Gaya confederacy

Gaya confederacy
	Duck-shaped pottery from Gaya, 5th or 6th century.
Korean name
Hangul	가야
Hanja	加か耶 or 伽とぎ倻
Revised Romanization	Gaya
McCune–Reischauer	Kaya

Gaya
加か倻 (Hanja)
가야 (Hangul)
Gaya 加か倻 (Hanja); 가야 (Hangul)
42–562
	Map showing the approximate location of selected Gaya polities.
Common languages	Gaya
Religion	Buddhism, Shamanism
Government	Confederation
• 42–199	Suro; (first, Geumgwan)
• ?-562	Doseolji; (last, Dae)
Historical era	Ancient
• Establishment	42
• Submission to Silla	562
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Byeonhan confederacy
Silla
Baekje
Today part of	South Korea

Gaya (Korean: 가야, Hanja: 加か倻, Korean pronunciation: [ka.ja]) was a Korean confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea,^[1] growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period.

The traditional period used by historians for Gaya chronology is AD 42–532. According to archaeological evidence in the third and fourth centuries some of the city-states of Byeonhan evolved into the Gaya confederacy, which was later annexed by Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The individual polities that made up the Gaya confederacy have been characterized as small city-states.^[2] The material culture remains of Gaya culture mainly consist of burials and their contents of mortuary goods that have been excavated by archaeologists. Archaeologists interpret mounded burial cemeteries of the late third and early fourth centuries such as Daeseong-dong in Gimhae and Bokcheon-dong in Busan as the royal burial grounds of Gaya polities.^[3]

Names

Although most commonly referred to as Gaya (가야; 加か耶, 伽耶かや, 伽とぎ倻; [kaja]), probably due to the imprecision of transcribing Korean words into hanja, historical sources use a variety of names, including Garak (가락; 駕が洛らく, 迦落; [kaɾak]), Gara (가라; 加か羅ら, 伽羅きゃら, 迦羅, 柯羅; [kaɾa]), Garyang (가량;加か良りょう; [kaɾjaŋ]), and Guya (구야; 狗いぬ耶; [kuja]).^[4] According to Christopher I. Beckwith, "The spelling Kaya is the modern Korean reading of the characters used to write the name; the pronunciation /kara/ (transcriptionally *kala) is certain."^[5]

In Japanese, Gaya is often referred to as Mimana (任にん那な), a name with considerable present-day political connotations. However, another word called "Kara (から)" was used when alluding to ancient Korea, a word that is believed to have derived from the alternate spelling of Gaya, Gara (加か羅ら) which is now represented by three separate characters: 韓かん, 漢かん and 唐から in kun'yomi. It is thought that the meaning of "Korea" was initially preserved in Japanese in the word "Kara" which later expanded to include "China, then mainland East Asia" and, more recently, an even more vague sense of "the nations overseas or foreign countries".^[6]

Languages

Linguists, including Vovin and Janhunen, suggest that Japonic languages were spoken in large parts of the southern Korean Peninsula. According to Vovin, these "Peninsular Japonic languages" were replaced by Koreanic-speakers (possibly belonging to the Han-branch).^[7]^[8]

The later Gaya language likely belonged to the Koreanic Han languages.

The genetic diversity in the Gaya Kingdom region is linked to Jomon-related ancestry.^[9]

History

According to a legend written in the Samguk Yusa in the 13th century, six eggs descended from heaven in the year AD 42 with a message that they would be kings. Six boys were born and matured within 12 days. One of them, named Suro, became the king of Geumgwan Gaya, and the other five founded the remaining five Gayas: Daegaya, Seongsan Gaya, Ara Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, and Sogaya.^[10]

The Gaya polities evolved out of the chiefly political structures of the twelve tribes of the ancient Byeonhan confederacy, one of the Samhan confederacies. The loosely organized chiefdoms resolved into six Gaya groups, centered on Geumgwan Gaya. Based on archaeological sources and the limited written records, scholars have identified the late 3rd century as a period of transition from Byeonhan to Gaya, noting increasing military activity and changing funerary customs. This transition was also associated with the replacement of the previous elite in some principalities (including Daegaya) by elements from the Buyeo kingdom, which brought a more militaristic ideology and style of rule.^[11]^[12]

After the Eight Port Kingdoms War(浦上うらかみ八はち國こく亂らん)(209~212) between Silla and Gaya, Gaya was influenced by Silla's southeast peninsular hegemony, but diplomatically utilized the influence of Japan and Baekje to maintain independence. The Gaya Confederacy disintegrated under pressure from Goguryeo between 391 and 412, although the last Gaya polities remained independent until they were conquered by Silla in 562, as punishment for assisting Baekje in a war against Silla.

