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Daitoku-ji

Coordinates: 35°02′38″N 135°44′46″E / 35.04389°N 135.74611°E / 35.04389; 135.74611
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Daitoku-ji
大徳寺だいとくじ
Butsuden (Hondo)
Religion
AffiliationDaitoku-ji Rinzai
Location
Location53 Murasakino Daitokuji-cho, Kita-ku, Kyoto-shi, 603-8231
CountryJapan
Architecture
FounderDaito Kokushi
Completed1326
禪 Zen
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Daitoku-ji (大徳寺だいとくじ, the ‘temple of Great Virtue’)[1] is a Buddhist temple, one of fourteen autonomous branches of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen. It is located in Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan. The "mountain name" (sangō) by which it is known is Ryūhōzan (龍りゅう宝山たからやま). The Daitoku-ji temple complex today covers more than 23 hectares (57 acres).[2]

History

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Daitoku-ji originated as a small monastery founded in 1315 or 1319 by the monk Shuho Myocho (宗そう峰みね妙たえ超ちょう, also pronounced Sōhō Myōchō; 1282–1337), who is known by the title Daitō Kokushi ("National Teacher of the Great Lamp") given by Emperor Go-Daigo.[3] In 1325, the monastery was converted into a supplication hall for the imperial court at the request of the retired Emperor Hanazono. The dedication ceremony for the imperial supplication hall, with its newly added dharma hall and abbot's living quarters, was held in 1326, and this is generally recognized as the true founding of the temple.[2]

Like many other temples in Kyoto during that time, the temple's buildings were destroyed by fire. In 1474, which was when Kyoto was the scene of the Ōnin War, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado designated Ikkyū Sōjun as the head priest. With the help of merchants of the city of Sakai, Ikkyū contributed significantly to the temple's rehabilitation.[2]

From its earliest days, the temple experienced alternating periods of fortune and decline. This can be attributed to the rivalries and conflicts between Daitoku-ji and other well-known Zen temples, as well as between Daitoku-ji and the political authorities.[4]

Daitoku-ji became particularly important from the sixteenth century, when it was predominantly supported by members of the military establishment, who sponsored the building of subsidiary temples as prayers for their ancestors or in preparation for their own demise.[5] In 1582, Toyotomi Hideyoshi buried his predecessor, Oda Nobunaga, at Daitoku-ji. He also contributed land and built the Sōken-in.

Around this period in history, Daitoku-ji became closely linked to the master of the Japanese tea ceremony, Sen no Rikyū, and consequently to the realm of the Japanese tea ceremony. After the era of Sen no Rikyū, another famous figure in the history of the Japanese tea ceremony who left his mark at this temple was Kobori Enshū.

Buildings

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There are several buildings in the complex:

  • Sanmon (Mountain Gate)
  • Butsuden (Buddha Hall)
  • Hattō (Dharma Hall)
  • Hōjō (Abbot's Quarters)
  • Yokushitsu (Bath House)
  • Kyōzō (Sutra Library)

Treasures

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Mu Qi, Guanyin, Monkeys and Crane, Southern Song; National Treasure

Daitoku-ji is home to some works by the 13th-century Chinese artist-monk Mu Qi:

  • the acclaimed painting Six Persimmons (housed in Ryūkō-in, the painting is hardly ever put on display)
  • the hanging scrolls of Guanyin, Monkeys and Crane (絹本けんぽん墨画ぼくが淡彩たんさい猿ざる鶴づる図ず)[6][7]

Sub-temples

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Daitoku-ji operates some twenty-two sub-temples, the most significant being Daisen-in, Jukō-in (聚光院いん), and Shinjū-an (眞珠しんじゅ庵あん).[8][9]

  • Daiji-in (大慈だいじ院いん)
  • Daikō-in (大光おおみつ院いん)
  • Daisen-in (大仙だいせん院いん)[10]
  • Daiyō-an (大用おおゆう庵あん)[10]
  • Gyokurin-in (玉たま林りん院いん)[10]
  • Hōshun-in (芳春よしはる院いん)[10]
  • Jukō-in (聚光院いん)[10]
  • Kinryū-in (金龍きんりゅう院いん)[10]
  • Kōrin-in (興きょう臨院)[10]
  • Kōtō-in (高こう桐きり院いん)[10]
  • Nyoi-an (如意にょい庵あん)[10]
  • Ōbai-in (黄梅おうばい院いん)[10]
  • Ryōgen-in (龍りゅう源はじめ院いん)[10]
  • Ryōkō-in (龍光りゅうこう院いん)[10]
  • Sangen-in (三さん玄げん院いん)[10]
  • Shinju-an (真珠しんじゅ庵あん)[10]
  • Shōgen-in (松まつ源はじめ院いん)[10]
  • Shōju-in (正せい受院)
  • Shōrin-in (昌あきら林りん院いん)
  • Sōken-in (総見そうけん院いん)[10]
  • Tenzui-ji (天てん瑞みず寺てら)[10]
  • Tokuzen-ji (徳とく禅ぜん寺てら)[10]
  • Yōtoku-in (養やしなえ徳とく院いん)
  • Zuihō-in (瑞みず峯みね院いん)

Shichidō garan

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The garan (compound):

  • Hattō
    Hattō
  • Sanmon
    Sanmon
  • Imperial emissary gate (Chokushi-mon)
    Imperial emissary gate (Chokushi-mon)
  • Hondō
    Hondō
  • Main alley way
    Main alley way

Tatchū

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The tatchū (塔中たつちゅう, inner cloisters):

  • Garden of the Cross at Zuihō-in
    Garden of the Cross at Zuihō-in
  • Dokuza-tei (The Garden of Solitary Sitting), a garden at Zuiho-in
    Dokuza-tei (The Garden of Solitary Sitting), a garden at Zuiho-in
  • Go board used by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu at Ryogen-in, Daitoku-ji
    Go board used by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu at Ryogen-in, Daitoku-ji
  • Daisen-in
    Daisen-in
  • Kōrin-in
    Kōrin-in
  • Kotō-in
    Kotō-in

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Brief outline to Buddhism: The Land of the Disappearing Buddha (1979)". Course materials to "Asian Religions". Trinity University. Archived from the original on 2015-03-11.
  2. ^ a b c Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, entry "Daitokuji."
  3. ^ Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, entry "Sōhō Myōchō."
  4. ^ Usui Shiro. Tr., Stephen D. Miller. A Pilgrim's Guide to Forty-six Temples, pp. 84-85. Weatherhill, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-8348-0211-2.
  5. ^ Herbert E. Plutschow. Historical Kyoto, p. 141. The Japan Times, Ltd., 1983. ISBN 4-7890-0206-3
  6. ^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  7. ^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  8. ^ Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005). Zen Buddhism: A History. World Wisdom, Inc. p. 190. ISBN 0-941532-90-9.
  9. ^ "Head Temples - Daitoku-ji". Official Site of the Joint Council for Japanese Rinzai and Obaku Zen. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Levine, Gregory P.A. (2005). Daitokuji: The Visual Cultures of a Zen Monastery. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98540-2.

Further reading

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Levine, Gregory P.A. (2005). Daitokuji: The Visual Cultures of a Zen Monastery. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98540-2.

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35°02′38″N 135°44′46″E / 35.04389°N 135.74611°E / 35.04389; 135.74611

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