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Hu Feng

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For the Hong Kong actor, see Wu Fung.

Hu Feng
Hu Feng and his wife Mei Zhi, December 1933
Hu Feng and his wife Mei Zhi, December 1933
Native name
胡えびす风
BornZhang Guangren (Chinese: 张光人じん)
(1902-11-02)November 2, 1902
Qichun, Hubei, Qing Empire
DiedJune 8, 1985(1985-06-08) (aged 82)
Beijing, PRC
OccupationLiterary Theorist, Writer, Poet
SpouseMei Zhi
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese胡えびす風ふう
Simplified Chinese胡えびす风
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHú Fēng
Personal name
Traditional Chinese張ちょう光人みつひと
Simplified Chinese张光人じん
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhāng Guāngrén

Hu Feng (Chinese: 胡えびす风; pinyin: Hú Fēng, November 2, 1902 – June 8, 1985) was a Chinese Marxist writer, poet and literary theorist. He was a prominent member of the League of Left-Wing Writers. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Hu Feng became a member of the First National People's Congress of China, but was then heavily persecuted as the chief of the Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique (Chinese: 胡えびす风反革命かくめい集しゅう团). The persecution became a massive political purge. He was first rehabilitated in 1980 and fully rehabilitated, posthumously, in 1988.

Life

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Early life

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Hu Feng was born in Qichun, Hubei on November 2, 1902, as a son of a toufu artisan. He started school in his village in 1913 and entered middle school in Wuchang, capital of Hubei, in 1920. He transferred to the High School Affiliated to the National Southeastern University (Chinese: 国立こくりつ东南大学だいがく附属ふぞく中学ちゅうがく, now High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University), which was also the school of writer Ba Jin. He joined Socialist Youth League of China there.[1]

Education

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In 1925, Hu Feng participated in the May Thirtieth Movement, and entered Peking University later in the year. In 1926, he transferred to study western literature at Tsinghua University.[1] Soon he quit school and returned to his hometown. He later served in the Kuomintang. In 1929, he entered Keio University in Japan to study English. Then, in 1933, he was evicted from Japan for organizing anti-Japanese groups among fellow Chinese students.[2]

Literary activism

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Hu Feng returned to Shanghai in 1933 and became both the head of publicity and the executive secretary of the League of Left-Wing Writers. He became closely acquainted with Lu Xun. In 1934, he married Mei Zhi. In 1935, he secretly edited the journal Mu Xie Wen Cong (Chinese: 木屑きくず文ぶん丛, literally "The Sawdust Journal"), which was published with the help of Kanzō Uchiyama. In 1936, he co-founded and co-edited the journal The Petrel (Chinese: 海燕うみつばめ) with others, which published the works of Lu Xun and other authors including Nie Gannu, Xiao Jun, and Wu Xiru (Chinese: 吴奚如).[3]

After the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Hu Feng became the chief-editor of the magazine July (Chinese: 七なな月がつ). According to Ruth Y.Y. Hung, "Hu and his associate writers, the July poets, made paradigmatic distinctions between new and old, free verse and national forms, and, by extension, poetry-driven revolution... and poetry for the Revolution."[4] Due to the war, Hu Feng moved the publication of July to Wuhan in October 1937, and to Chongqing in September 1938. Hu Feng stayed for a year in Guilin from March 1942 to March 1943, and returned to Chongqing after then.[3] In 1945, Hu Feng became the chief-editor of the magazine Hope (Chinese: 希望きぼう).[2]

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Hu Feng became a member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, a member of the China Writers Association, and a member of the First National People's Congress of China. During this time, he wrote the poem Time Has Begun (Chinese: 时间开始了りょう), which is a lengthy historical epic celebrating the founding of the PRC.[4]

Political persecution

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Left: Hu Feng in 1954; Right: Hu Feng's arrest warrant, issued by the China's Ministry of Public Security in 1955

Hu Feng's literary theory often conflicted with those of orthodox Chinese Communists in ideology such as Zhou Yang and of Mao Zedong, especially on the issue of "National Form" (Chinese: 民族みんぞく形式けいしき). Ruth Y.Y. Hung observed that, "For Hu, any type of formulism in general, and traditional and popular national forms specifically, derived from a Confucius 'ruling-class' ethic and had no prerogative claim on New Poetry."[4] In the 1940s and 1950s, Hu Feng's theory was criticized frequently.[5]