In 529, Silla destroyed Takgitan Gaya(啄ついばめ己おのれ呑國) under the pretext of its alliance with Daegaya and took half of Taksun Gaya(卓たく淳じゅん國こく)'s territory. This led Daegaya to distrust the Gaya and begin uniting around the Ara Gaya, which was maintaining a strong power. In order to escape interference between Baekje and Silla in Gaya, the Ara Gaya invited Silla, Baekje, and Japan to hold the Anra Conference(安あん羅ら會議かいぎ). Although they wanted to pressure Silla through the meeting to rebuild the Takgitan Gaya(啄ついばめ己おのれ呑國) and raise the international status of Anra, Baekje preferred strong diplomacy and Silla was not interested in it. Although Japan was pro-Anra Gaya, it was unable to help due to internal problems.^[13]^[14]^[15]

In 541 and 544, Baekje led the Sabi Conferences(泗沘會議かいぎ), which were participated in by seven countries including Ara and Imna. However, Ara still did not fully trust in Baekje. As a result of the conference, Gaya attacked Goguryeo alongside the Silla-Baekje alliance and acquired Seoul. In this attack, Baekje was betrayed by Silla and Gaya was also absorbed by Silla.^[16]^[17]

Economy

Polities were situated in the alluvial flats of tributary river valleys and the mouth of the Nakdong. In particular, the mouth of the Nakdong has fertile plains, direct access to the sea, and rich iron deposits. Gaya polities had economies that were based on agriculture, fishing, casting, and long-distance trade. They were particularly known for its iron-working, as Byeonhan had been before it. Gaya polities exported abundant quantities of iron ore, iron armor, and other weaponry to Baekje and the Kingdom of Wa.^[18] In contrast to the largely commercial and non-political ties of Byeonhan, Gaya polities seem to have attempted to maintain strong political ties with those kingdoms as well.

Politics

Several ancient historical records list a number of polities of Gaya. For example, Goryeo Saryak (고려사략; 高麗こうらい史し略りゃく) lists five: Geumgwan Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, Bihwa Gaya, Ara Gaya, and Seongsan Gaya.

Traditionally, the Gaya Confederacy enjoyed good relations with Japan and Baekje, such as when the three states allied against Goguryeo and Silla in the Goguryeo-Wa War. Records indicate Gaya would alongside Baekje regularly send economical, cultural, and technological aid to Japan in exchange for military and political aid, as the Yamato court desired technological progress and cultural advancement while Baekje and the Gaya states desired Japan's military aid in their wars against Silla and Goguryeo.^[19]

The various Gaya polities formed a confederacy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries that was centered on the heartland of Geumgwan Gaya in modern Gimhae. After a period of decline, the confederacy was revived around the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, this time centered on Daegaya of modern Goryeong. However, it was unable to defend itself against the incursions and attacks of the neighboring kingdom of Silla. Eventually, all of the Gaya Confederacy were absorbed into Silla.^[20]

After the fall of the Gaya Confederacy, many of the nobility and elite of the confederated states were integrated into the ranks of Silla's bone-rank system including the royal houses of the defeated Gaya Confederacy.^[21] One such example was the Sillan General Kim Yu-sin who played a critical role in the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Kim was the great-grandchild of King Guhae of Geumgwan Gaya, the last ruler of the Geumgwan Gaya state. As a result, Kim was given the rank of "true bone" which was the second highest rank one could attain, in part because the royal family of Geungwan Gaya, the Gimhae Kim clan were intermarried with the Gyeongju Kim clan, which was a prominent noble house in Silla.^[22]

Member statelets

Geumgwan Gaya/Garak state
Daegaya/Banpa state
Sogaya/Goja state
Ara Gaya/Alla state
Seongsan Gaya/Byeokjin state
Goryeong Gaya
Bihwa Gaya/Biji state, occasionally classified as the member of Jinhan confederacy.

Mimana/Imna controversy

Political and trade relations with Japan have been a source of controversy in both Korea and Japan. Japanese publicists during the twentieth century looked to the Nihon Shoki, which claims that Gaya (named "Mimana" also "Kara" in Japanese) was a military outpost of Japan during the Yamato period (300–710). While there is no evidence to support this, the claim has nonetheless been advocated at various times by Japanese imperialists, nationalists and press to justify the Japanese colonial rule of Korea between 19th and 20th centuries.^[23]^[24]

Archaeological evidence suggests that Gaya polities were the main exporter of technology and culture to Kyushu at that time. The theory of a Japanese outpost is widely rejected in Korea and Japan as there was no Japanese local groups at the time that had a strong enough military power to conquer Gaya or any other part of Korea.^[25]^[26] The technology of Gaya was more advanced than that of the Japanese dynasties of the time.^[25]^[26]

Though this theory has been largely refuted since the 1970s, it remains a sensitive and re-occurring issue in modern-day.

In 2010, a joint study group of historians sponsored by the governments of Japan and South Korea agreed that Gaya had never been militarily colonized by ancient Japan.^[27]

Gallery

An exhibition of royal tomb of Daegaya. Goryeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do.
Gold crown and accessories.
Horn-shaped cup from Gaya that may illustrate connection of Persian culture through the Silk Road to Korea.
Gaya pottery at the National Museum of Korea.
Earthenwares display in Museum of Daegaya.
Shield ornaments excavated from the Daeseong-dong cemetery site in Gimhae.
This iron helmet illustrates the skill of iron-working and importance of iron from the Nakdong River valley.
Refinery model of Gaya people.
Gaya Crown
Earrings of Gaya.
A Gaya soldier (After 412, armor style influenced by Goguryeo.)

