Fudai daimyō
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Fudai daimyō (
Origins
[edit]Fudai daimyōs originated from the families and clans who had served the prominent Tokugawa clan before its rise to national primacy during the Azuchi–Momoyama period in the late Sengoku period, including the Honda, Sakai, Sakakibara, Ii, Itakura, and Mizuno clans. A number of other clans which were not retainers of the Tokugawa before the Azuchi–Momoyama period also came to be counted as fudai, such as the Ogasawara and the Doi. Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, Sakai Tadatsugu, and Ii Naomasa — Tokugawa Ieyasu's "Four Great Generals" — were all pre-Edo period fudai who went on to become fudai daimyōs. In addition, some branches of the Matsudaira clan, from which the Tokugawa clan originated, were classed as fudai while allowed to retain the Matsudaira name.
According to "Mikawa Monogatari" which authored by by Ōkubo Tadataka, they are divided into Anjo Fudai, Yamanaka Fudai, and Okazaki Fudai. the vassals who served the Matsudaira clan when they had their base in Anjo Castle were Anjo Fudai, the vassals who served after they captured Yamanaka Castle were Yamanaka Fudai, and the vassals who served after they moved their base to Okazaki Castle were Okazaki Fudai. According to historian Yasutsune Owada, Anjo Fudai vassals has served the Matsudaira clan since the time of Ieyasu's grandfather, Matsudaira Kiyoyasu. Thereby, Ieyasu highly valued them, and placed great importance on the Anjo Fudai vassals. The clans which considered as Anjo fudai were the Ishikawa, Ōkubo, Naitō, Abe, Aoyama, Uemura, Hiraiwa, Naruse, Sakai, Honda and Watanabe clan.[2]
Edo period (江戸 時代 )
[edit]The birth of the fudai daimyō class began as Tokugawa Ieyasu (
The Tudai daimyō lords usually characterized that with their domination in bureaucratic bodies of the central government, in contrast with the Tozama daimyō lords that mostly limited to their jurisdictions of their respective domains. However it was not almost the case, as The Ii clan, Honda clan of Tadakatsu branch, and Sakakibara clan were also hereditarily acted as guardians of provinces, and traditionally served more in military roles than bureaucratic ones.[4]
Occasionally, a family could be raised to or from fudai status. For instance, the Matsudaira clan to which Matsudaira Sadanobu belonged went from being a fudai house to being a shinpan (recognized relative) of the Tokugawa family.[5][6] Also, a hatamoto who had an increase in income which raised his income level over 10,000 koku became a fudai daimyō.[citation needed]
Bakumatsu and Meiji Restoration
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hayashi_Tadataka.jpg/220px-Hayashi_Tadataka.jpg)
Many fudai daimyōs were involved in the vigorous political activity of the Bakumatsu, the gradual decline of the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1853, and the renewed military activities which occurred in that period. Two such men of fudai daimyō background were Ogasawara Nagamichi[7] and Itakura Katsukiyo,[8] who were two of the last rōjū, and actively worked for reform and strengthening of the ailing shogunate. Others, such as Matsudaira Munehide, were involved in diplomacy and foreign affairs.
In the Boshin War of 1868 to 1869, when supporters of the Imperial Court rose up in the Meiji Restoration against the Tokugawa Shogunate, some fudai houses such as the Toda of Ogaki and the Tōdō of Tsu sided with the shogunate during the first battle at Toba–Fushimi. However, after the shogunate's loss there, many fudai houses did not side with the shogunate or with remnants of the Shōgun's former army under Enomoto Takeaki which moved northward to Hokkaido and eventually set up the Ezo Republic.[9] Some remained neutral, while others (like the lords of Ōgaki and Tsu) switched allegiances and openly supported the new Imperial Japanese Army. Ogasawara Nagamichi and Itakura Katsukiyo led small groups of their retainers during the fight against the Imperial forces. However, their domains had already been occupied by the Imperial army, and were forced to participate in the war on the Imperial army's behalf.[10] Only one fudai daimyō, Hayashi Tadataka of Jōzai Domain, willingly left his domain early in 1868, and led most of his retainer force on behalf of the armies of the former Shōgun, in the fight against the Imperial army.[11] Also, a handful of fudai in the north of Honshu formed part of the Northern Alliance, fighting for the Alliance but not for the now-retired Shōgun.
Most of the fudai in the country entered the Meiji era peacefully, and ruled their domains until abolition of the domains in 1871. After this, the former families of fudai daimyōs transitioned into the kazoku in the new Japanese nobility system.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Fudai" in Japan encyclopedia, pp. 193–194., p. 193, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
- ^ Yasutsune Owada (
小和田 泰 経 ) (2023). "安城 ゆかりの三河 武士 ─徳川 家臣 団 の中心 となり家康 を大名 ・旗本 として支 えた忠臣 たち─" [Mikawa samurai with ties to Anjo: the loyal retainers who became the core of the Tokugawa vassals and supported Ieyasu as a feudal lord and a vassal of the Tokugawa shogunate.]. Rekishijin (in Japanese). ABC, ARC, inc. Retrieved 23 June 2024. - ^ Ooms, pp. 14–15
- ^ Kazuto Hongō (
本郷 和人 ) (2023). "だから江戸 幕府 は260年 も続 いた…東大 教授 が考 える「徳川 家康 にあって、織田 信長 になかったもの」" [That's why the Edo Shogunate lasted for 260 years... What a professor from Tokyo University thinks "Tokugawa Ieyasu had, and Oda Nobunaga didn't"]. PRESIDENT Online(プレジデントオンライン) (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 5 June 2024. - ^ (in Japanese) "Takada-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (14 March 2008)
- ^ (in Japanese) "Shirakawa-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (14 March 2008)
- ^ Ogasawara was from a daimyō family (the Ogasawara of the Karatsu Domain), but was not an actual daimyō
- ^ Itakura was lord of Bitchū-Matsuyama
- ^ Bolitho, p. 145.
- ^ (in Japanese) "Karatsu-han" (14 March 2008)
- ^ Yamakawa, Aizu Boshin Senshi, p. 505.
References
[edit]- Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588
- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
- Ooms, Herman (1975). Charismatic Bureaucrat. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- (in Japanese) "Karatsu-han" (14 March 2008)
- Yamakawa Kenjirō (1933). Aizu Boshin Senshi. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai.
- (in Japanese) "Takada-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (14 March 2008)
- (in Japanese) "Shirakawa-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (14 March 2008)