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Chiefdom of Sizhou

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Chiefdom of Sizhou
思おもえ州しゅう土ど司し
582–1413
Chiefdom of Sizhou in 1100 A.D. (Tianshi = Chiefdom of Sizhou)
Chiefdom of Sizhou in 1100 A.D.
(Tianshi = Chiefdom of Sizhou)
Sizhou in purple and Bozhou in green
Sizhou in purple and Bozhou in green
StatusNative Chiefdom of China
CapitalSizhou (modern Cengong)
Common languagesTujia, Chinese, Hmong
Religion
Nuoism, later also Confucianism
GovernmentMonarchy
Chieftain 
• 582–626
Tian Zongxian (first)
• 1387–1413
Tian Chen (last)
History 
• Established
582
• independence of Sinan
1364
• Annexed by Ming China
1413
 Succeeded by
Ming dynasty
Today part ofChina

Chiefdom of Sizhou (Chinese: 思おもえ州しゅう土ど司し; pinyin: Sīzhōu Tǔsī), ruled by the Tian clan, was an autonomous Tusi chiefdom established by Tian Zongxian (田た宗むね顯あらわ) during the Sui dynasty. After he conquered the Qianzhong area (present-day eastern Guizhou Province), Tian Zongxian was recognized as the hereditary ruler of the region by the Sui court in 582.

Sizhou, Bozhou, Shuidong and Shuixi were called "Four Great Native Chiefdom in Guizhou" (贵州四よん大土おおづち司し) by Chinese.[1] "Liangguang [ruled by] Cen and Huang, Sizhou and Bozhou [ruled by] Tian and Yang" (Chinese: 两广岑黄，思おもえ播田杨; pinyin: Liǎngguǎng Cén Huáng, Sī Bō Tián Yáng), an idiom current among Southwestern Mandarin speakers, proved that the Tian clan was once one of the most powerful clans in Southwestern China.[2]

Origin

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The Tian clan claimed to be descendants of Han Chinese in their genealogy book; however the authenticity needed to be verified. Modern scholars stated that Tian Zongxian was either Han Chinese[2] or Tujia.[3]

History

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The Chiefdom of Sizhou was established during the Sui dynasty when the first chieftain Tian Zongxian occupied Qianzhong area (黔中, modern-day eastern Guizhou) in southwest China. It lasted for about 831 years over 26 generations through the Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties.[2][4]

In 1107, Sizhou chieftain Tian Yougong (田た祐ゆう恭きょう) acquiesced Song dynasty's overlordship, Sizhou came under the Chinese jimi system. In 1273, Sizhou surrendered to Yuan dynasty and came under the Chinese tusi system.[5]

In 1364, Chiefdom of Sinan [zh] declared its independence from Sizhou. Tian Mao'an (田茂たも安やす), the Sinan chieftain, swore allegiance to Ming Yuzhen, while Sizhou came under Zhu Yuanzhang's tusi system. Sizhou attacked Sinan in 1367, killed Tian Mao'an's two sons, disturbed his ancestors' tombs. Tian Mao'an died soon after this battle, his successor Tian Renzhi (田た仁じん智さとし) switched allegiance to Ming court, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered them to cease fire.[3][4]

However, the two clans had been feuding ever since, they were waging an endless war. Sizhou attacked Sinan in 1411, Tian Zongding (田た宗そう鼎かなえ), the Sinan chief, was defeated and fled to Ming court for help. Five thousand Ming troops under general Gu Cheng (顧成) marched towards Sizhou and had it conquered. Tian Chen (田た琛), the last Sizhou chieftain, was captured and executed in Beijing. Later, Tian Zongding was also found guilty (matricide) and executed in 1413.[6] In the same year, Guizhou Province was created,[7] both Sizhou and Sinan were fully annexed into the central bureaucratic system of the Ming dynasty.[5]

List of Sizhou chieftains

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Below are Sizhou chieftains[3][4]