Notes

References

^ (2001). Kaya. In The Penguin Archaeology Guide, edited by Paul Bahn, pp. 228–229. Penguin, London.
^ Barnes, Gina L. (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, pp. 179–200. Curzon, London.
^ Barnes 2001:188–198.
^ Barnes 2001:182-184.
^ Beckwith, Christopher (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
^ 『デジタル大辞泉だいじせん』 "Digital Daijisen" (by 小学館しょうがくかん/SHOGAKUKAN) at Goo Dictionary
^ Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the language map of prehistorical Northeast Asia". Studia Orientalia 108 (2010). ... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
^ Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240.
^ Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Özdoğan, Kadir T. (2022-06-21). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea". Current Biology. 32 (15): 3232–3244.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35732180. S2CID 249896345.
^ Barnes 2001:180-182.
^ Sin, K.C. (2000). Relations between Kaya and Wa in the third to fourth centuries. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2(3–4), 112–122.
^ This is presumed because of the confusion caused by a series of displaced peoples southward movements following the invasion of Wei in 242, invasion of the Xianbei in 285, the fall of lelang in 313
^ 日本書紀にほんしょき(Nihon Shoki) 卷まき第だい十じゅう七なな男なん大だい迹天皇てんのう繼つぎ體たい天皇てんのう > 繼つぎ體たい天皇てんのう 23年ねん 3月がつ > 是これ月がつ, 遣や近江おうみ毛げ野の臣しん, 使つかい于安羅ら. 勅みことのり勸すすむ新しん羅ら, 更さら建けん南みなみ加か羅ら㖨己呑. 百濟遣將軍君尹貴麻那甲背麻鹵等, 往赴安やす羅ら, 式しき聽詔勅しょうちょく. 新しん羅ら, 恐おそれ破やぶ蕃しげる國こく官かん家か, 不ふ遣や大人おとな, 而遣夫おっと智さとし奈麻禮れい奚奈麻あさ禮れい等とう, 往赴安やす羅ら, 式しき聽詔勅しょうちょく. 於是, 安あん羅ら新しん起おこり高堂こうどう, 引昇勅使ちょくし. 國主こくしゅ隨ずい後ご昇のぼり階かい. 國くに內大人おとな, 預あずか昇のぼり堂どう者しゃ一いち二に. 百濟くだら使し將軍しょうぐん君くん等とう, 在ざい於堂下か. 凡數すう月がつ再三さいさん, 謨謀乎堂上じょう. 將軍しょうぐん君くん等とう, 恨在庭にわ焉.
In March, 近江おうみ毛もう野の臣しん was dispatched as an envoy to Anra, and the emperor ordered Silla to rebuild Southern Garas and Takgitan. Baekje dispatched generals "君くん尹いん貴たか","麻あさ那な甲かぶと背せ" and "麻あさ鹵" to Anra for orders. Because Silla destroyed the government houses in the country, it did not send those in high rank officer, but sent "夫おっと智さとし奈麻禮れい" and "奚奈麻あさ禮れい" to Anra to hear orders. At this time, Anra made a new "godang(高堂こうどう)" and made them go up to the royal temple. The king of Anra followed up the stairs, and one or two people with a high official rank of Anra climbed above, but Baekje's general "君くん" was below. Since the meeting was held on the party floor for many months, General "君くん" felt bad for what was below.
^ 백승옥. 2004, "安やす羅ら高堂こうどう會議かいぎ'의 성격과 安あん羅ら國こく의 위상", 지역과 역사, vol.0, no.14 pp.7-39.
