^{: p. 87} (烏がらす珠たま留とめ若わか鞮單于/乌珠留とめ若わか鞮单于)	*ʔɑ-tśo-liu	Nangzhiyasi/Zhi ^[14]^{[page needed]} (囊知牙きば斯)	8 BC – 13 AD
Wulei Chanyu^[12]^{: 105–107} (烏がらす累るい若わか鞮單于/乌累若わか鞮单于)	*ʔɑ-lui	Xian (鹹/挛鞮咸)	13–18 AD
Huduershidaogao Chanyu^[12]^{: 108–109} (呼よび都と而屍道どう皋若鞮單于/呼よび都と而尸道どう皋若鞮单于)	*hɑ-tɑ-ńɨ-śi-dou^H-kou	Yu (輿こし/挛鞮舆)	18–46 AD
Wudadihou (烏がらす達たち鞮侯/乌达鞮侯)^[14]^: 878	*ʔɑ-dɑt-te-ɡo		46 AD

Notes

^ a.k.a. Batur < Baγがんまatur ^[11]
^ "underage"^[12]
^ a.k.a. Chedihou
^ 若わか鞮 (pinyin ruòdī), glossed as "respectful to parents;^[12]^: 107 filial piety"^[13] in Hànshū; Pulleyblank reconstructs 若わか鞮's Early Middle Chinese pronunciation as *njak-tei & instead compares this to Tocharian A ñäkci or Toch. B ñäkc(i)ye "godly, heavenly"

Northern Xiongnu (北きた匈奴きょうど)

Chinese name	Reign	Note

Punu Chanyu (蒲がま奴やつ)	46–? AD
Youliu^[14]^{[page needed]} (優ゆう留とめ)	?–87 AD
Northern Chanyu (北きた單たん于)	88–? AD
Yuchujian^[14]^{[page needed]} (於除鞬單于)	91–93 AD
Feng-hou (逢侯)	94–118 AD

Southern Xiongnu (南みなみ匈奴きょうど)

Chinese name	Data	Reign

Sutuhu/Bi (蘇そ屠ほふ胡えびす/比ひ) Huhanxie the Second (呼よび韓かん邪よこしま第だい二に) Xiluo Shizhu Ti (醯落尸しかばね逐鞮)	brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50	48–56/55 AD
Qiufu Youti/Mo (丘おか浮尤提ひさげ)		55/56–56/57 AD
Yifa Yulüti/Han (伊い伐き於慮提ひさげ)		56/57–59 AD
Xitong Shizhu Houti/Shi (醯僮尸しかばね逐侯提ひさげ)		59–63 AD
Qiuchu Julinti/Su 丘おか除じょ車しゃ林りん提ひさげ		63 AD
Huxie Shizhu Houti/Chang (湖みずうみ邪よこしま尸しかばね逐侯提ひさげ)		63–85 AD
Yitu Yulüti/Xuan (伊い屠ほふ於閭提ひさげ/宣せん)		85–88 AD
Tuntuhe^[14]^{[page needed]} Shulan^[12]^{: 130–134} Xiulan Shizhu Houti (休きゅう蘭らん尸しかばね逐侯提ひさげ)		88–93 AD
Anguo^[14]^{[page needed]} (安國やすくに)	started a large scale rebellion against the Han	93–94 AD
Shizi^[14]^{[page needed]} (師し子こ) Tingdu Shizhu Houti (亭ちん獨どく尸しかばね逐侯提ひさげ)		94–98 AD
Wanshishizhudi/Tan (萬氏尸逐侯提/檀まゆみ)	opposed by... ...Feng Shanyu	98-124AD 98–118 AD
Wujihoushizhudi/Ba (烏がらす稽尸逐侯提ひさげ/拔)	???	124–127/128 AD
Xiuli (休きゅう利り) Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu (去さ特とく若わか尸しかばね逐就)^[14]^{[page needed]}	committed suicide under Chinese pressure	127/128–140/142?
Cheniu^[14]^{[page needed]}	Popularly elected	140–143 AD
Toulouchu (兜かぶと樓ろう儲もうか)^[12]^: 144 Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu(呼よび蘭らん若わか尸しかばね逐就)	appointed puppet at the Chinese court	143–147 AD
Jucheer (居きょ車しゃ兒じ)^[14]^{[page needed]} Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu (伊い陵りょう若わか尸しかばね逐就)	puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD	147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)
Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu (屠ほふ特とく若わか尸しかばね逐就)^[12]^: 145 (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD)		158–178 AD
Huzheng^[12]^: 145 (呼よび徵ちょう)		178–179 AD
Qiangqu (羌渠)	Jiangqu;^[14]^{[page needed]} killed in Xiuchuge Xiongnu rebellion	179–188 AD
Yufuluo (於扶羅ら)	a.k.a. Tezhi Shizhuhou (特とく至いたり尸しかばね逐侯)^{[citation needed]}. Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tuge 屠ほふ各かく. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平ひら阳) in Shanxi.	188–195 AD
Huchuquan (呼よび廚泉)	Yufuluo's brother,^[14]^{[page needed]} he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu after Yufuluo died.	195–?