No. Name Chinese Reign Notes
1 Tian Zongxian 田た宗むね顯あらわ 582–626
2 Tian Weikang 田た惟おもんみ康やすし 626–660 eldest son of Tian Zongxian
3 Tian Yangming 田た陽明ようめい 660–? eldest son of Tian Weikang
4 Tian Kechang 田た克かつ昌あきら ?–711 son of Tian Yangming
5 Tian Daoyuan 田道たみち元もと 711–729 eldest son of Tian Kechang
6 Tian Gongrong 田た公こう榮さかえ 729–773 son of Tian Daoyuan
7 Tian Zailong 田た載の龍りゅう 773–? son of Tian Gongrong
8 Tian Shifeng 田た時じ豐ゆたか ?–870 son of Tian Zailong
9 Tian Zuoyu 田た佐さ禹 870–? third son of Tian Shifeng
10 Tian Fengxiang 田た鳳おおとり翔しょう ?–? son of Tian Zuoyu
11 Tian Chengwen 田た承うけたまわ文ぶん ?–? eldest son of Tian Fengxiang
12 Tian Zhengyun 田た正せい允まこと ?–? son of Tian Chengwen
13 Tian Shiru 田た士し儒 ?–1098 son of Tian Zhengyun
14 Tian Yougong 田た祐ゆう恭きょう 1098–1135 eldest son of Tian Shiru
15 Tian Rurui 田た汝なんじ瑞みず 1135–? eldest son of Tian Yougong
16 Tian Zuheng 田た祖そ衡 ?–1224 eldest son of Tian Rurui
17 Tian Zonghan 田た宗翰むねもと 1224–? son of Tian Zuheng
18 Tian Qingyu 田た慶けい裕ひろし ?–1275 son of Tian Zonghan
19 Tian Xinglong 田た興隆こうりゅう 1275–? son of Tian Qingyu
20 Tian Yingbing 田た應おう丙へい ?–1278 eldest son of Tian Xinglong
21 Tian Jingxian 田た景けい賢けん 1278–? also known as Tian Jinxian (田た謹賢)
son of Tian Yingbing
22 Tian Weiyong 田た惟おもんみ墉 ?–1365 eldest son of Tian Jingxian
23 Tian Maolie 田茂たも烈れつ 1365–? son of Tian Weiyong
24 Tian Renhou 田た仁じん厚あつ ?–1369 eldest son of Tian Maolie
Sinan declared independence in 1364
25 Tian Hongzheng 田た弘ひろ政せい 1369–1387 son of Tian Renhou
26 Tian Chen 田た琛 1387–1413 son of Tian Hongzheng
executed by Yongle Emperor in 1413

References

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  1. ^ 颜丙震ふるえ (June 2018). 明あかり后きさき期き黔蜀毗邻地区ちく土ど司し纷争研究けんきゅう (in Chinese). ISBN 9787511555625.
  2. ^ a b c "思おもえ州しゅう土ど司し的てき前世ぜんせい今朝けさ：田た氏し传奇八はち百ひゃく年ねん 土ど司し文化ぶんか传后代だい" (in Chinese). people.com.cn.
  3. ^ a b c 黄き透とおる松まつ (1991). "思おもえ州しゅう田でん氏し世よ系けい初はつ考こう". 贵州文ぶん史し丛刊 (in Chinese) (1).
  4. ^ a b c 瞿政平たいら. "铜仁古代こだい史し与あずか思おもえ州しゅう田でん氏し土ど司し" (in Chinese). 铜仁日び报.
  5. ^ a b "田でん氏し思おもえ州しゅう三さん驻龙泉いずみ坪つぼ" (in Chinese). trxw.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
  6. ^ "Taizong Shilu". Ming Shilu (in Chinese). Vol. 137.
  7. ^ "历史沿革えんかく". People's Government of Guizhou Province. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
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