^ : The Nature of 'Anragodang Conference(安あん羅ら高堂こうどう會議かいぎ)' and the Position of AnraGuk(安あん羅ら國こく)
^ 日本書紀にほんしょき(Nihon Shoki) 卷まき第だい十じゅう九きゅう天國てんごく排はい開ひらけ廣こう庭にわ天皇てんのう欽明天皇てんのう > 欽明天皇てんのう 2年ねん 4月がつ > 夏なつ四よん月がつ. 安やす羅ら次じ旱ひでり岐夷呑奚·大だい不ふ孫まご·久ひさし取と柔やわ利り, 加か羅ら上うえ首位しゅい古殿ふるとの奚, 卒そつ麻あさ旱ひでり岐, 散ち半はん奚旱岐兒, 多た羅ら下か旱ひでり岐夷他た, 斯二に岐旱岐兒, 子こ他た旱ひでり岐等, 與あずか任にん那な日本にっぽん府ふ吉備きび臣しん[闕名字みょうじ.], 往赴百ひゃく濟すみ, 俱聽詔書しょうしょ. 百濟聖明王謂任那旱岐等言, 日本にっぽん天皇てんのう所しょ詔みことのり者しゃ, 全ぜん以復建たて任つとむ那な. 今いま用よう何なん策さく, 起おこり建たて任つとむ那な. 盍各盡忠じんちゅう, 奉たてまつ展てん聖せい懷ふところ. 任にん那な旱ひでり岐等對たい曰, 前まえ再三さいさん廻まわり, 與あずか新しん羅ら議ぎ. 而無答こたえ報ほう. 所ところ圖ず之の旨むね, 更さら告つげ新しん羅ら, 尙無所しょ報ほう. 今いま宜むべ俱遣使し, 往奏天皇てんのう. 夫おっと建たて任つとむ那な者しゃ, 爰在大王だいおう之の意い. 祇承敎きょう旨むね. 誰だれ敢間言ごと. 然しか任にん那な境さかい接せっ新しん羅ら. 恐おそれ致卓淳じゅん等とう禍か[等とう謂いい㖨己呑·加か羅ら. 言げん卓たく淳じゅん等とう國こく, 有ゆう敗亡はいぼう之の禍わざわい.]. 聖せい明王みょうおう曰, 昔むかし我わが先祖せんぞ速そく古いにしえ王おう·貴き首くび王おう之の世よ, 安あん羅ら·加か羅ら·卓たく淳じゅん旱ひでり岐等, 初はつ遣や使つかい相しょう通どおり, 厚あつ結ゆい親好しんこう. 以爲子弟してい, 冀可恆つね隆たかし. 而今被ひ誑新羅ら, 使つかい天皇てんのう忿怒ふんど, 而任那な憤いきどお恨, 寡人之の過か也. 我わが深ふか懲悔, 而遣下部かぶ中佐ちゅうさ平ひら麻あさ鹵·城じょう方かた甲かぶと背せ昧奴等とう, 赴加羅ら, 會かい于任那な日本にっぽん府相ふそう盟めい. 以後いご, 繫念相續そうぞく, 圖ず建たて任つとむ那な, 旦夕たんせき無む忘. 今こん天皇てんのう詔みことのり稱たたえ, 速はや建たて任つとむ那な. 由よし是ぜ, 欲よく共ども爾しか曹謨計けい, 樹立じゅりつ任にん那な等とう國こく. 宜むべ善ぜん圖ず之の. 又また於任那な境さかい, 徵しるし召新羅ら, 問とい聽與不ふ. 乃俱遣使し, 奏聞そうもん天皇てんのう, 恭きょう承うけたまわ示敎しきょう. 儻如使し人じん未み還かえ之これ際さい, 新しん羅ら候こう隙すき, 侵おかせ逼任那な, 我わが當とう往救. 不足ふそく爲ため憂う. 然しか善ぜん守備しゅび, 謹警無む忘. 別べつ汝なんじ所しょ噵, 恐おそれ致卓淳じゅん等とう禍か, 非ひ新しん羅ら自じ强つよ故ゆえ, 所ところ能のう爲ため也. 其㖨己おのれ呑, 居い加か羅ら與あずか新しん羅ら境さかい際ぎわ, 而被連年れんねん攻おさむ敗はい. 任にん那な無能むのう救援きゅうえん. 由よし是ぜ見み亡ほろび. 其南加か羅ら, 蕞爾狹小きょうしょう, 不能ふのう卒そつ備, 不知ふち所しょ託たく. 由よし是ぜ見み亡ほろび. 其卓淳あつし, 上下じょうげ携貳. 主おも欲ほし自じ附ふ, 內應新しん羅ら. 由よし是ぜ見み亡ほろび. 因よし斯而觀かん, 三さん國こく之の敗はい, 良りょう有ゆう以也. 昔むかし新しん羅ら請援於高麗うらら, 而攻擊げき任にん那な與あずか百濟くだら, 尙不剋之. 新しん羅ら安やすし獨どく滅めつ任にん那な乎. 今こん寡人, 與あずか汝なんじ戮力幷心, 翳かげ賴よりゆき天皇てんのう, 任にん那な必起. 因よし贈物おくりもの各かく有ゆう差さ. 忻忻而還.
1st Sabi Conference in Emperor Kinmei 2year April (AD 541)
^ 日本書紀にほんしょき(Nihon Shoki) 卷まき第だい十じゅう九きゅう天國てんごく排はい開ひらけ廣こう庭にわ天皇てんのう欽明天皇てんのう > 欽明天皇てんのう 5年ねん 11月 > 十一月じゅういちがつ, 百濟くだら遣や使つかい, 召日本にっぽん府ふ臣しん·任にん那な執事しつじ曰, 遣や朝あさ天皇てんのう, 奈率得とく文ぶん·許もと勢ぜい奈率奇き麻あさ·物部ものべ奈率奇き非ひ等とう, 還かえ自じ日本にっぽん. 今こん日本にっぽん府ふ臣しん及任那な國こく執事しつじ, 宜むべ來聽らいちょう勅みことのり, 同どう議ぎ任にん那な. 日本にっぽん吉備きび臣しん, 安あん羅ら下か旱ひでり岐大不ふ孫まご·久ひさし取と柔やわ利り, 加か羅ら上うえ首位しゅい古殿ふるとの奚·卒そつ麻あさ君くん·斯二に岐君·散ち半はん奚君兒じ, 多た羅ら二に首位しゅい訖乾智さとし, 子こ他た旱ひでり岐, 久ひさ嗟旱岐, 仍赴百ひゃく濟ずみ. 於是, 百濟くだら王おう聖ひじり明あきら, 略りゃく以詔書しょ示しめせ曰, 吾われ遣や奈率彌わたる麻あさ佐さ·奈率己おのれ連れん·奈率用よう奇き多た等とう, 朝あさ於日本にっぽん. 詔みことのり曰, 早はや建たて任つとむ那な. 又また津守つもり連れん奉勅ほうちょく, 問とい成なり任にん那な. 故こ遣や召之. 當とう復ふく何なん如, 能のう建たて任つとむ那な. 請各陳ひね謀はかりごと. 吉備きび臣しん·任にん那な旱ひでり岐等曰, 夫おっと建たて任つとむ那な國こく, 唯ただ在ざい大王だいおう. 欲よく冀遵王おう, 俱奏聽勅. 聖せい明王みょうおう謂いい之の曰, 任にん那な之の國くに, 與あずか吾われ百ひゃく濟すみ, 自じ古いにしえ以來いらい, 約やく爲ため子弟してい. 今こん日本にっぽん府ふ印しるし岐彌[謂いい在任ざいにん那な日本にっぽん臣しん名めい也.], 旣すんで討新羅ら, 更さら將はた伐き我わが. 又また樂らく聽新羅ら虛誕きょたん謾語也. 