Chiefdom of Shuidong

Chiefdom of Shuidong 水みず東ひがし土ど司し
975–1630
Status	Native Chiefdom of China
Capital	Shuidong (present day Kaiyang)
Common languages	Chinese, Bouyei, Hmong
Government	Monarchy
Chieftain
• 975–?	Song Jingyang (first)
• 1623–1630	Song Siyin (last)
History
• Established	975
• Annexed by Ming China	1630
Succeeded by Ming dynasty
Today part of	China

Chiefdom of Shuidong (simplified Chinese: 水みず东土司し; traditional Chinese: 水みず東ひがし土ど司し; pinyin: Shǔidōng Tǔsī), ruled by the Song clan, was an autonomous Tusi chiefdom established by Song Jingyang (宋そう景けい陽ひ) during the Song dynasty. After he conquered the Manzhou Prefecture (蠻州, centred on modern Kaiyang County) from the Yi people, Song Jingyang was recognized as the hereditary ruler of the region by the Song court in 975.

Shuidong was one of the most powerful clans in Southwestern China; Bozhou, Sizhou, Shuixi and Shuidong were called "Four Great Native Chiefdom in Guizhou" (贵州四よん大土おおづち司し) by Chinese. Shuidong joint the She-An Rebellion in 1623. After the rebellion was put down, Shuidong was annexed and ruled directly by Ming China.

Origin

The Song clan claimed to be the descendants of a Han Chinese named Song Ding (宋そう鼎かなえ) in their genealogy book; however the authenticity needed to be verified. Modern scholars stated that Song Jingyang was a Han Chinese, Bouyei or Miao.

History

In 1303, Song Achong of Shuidong surrendered to the Yuan dynasty, Shuidong came under the Chinese tusi system. In 1371, Song Mongoldai of Shuidong surrendered to the Ming dynasty.

During the Ming conquest of Yunnan, Liu Shuzhen (劉りゅう淑よし貞さだ) was the female regent of Shuidong, while Shuixi (Mu'ege) was ruled by the regent mother She Xiang (奢おご香こう). In 1382, She Xiang decided to rebelled against Ming China because she was tortured by the Chinese general Ma Ye (馬うま曄). Liu Shuzhen persuaded her not to do. Liu came to Nanjing to reported Ma's behavior. An investigation was carried out, Ma was rebuked and recalled in 1384.

In 1413, the province of Guizhou was created. The capital of Shuidong, Guizhou City (present day Guiyang), was chosen the site of the province's capital. Thirty thousand Chinese soldiers were settled in eastern Guizhou Province.

Since 1373, each Shuidong rulers held the title Guizhou Xuanwei tongzhi (貴き州しゅう宣せん慰同知ち); while each Shuixi rulers were granted the title Guizhou Xuanweishi (貴き州しゅう宣せん慰使), both were highest aboriginal governors of Guizhou Province. However, the rank of Shuidong rulers were lower than Shuixi rulers'. Initially, the official residences of Shuixi and Shuidong rulers were in Guizhou City, Shuixi rulers were not allowed to go back to his chiefdom freely. This rule was abolished by Ming court in 1479, since then, Shuixi rulers spent most of their life in Shuixi. The power of Shuidong rulers soon expanded rapidly, Shuixi prolonged conflict with Shuidong.

A Miao rebellion against Shuidong ruler broke out in 1513. Song Ran (宋そう然しか) of Shuidong was defeated and fled. Though Ming court ordered Shuixi to suppress, An Guirong (安あん貴たか榮さかえ) of Shuixi was unwilling to do so, because the rebellion was tacit backed by Shuixi. Finally, An Guirong put down the rebellion, since then, Chiefdom of Shuidong went into a slow decline.

The Shuidong ruler Song Cheng'en (宋そう承うけたまわ恩おん) was a son-in-law of Bozhou chief Yang Yinglong (楊應龍りゅう). When Yang rebelled against Ming China, Song Cheng'en refused to joint the rebellion. He was captured and imprisoned in Hailongtun until the rebellion was put down.

The Shuidong ruler Song Wanhua (宋そう萬まん化か) joint the She-An Rebellion, he was captured and executed in 1623. His son Song Siyin (宋そう嗣殷) rebelled against Ming China, but was put down in 1630. In the same year, Shuidong was fully annexed into the central bureaucratic system of the Ming dynasty.

List of Shuidong chieftains

Below are Shuidong chieftains

Name	Chinese	Reign	Notes
Song Jingyang	宋そう景けい陽ひ	975–987
Song Cunxiao	宋そう存そん孝こう	987–?
Song Yu	宋そう裕ひろし	?–?
Song Qixiang	宋そう其相	?–?
Song Xiangxuan	宋そう祥さち宣せん	?–?
Song Xiding	宋そう錫すず定じょう	1151–?
Song Wanming	宋そう萬まん明あかり	1166–?
Song Jixing	宋そう基はじめ興きょう	?–?
Song Yonggao	宋そう永ひさし高だか	?–?
Song Sheng	宋そう勝まさる	?–?
Song Ju	宋そう聚	?–?
Song Chaomei	宋そう朝美あさみ	?–?
Song Longji	宋そう隆たかし濟ずみ	?–1304
Song Achong	宋そう阿おもね重おも	1304–?
Song Juhun	宋そう居きょ混こん	?–?
Song Qin	宋そう欽	?–1381	Mongolian name: Song Mongoldai (宋そう蒙こうむ古こ歹)
Liu Shuzhen	劉りゅう淑よし貞さだ	1381–?	female regent
Song Cheng	宋そう誠まこと	1381–1388
Song Bin	宋そう斌あきら	1388–1443
Song Ang	宋そう昂のぼる	1443–1484
Song Ran	宋そう然しか	1484–1513
Song Ren	宋そう仁ひとし	1513–1559
Song Chu	宋そう儲もうか	?–?
Song Gao	宋そう鎬	?–?
Song Delong	宋そう德いさお隆たかし	?–?
Song Kui	宋そう夔	?–?
Song Yiqing	宋そう一清かずきよ	1559–1574	regent
Song Demao	宋そう德いさお懋	1574–?
Song Dexian	宋そう德いさお賢けん	?–?
Song Cheng'en	宋そう承うけたまわ恩おん	1582–1609
Song Zhenxiang	宋そう真相しんそう	1609–?	regent
Song Shixiang	宋そう師し相しょう	?–?	regent
Song Wanhua	宋そう萬まん化か	1621–1623
Song Siyin	宋そう嗣殷	1623–1630