Da Chanyu (大だい單たん于)

Chinese name	Data	Personal Name	Reign

Liu Yuan (劉りゅう淵ふかし)	Founder of the Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光ひかり文ぶん)^[15]	Yuanhai (元もと海うみ)	304–?
Liu Cong (劉りゅう聰さとし)	Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu (昭武あきたけ)	Xuanming (玄げん明あきら)	310–?
Liu Can (劉りゅう粲つばら)	Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin (隱かくれ)	Shiguang (士し光こう)	?–?
Liu Yin (劉りゅう胤たね)	Han-Zhao state imperial prince	Yisun (義よし孫まご)	325–?
Helian Bobo (赫連勃勃ぼつぼつ)	Founder of the Helian Xia state, a.k.a. Emperor Wulie (武たけ烈れつ)	Qujie (屈こごめ孑)	407–?

Chanyu family trees

Chanyu Xiongnu rulers family trees

Southern Xiongnu 南みなみ匈奴きょうど

Northern Xiongnu 北きた匈奴きょうど

Touman
头曼单于
r.220–209BC

Modu Chanyu
冒おかせ顿单于
r.209–174BC

Laoshang
老ろう上うえ单于
r.174–161BC

Junchen
军臣单于
r.161-126BC

daughter
Wife of
Zhao Xin
赵信

Yizhixie
伊い稚やや斜はす单于
r.126-114BC

涉わたる安やす侯こう
於單

Wuwei Chanyu
烏がらす維单于
r.114-105BC

Xulihu
呴犁湖みずうみ单于
r.102/101–
101/100 BC

Qiedihou
且鞮侯こう
r.101-96/99?BC

Er
儿单于
r.104-102/101BC

Hulugu
狐きつね鹿しか姑しゅうと单于
r.96-85BC

daughter
Wife of
Li Ling 李り陵りょう
d.74 BC

左ひだり大将たいしょう

左ひだり大だい都と尉じょう

右みぎ谷たに蠡王

Huyandi
壺つぼ衍鞮单于
r.85-68BC

左ひだり谷たに蠡王

Xulüquanqu
虚きょ闾权渠みぞ单于
r.68-60BC

daughter
Wife of
Li Guangli 李り廣ひろ利り
d.88BC

daughter
Wife of
乌禅幕まく

Cheli
車くるま犂すき單たん于
r.57-56BC

先さき贤掸

Zhizhi
郅支单于
r.56-36BC

Huhanye
呼よび韩邪单于
r.58-31BC

右みぎ谷たに蠡王

驹于利り受

Fuzhulei Ruoti
搜さがせ谐若鞮单于
r.31–20BC

Souxie
搜さがせ谐若鞮单于
r.20-12BC

Juya
车牙若わか鞮单于
r.12-8BC

右みぎ贤王
卢浑

Wuzhuliu
乌珠留とめ若わか鞮单于
r.8-13AD

右みぎ贤王
铢娄渠みぞ堂どう

右みぎ谷たに蠡王
伊い屠ほふ智さとし牙きば师

Wulei
乌累若わか鞮单于
r.13-18AD

左ひだり贤王
乐

Huduershidaogao
呼よび都と而尸道どう皋若鞮單于
r.18-46AD

醯諧屠奴やつ侯こう

须卜居ぼっきょ次じ
云うん

须卜单于
当とう
r.18-21AD

当とう于居次じ

左ひだり祝いわい都と韩王
朐留斯侯

右みぎ於塗仇かたき撣王
乌夷当とう

左ひだり日び逐王
都と

右みぎ大だい且
方ほう

左ひだり於駼仇かたき掸王
稽留昆こん

斩将王おう

Shun
顺单于登とう
r.11–12

Shun
顺单于助すけ
r.11

角かく

Wudadihou
乌达鞮侯
r.46

Punu Chanyu
蒲かば奴やつ
r.46-?