夫おっと遣や印しるし岐彌於任那な者しゃ, 本ほん非ひ侵害しんがい其國[未み詳しょう.], 往古おうこ來らい今いま, 新しん羅ら無道むどう. 食言しょくげん違たがえ信しんじ, 而滅卓たく淳じゅん. 股肱ここう之の國くに, 欲よく快かい返かえし悔. 故こ遣や召到, 俱承恩おん詔みことのり, 欲よく冀, 興きょう繼つぎ任にん那な之の國くに, 猶なお如舊日び, 永なが爲ため兄弟きょうだい. 竊聞, 新しん羅ら安やすし羅ら, 兩國りょうこく之の境さかい, 有ゆう大江おおえ水すい. 要害ようがい之の地ち也. 吾われ欲よく據よりどころ此, 修繕しゅうぜん六ろく城しろ. 謹請天皇てんのう三さん千せん兵士へいし, 每まい城じょう充たかし以五百ひゃく, 幷我兵士へいし, 勿使作田さくた, 而逼惱者, 久禮くれ山さん之の五城ごじょう, 庶自投とう兵へい降くだ首くび. 卓たく淳じゅん之の國くに, 亦また復ふく當とう興きょう. 所ところ請兵士し, 吾われ給きゅう衣ころも粮. 欲よく奏そう天皇てんのう, 其策一也かずや. 猶なお於南韓かん, 置おけ郡ぐん令れい·城主じょうしゅ者しゃ, 豈あに欲よく違背いはい天皇てんのう, 遮斷しゃだん貢みつぎ調ちょう之の路みち. 唯ただ庶, 剋濟多難たなん, 殲撲强敵きょうてき. 凡厥凶きょう黨とう, 誰だれ不ふ謀はかりごと附ふ. 北きた敵てき强大きょうだい, 我國わがくに微弱びじゃく. 若わか不ふ置おけ南みなみ韓かん, 郡ぐん領りょう·城主じょうしゅ, 修理しゅうり防護ぼうご, 不可ふか以禦此强敵てき. 亦また不可ふか以制新しん羅ら. 故こ猶なお置おけ之これ, 攻おさむ逼新羅ら, 撫なで存そん任にん那な. 若わか不ふ爾なんじ者しゃ, 恐おそれ見み滅亡めつぼう, 不ふ得とく朝あさ聘. 欲よく奏そう天皇てんのう, 其策二に也. 又吉またよし備臣·河かわ內直·移うつり那な斯·麻あさ都と, 猶なお在任ざいにん那な國こく者しゃ, 天皇てんのう雖詔建たて成しげる任にん那な, 不可ふか得とく也. 請, 移うつり此四よん人にん, 各かく遣や還かえ其本邑. 奏そう於天皇てんのう, 其策三也みつや. 宜むべ與あずか日本にっぽん臣しん·任にん那な旱ひでり岐等, 俱奉遣や使つかい, 同どう奏そう天皇てんのう, 乞聽恩おん詔みことのり. 於是, 吉備きび臣しん·旱ひでり岐等曰, 大王だいおう所しょ述じゅつ三さん策さく, 亦また協きょう愚ぐ情じょう而已. 今こん願ねがい, 歸かえり以敬諮はか日本にっぽん大臣だいじん[謂いい在任ざいにん那な日本にっぽん府ふ之の大臣だいじん也.] 安あん羅ら王おう·加か羅ら王おう, 俱遣使し同どう奏そう天皇てんのう. 此誠千載せんざい一いち會かい之これ期き, 可か不ふ深ふか思おもえ而熟計けい歟.
2nd Sabi Conference in Emperor Kinmei 5year November (544)
^ Farris, William (1996). "Ancient Japan's Korean Connection". Korean Studies. 20: 6–7. doi:10.1353/ks.1996.0015. S2CID 162644598.
^ Farris, William (1996). Ancient Japan's Korean Connection. University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.
^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Park, Jinhoon; Yi, Hyun-Hae (2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–49, 52–60.
^ Barnes, Gina (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. London: Curzon. pp. 179–200.
^ Bahn, Paul (2001). The Penguin Archaeology Guide. London: Penguin.
^ André Schmid (2002). Korea Between Empires: 1895 - 1919. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4. Retrieved 31 July 2013.. Page 150, Page 169
^ Lee, Peter H & Wm. Theodore De Bary. Sources of Korean Tradition. Columbia University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-231-10567-3. Page 14
^ ^a ^b Kenneth B. Lee (1997). "4. Korea and Early Japan, 200 B.C. -700 A.D.". Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 31 ~ 35p. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7.
^ ^a ^b John Whitney Hall (1998). "5. Japan and the continent". The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 308 ~ 310p. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.
^ Yukiko Ishikawa and Masahiko Takekoshi, "History gap still hard to bridge", Yomiuri Shimbun, 25 March 2010.

External links

Doopedia, Doosan Encyclopedia

35°09′36″N 128°13′48″E / 35.16000°N 128.23000°E / 35.16000; 128.23000

[1] (2001). Kaya. In The Penguin Archaeology Guide, edited by Paul Bahn, pp. 228–229. Penguin, London.

[2] Barnes, Gina L. (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, pp. 179–200. Curzon, London.

[3] Barnes 2001:188–198.

[4] Barnes 2001:182-184.

[5] Beckwith, Christopher (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.

[goodictionary-6] 『デジタル大辞泉だいじせん』 "Digital Daijisen" (by 小学館しょうがくかん/SHOGAKUKAN) at Goo Dictionary

[7] Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the language map of prehistorical Northeast Asia". Studia Orientalia 108 (2010). ... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.

[8] Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240.

[9] Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Özdoğan, Kadir T. (2022-06-21). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea". Current Biology. 32 (15): 3232–3244.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35732180. S2CID 249896345.

[10] Barnes 2001:180-182.

[11] Sin, K.C. (2000). Relations between Kaya and Wa in the third to fourth centuries. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2(3–4), 112–122.

[12] This is presumed because of the confusion caused by a series of displaced peoples southward movements following the invasion of Wei in 242, invasion of the Xianbei in 285, the fall of lelang in 313

[13] 日本書紀にほんしょき(Nihon Shoki) 卷まき第だい十じゅう七なな男なん大だい迹天皇てんのう繼つぎ體たい天皇てんのう > 繼つぎ體たい天皇てんのう 23年ねん 3月がつ > 是これ月がつ, 遣や近江おうみ毛げ野の臣しん, 使つかい于安羅ら. 勅みことのり勸すすむ新しん羅ら, 更さら建けん南みなみ加か羅ら㖨己呑. 百濟遣將軍君尹貴麻那甲背麻鹵等, 往赴安やす羅ら, 式しき聽詔勅しょうちょく. 新しん羅ら, 恐おそれ破やぶ蕃しげる國こく官かん家か, 不ふ遣や大人おとな, 而遣夫おっと智さとし奈麻禮れい奚奈麻あさ禮れい等とう, 往赴安やす羅ら, 式しき聽詔勅しょうちょく. 於是, 安あん羅ら新しん起おこり高堂こうどう, 引昇勅使ちょくし. 國主こくしゅ隨ずい後ご昇のぼり階かい. 國くに內大人おとな, 預あずか昇のぼり堂どう者しゃ一いち二に. 百濟くだら使し將軍しょうぐん君くん等とう, 在ざい於堂下か. 凡數すう月がつ再三さいさん, 謨謀乎堂上じょう. 將軍しょうぐん君くん等とう, 恨在庭にわ焉.
In March, 近江おうみ毛もう野の臣しん was dispatched as an envoy to Anra, and the emperor ordered Silla to rebuild Southern Garas and Takgitan. Baekje dispatched generals "君くん尹いん貴たか","麻あさ那な甲かぶと背せ" and "麻あさ鹵" to Anra for orders. Because Silla destroyed the government houses in the country, it did not send those in high rank officer, but sent "夫おっと智さとし奈麻禮れい" and "奚奈麻あさ禮れい" to Anra to hear orders. At this time, Anra made a new "godang(高堂こうどう)" and made them go up to the royal temple. The king of Anra followed up the stairs, and one or two people with a high official rank of Anra climbed above, but Baekje's general "君くん" was below. Since the meeting was held on the party floor for many months, General "君くん" felt bad for what was below.

[14] 백승옥. 2004, "安やす羅ら高堂こうどう會議かいぎ'의 성격과 安あん羅ら國こく의 위상", 지역과 역사, vol.0, no.14 pp.7-39.

[15] : The Nature of 'Anragodang Conference(安あん羅ら高堂こうどう會議かいぎ)' and the Position of AnraGuk(安あん羅ら國こく)