Sutuhu/Huhanxie
呼よび韓かん邪よこしま
r.48-56/55

右股みぎまた奴やつ王おう
乌鞮牙きば斯

Qiufu Youti
丘おか浮尤提ひさげ
r.55/56-56/57

Yifa Yulüti 伊い伐き於慮提ひさげ
r.56/57-59

Xitong Shizhu Houti
醢ひしお僮尸逐侯提ひさげ
r.59–63

Huxie Shizhu Houti
湖みずうみ邪よこしま尸しかばね逐侯提ひさげ
r.63–85

Tuntuhe/ Siuan
休きゅう兰尸逐侯鞮单于
r.88–93

Qiuchu Julinti
丘おか除じょ车林鞮单于
r.63

Yitu Yulüti
伊い屠ほふ於閭鞮單于
r.85–88

Anguo
安国やすくに
r.93–94

Shizi
尸しかばね逐
r.94–98'

Wanshishizhudi
萬氏尸逐侯提
r.98–124

Wujihoushizhudi
烏がらす稽尸逐侯提ひさげ
r.124–128

Xiuli
去さ特とく若わか尸しかばね逐就
r.127/128–
140/142?

左ひだり贤王

Feng-hou
逢侯
r.94–118

□

Tuqi Chanyu
屠ほふ耆單于
r.58–56BC

Yilimu Chanyu
伊い利目ききめ單たん于
r.49BC

Runzhen Chanyu
閏うるう振ふ單たん于
r.56-54BC

Huyan Qudi
握にぎ衍朐鞮單于
r.60-58BC

Shengzhi
胜之

You Xian wáng
右みぎ贤王

都と涂吾西にし

姑しゅうと瞀楼头

Aojian wang
奥おく鞬王

□

Northern Chanyu
北きた單たん于
r.89–91AD?

Youliu 優ゆう留とめ
r.?–87 AD

Yuchujian 於除鞬單于
r.91–93AD

Jucheer 伊い陵りょう尸しかばね逐就單たん于 r.147-158/172; d.172



Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu 屠ほふ特とく若わか尸しかばね逐就單たん于 r.158/172–178AD



Huzheng 呼よび徵ちょう r.178–179

?
Tiefu/Xia
state

Qiangqu
羌渠
r.179–188CE

Qubei
去さ卑

Panliuxi
潘はん六ろく奚

Tiefu/Xia state
rulers family tree

Chizhi Shizhu Hou
持もち至いたり尸しかばね逐侯单于
b.150–d.196; r.188–195

Huchuquan
呼よび厨くりや泉いずみ
r.195–216

Liu Bao
刘豹

Han Zhao
state

Liu Yuan 劉りゅう淵ふかし d.310
Guangwen of Han (Zhao)
漢かん(趙ちょう)光ひかり文ぶん帝みかど r.304–310

Han Zhao rulers
family tree

References

^ Museum notice
^ Kradin, Nikolay N. (23 January 2020). "Some Aspects of Xiongnu History in Archaeological Perspective". Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours. Vol. 53. pp. 149–165. doi:10.14232/sua.2019.53.149-165. ISBN 978-963-306-708-6. Nonetheless, among archaeologists, there are many supporters of the Xiongnu migration to the West. In recent years, S. Botalov (2009) constructed a broad picture of the migration of the Xiongnu to the Urals, and then Europe. In Kazakhstan, A.N. Podushkin discovered the Arysskaya culture with a distinct stage of Xiongnu influence (2009). Russian archaeologists are actively studying the Hun sites in the Caucasus (Gmyrya 1993; 1995)
Podushkin, A.A. 2009. Xiongnu v Yuznom Kazakhstane. In: Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosociokulturnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo sakskoy epokhi: Edited by Z. Samashev, Astana: Ministry of Culture and Information of the Kazakhstan Republic: 147‒154 {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") (in Russian)
^ Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴きょうど謂いい天為てんい「撐犁」，謂いい子こ為ため「孤こ塗ぬり」，單たん于者，廣大こうだい之の貌也.
^ Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21
^ Georg, Stefan (2001): Türkisch/Mongolisch tengri "Himmel/Gott" und seine Herkunft. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6: 83–100.
^ Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. [Partial translation of Starostin 1982, with additional comparisons by Ruhlen.]
^ "Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185
^ "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp. 389–394.
^ Schuessler, Axel (2014). "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words". Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica (53).
^ Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Bichurin N.Ya. (1851). Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times. Vol. 1. p. 46
^ Pulleyblank, E. G. "Chinese and Indo-Europeans." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1/2 (1966): 9–39. www.jstor.org/stable/25202896.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, "The Division and Destruction of the Xiongnu Confederacy, Rafe de Crespigny, Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
^ [1] Archived 2011-11-30 at the Wayback Machine note 208