[16] 日本書紀にほんしょき(Nihon Shoki) 卷まき第だい十じゅう九きゅう天國てんごく排はい開ひらけ廣こう庭にわ天皇てんのう欽明天皇てんのう > 欽明天皇てんのう 2年ねん 4月がつ > 夏なつ四よん月がつ. 安やす羅ら次じ旱ひでり岐夷呑奚·大だい不ふ孫まご·久ひさし取と柔やわ利り, 加か羅ら上うえ首位しゅい古殿ふるとの奚, 卒そつ麻あさ旱ひでり岐, 散ち半はん奚旱岐兒, 多た羅ら下か旱ひでり岐夷他た, 斯二に岐旱岐兒, 子こ他た旱ひでり岐等, 與あずか任にん那な日本にっぽん府ふ吉備きび臣しん[闕名字みょうじ.], 往赴百ひゃく濟すみ, 俱聽詔書しょうしょ. 百濟聖明王謂任那旱岐等言, 日本にっぽん天皇てんのう所しょ詔みことのり者しゃ, 全ぜん以復建たて任つとむ那な. 今いま用よう何なん策さく, 起おこり建たて任つとむ那な. 盍各盡忠じんちゅう, 奉たてまつ展てん聖せい懷ふところ. 任にん那な旱ひでり岐等對たい曰, 前まえ再三さいさん廻まわり, 與あずか新しん羅ら議ぎ. 而無答こたえ報ほう. 所ところ圖ず之の旨むね, 更さら告つげ新しん羅ら, 尙無所しょ報ほう. 今いま宜むべ俱遣使し, 往奏天皇てんのう. 夫おっと建たて任つとむ那な者しゃ, 爰在大王だいおう之の意い. 祇承敎きょう旨むね. 誰だれ敢間言ごと. 然しか任にん那な境さかい接せっ新しん羅ら. 恐おそれ致卓淳じゅん等とう禍か[等とう謂いい㖨己呑·加か羅ら. 言げん卓たく淳じゅん等とう國こく, 有ゆう敗亡はいぼう之の禍わざわい.]. 聖せい明王みょうおう曰, 昔むかし我わが先祖せんぞ速そく古いにしえ王おう·貴き首くび王おう之の世よ, 安あん羅ら·加か羅ら·卓たく淳じゅん旱ひでり岐等, 初はつ遣や使つかい相しょう通どおり, 厚あつ結ゆい親好しんこう. 以爲子弟してい, 冀可恆つね隆たかし. 而今被ひ誑新羅ら, 使つかい天皇てんのう忿怒ふんど, 而任那な憤いきどお恨, 寡人之の過か也. 我わが深ふか懲悔, 而遣下部かぶ中佐ちゅうさ平ひら麻あさ鹵·城じょう方かた甲かぶと背せ昧奴等とう, 赴加羅ら, 會かい于任那な日本にっぽん府相ふそう盟めい. 以後いご, 繫念相續そうぞく, 圖ず建たて任つとむ那な, 旦夕たんせき無む忘. 今こん天皇てんのう詔みことのり稱たたえ, 速はや建たて任つとむ那な. 由よし是ぜ, 欲よく共ども爾しか曹謨計けい, 樹立じゅりつ任にん那な等とう國こく. 宜むべ善ぜん圖ず之の. 又また於任那な境さかい, 徵しるし召新羅ら, 問とい聽與不ふ. 乃俱遣使し, 奏聞そうもん天皇てんのう, 恭きょう承うけたまわ示敎しきょう. 儻如使し人じん未み還かえ之これ際さい, 新しん羅ら候こう隙すき, 侵おかせ逼任那な, 我わが當とう往救. 不足ふそく爲ため憂う. 然しか善ぜん守備しゅび, 謹警無む忘. 別べつ汝なんじ所しょ噵, 恐おそれ致卓淳じゅん等とう禍か, 非ひ新しん羅ら自じ强つよ故ゆえ, 所ところ能のう爲ため也. 其㖨己おのれ呑, 居い加か羅ら與あずか新しん羅ら境さかい際ぎわ, 而被連年れんねん攻おさむ敗はい. 任にん那な無能むのう救援きゅうえん. 由よし是ぜ見み亡ほろび. 其南加か羅ら, 蕞爾狹小きょうしょう, 不能ふのう卒そつ備, 不知ふち所しょ託たく. 由よし是ぜ見み亡ほろび. 其卓淳あつし, 上下じょうげ携貳. 主おも欲ほし自じ附ふ, 內應新しん羅ら. 由よし是ぜ見み亡ほろび. 因よし斯而觀かん, 三さん國こく之の敗はい, 良りょう有ゆう以也. 昔むかし新しん羅ら請援於高麗うらら, 而攻擊げき任にん那な與あずか百濟くだら, 尙不剋之. 新しん羅ら安やすし獨どく滅めつ任にん那な乎. 今こん寡人, 與あずか汝なんじ戮力幷心, 翳かげ賴よりゆき天皇てんのう, 任にん那な必起. 因よし贈物おくりもの各かく有ゆう差さ. 忻忻而還.
1st Sabi Conference in Emperor Kinmei 2year April (AD 541)

[17] 日本書紀にほんしょき(Nihon Shoki) 卷まき第だい十じゅう九きゅう天國てんごく排はい開ひらけ廣こう庭にわ天皇てんのう欽明天皇てんのう > 欽明天皇てんのう 5年ねん 11月 > 十一月じゅういちがつ, 百濟くだら遣や使つかい, 召日本にっぽん府ふ臣しん·任にん那な執事しつじ曰, 遣や朝あさ天皇てんのう, 奈率得とく文ぶん·許もと勢ぜい奈率奇き麻あさ·物部ものべ奈率奇き非ひ等とう, 還かえ自じ日本にっぽん. 今こん日本にっぽん府ふ臣しん及任那な國こく執事しつじ, 宜むべ來聽らいちょう勅みことのり, 同どう議ぎ任にん那な. 日本にっぽん吉備きび臣しん, 安あん羅ら下か旱ひでり岐大不ふ孫まご·久ひさし取と柔やわ利り, 加か羅ら上うえ首位しゅい古殿ふるとの奚·卒そつ麻あさ君くん·斯二に岐君·散ち半はん奚君兒じ, 多た羅ら二に首位しゅい訖乾智さとし, 子こ他た旱ひでり岐, 久ひさ嗟旱岐, 仍赴百ひゃく濟ずみ. 於是, 百濟くだら王おう聖ひじり明あきら, 略りゃく以詔書しょ示しめせ曰, 吾われ遣や奈率彌わたる麻あさ佐さ·奈率己おのれ連れん·奈率用よう奇き多た等とう, 朝あさ於日本にっぽん. 詔みことのり曰, 早はや建たて任つとむ那な. 又また津守つもり連れん奉勅ほうちょく, 問とい成なり任にん那な. 故こ遣や召之. 當とう復ふく何なん如, 能のう建たて任つとむ那な. 請各陳ひね謀はかりごと. 吉備きび臣しん·任にん那な旱ひでり岐等曰, 夫おっと建たて任つとむ那な國こく, 唯ただ在ざい大王だいおう. 欲よく冀遵王おう, 俱奏聽勅. 聖せい明王みょうおう謂いい之の曰, 任にん那な之の國くに, 與あずか吾われ百ひゃく濟すみ, 自じ古いにしえ以來いらい, 約やく爲ため子弟してい. 今こん日本にっぽん府ふ印しるし岐彌[謂いい在任ざいにん那な日本にっぽん臣しん名めい也.], 旣すんで討新羅ら, 更さら將はた伐き我わが. 又また樂らく聽新羅ら虛誕きょたん謾語也. 夫おっと遣や印しるし岐彌於任那な者しゃ, 本ほん非ひ侵害しんがい其國[未み詳しょう.], 往古おうこ來らい今いま, 新しん羅ら無道むどう. 食言しょくげん違たがえ信しんじ, 而滅卓たく淳じゅん. 股肱ここう之の國くに, 欲よく快かい返かえし悔. 故こ遣や召到, 俱承恩おん詔みことのり, 欲よく冀, 興きょう繼つぎ任にん那な之の國くに, 猶なお如舊日び, 永なが爲ため兄弟きょうだい. 竊聞, 新しん羅ら安やすし羅ら, 兩國りょうこく之の境さかい, 有ゆう大江おおえ水すい. 要害ようがい之の地ち也. 吾われ欲よく據よりどころ此, 修繕しゅうぜん六ろく城しろ. 謹請天皇てんのう三さん千せん兵士へいし, 每まい城じょう充たかし以五百ひゃく, 幷我兵士へいし, 勿使作田さくた, 而逼惱者, 久禮くれ山さん之の五城ごじょう, 庶自投とう兵へい降くだ首くび. 卓たく淳じゅん之の國くに, 亦また復ふく當とう興きょう. 所ところ請兵士し, 吾われ給きゅう衣ころも粮. 欲よく奏そう天皇てんのう, 其策一也かずや. 猶なお於南韓かん, 置おけ郡ぐん令れい·城主じょうしゅ者しゃ, 豈あに欲よく違背いはい天皇てんのう, 遮斷しゃだん貢みつぎ調ちょう之の路みち. 唯ただ庶, 剋濟多難たなん, 殲撲强敵きょうてき. 凡厥凶きょう黨とう, 誰だれ不ふ謀はかりごと附ふ. 北きた敵てき强大きょうだい, 我國わがくに微弱びじゃく. 若わか不ふ置おけ南みなみ韓かん, 郡ぐん領りょう·城主じょうしゅ, 修理しゅうり防護ぼうご, 不可ふか以禦此强敵てき. 亦また不可ふか以制新しん羅ら. 故こ猶なお置おけ之これ, 攻おさむ逼新羅ら, 撫なで存そん任にん那な. 若わか不ふ爾なんじ者しゃ, 恐おそれ見み滅亡めつぼう, 不ふ得とく朝あさ聘. 欲よく奏そう天皇てんのう, 其策二に也. 又吉またよし備臣·河かわ內直·移うつり那な斯·麻あさ都と, 猶なお在任ざいにん那な國こく者しゃ, 天皇てんのう雖詔建たて成しげる任にん那な, 不可ふか得とく也. 請, 移うつり此四よん人にん, 各かく遣や還かえ其本邑. 奏そう於天皇てんのう, 其策三也みつや. 宜むべ與あずか日本にっぽん臣しん·任にん那な旱ひでり岐等, 俱奉遣や使つかい, 同どう奏そう天皇てんのう, 乞聽恩おん詔みことのり. 於是, 吉備きび臣しん·旱ひでり岐等曰, 大王だいおう所しょ述じゅつ三さん策さく, 亦また協きょう愚ぐ情じょう而已. 今こん願ねがい, 歸かえり以敬諮はか日本にっぽん大臣だいじん[謂いい在任ざいにん那な日本にっぽん府ふ之の大臣だいじん也.] 安あん羅ら王おう·加か羅ら王おう, 俱遣使し同どう奏そう天皇てんのう. 此誠千載せんざい一いち會かい之これ期き, 可か不ふ深ふか思おもえ而熟計けい歟.
2nd Sabi Conference in Emperor Kinmei 5year November (544)

[18] Farris, William (1996). "Ancient Japan's Korean Connection". Korean Studies. 20: 6–7. doi:10.1353/ks.1996.0015. S2CID 162644598.

[19] Farris, William (1996). Ancient Japan's Korean Connection. University of Hawaii Press. p. 17.

[20] Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Park, Jinhoon; Yi, Hyun-Hae (2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–49, 52–60.

[21] Barnes, Gina (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. London: Curzon. pp. 179–200.

[22] Bahn, Paul (2001). The Penguin Archaeology Guide. London: Penguin.

[23] André Schmid (2002). Korea Between Empires: 1895 - 1919. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4. Retrieved 31 July 2013.. Page 150, Page 169

[24] Lee, Peter H & Wm. Theodore De Bary. Sources of Korean Tradition. Columbia University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-231-10567-3. Page 14

[Kenneth_B._Lee-25] Kenneth B. Lee (1997). "4. Korea and Early Japan, 200 B.C. -700 A.D.". Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 31 ~ 35p. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7.

[John_Whitney_Hall-26] John Whitney Hall (1998). "5. Japan and the continent". The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 308 ~ 310p. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.

[27] Yukiko Ishikawa and Masahiko Takekoshi, "History gap still hard to bridge", Yomiuri Shimbun, 25 March 2010.

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