In 1951, some wrote to Wen Yi Bao, requesting that it critique Hu Feng's literary theory again. In early 1952, Wen Yi Bao publicized these letters.[6]

In July 1954, Hu Feng delivered a 300,000-word report, titled "Report on the Real Situation in Literature and Art Since Liberation", to the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. In January 1955, the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party submitted a report to the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCCPC) requesting that it criticize Hu Feng.[2]

In early May 1955, Shu Wu (Chinese: 舒芜) submitted his correspondence with Hu Feng and other materials, accusing Hu of forming anti-revolutionary cliques. Mao wrote a foreword to Shu Wu's letters and materials and instructed People's Daily to publish them under the title "Certain Materials Regarding the Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique" (Chinese: 关于胡えびす风反党とう集しゅう团的一いち些材料りょう).[7] On May 17, Hu Feng was then arrested. He was detained at Qincheng Prison specified for political criminals, and in 1965 he was sentenced to 14 years in prison.[8] Chinese authority claims that about 2,100 people were persecuted, 92 were arrested, and 72 were detained concerning Hu. Among them, 78 were confirmed as a member or accomplice of the "Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique", and 23 were regarded as key members.[9]

During the following Cultural Revolution, Hu Feng and his wife were sent to Lushan, Sichuan for labor re-education. Hu Feng was again arrested in November 1967.[10] In January 1970, Hu Feng was accused of desecrating the portrait of Mao and was sentenced for life.[11]

Rehabilitation and death

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In 1979, Hu Feng was released from prison.[2] In September 1980, he was partly rehabilitated when the CCCPC overturned its decision on the "Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique", yet CCCPC did not overturn previous accusations towards Hu Feng.[12] He was then made a standing member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and restored as a member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and a member of the China Writers Association.[2]

Hu Feng died of cancer in Beijing on June 8, 1985.[2] China's Ministry of Public Security cancelled some of his accusations in April 1986, and CCCPC cancelled all accusations in June 1988.[12]

Works and translations

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Besides his occupation as an editor, Hu Feng was also a translator and literary theorist. In 1935, Hu Feng translated Yang Kui's story The News Deliverer (新聞しんぶん配達はいたつ夫おっと, Shinbun Haitatsufu) from Japanese into Chinese (Chinese: 送おく报夫). He also translated some stories written in Japanese by authors from Taiwan and Korea, which are altogether published in the collection Shan Ling ("The Mountain Spirit", Chinese: 山やま灵) in April 1936.[3]

Hu Feng published several theoretical works in the 1940s. In 1941, he published Lun Minzu Xingshi Wenti ("On National Forms", Chinese: 论民族ぞく形式けいしき问题). In 1943, he published Minzu Zhanzheng Yu Wenyi Xingge ("The National War and the Disposition of Literature and Art", Chinese: 民族みんぞく战争与あずか文ぶん艺性格せいかく). In 1948, he published Lun Xianshizhuyi De Lu ("On the Road of Realism", Chinese: 论现实主义的路ろ).[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b 胡えびす風ふう (1993). 胡えびす風ふう回かい憶錄. 北京ぺきん: 人民じんみん文學ぶんがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 7-02-001705-3.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "胡えびす风生平ひら" (in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰文化ぶんか. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "胡えびす风的编辑出版しゅっぱん生涯しょうがい" (in Simplified Chinese). Hubei People's Political Consultative Conference. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Hung, Ruth Y.Y. (2017). "Time Has Begun: Hu Feng's Poesis in Socialist China, 1937-50". Canadian Review of Comparative Literature. 44 (3): 579–593. doi:10.1353/crc.2017.0047. S2CID 158939764. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  5. ^ 洪ひろし子こ诚 (2003). 中国ちゅうごく当代とうだい文学ぶんがく史し (in Simplified Chinese). 北京ぺきん大学だいがく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 41. ISBN 7-301-04039-3.
  6. ^ 曾凡解かい (March 2014). 作さく为左翼さよく文化ぶんか战士的てき胡えびす风. 广东: 世界せかい图书出版しゅっぱん. ISBN 978-7-5100-3988-1.
  7. ^ Mao Zedong. 《建国けんこく以来いらい毛け泽东文ぶん稿こう》 (in Simplified Chinese). pp. Vol.5, pp. 112–15.
  8. ^ 散ち木き (2008). "胡えびす风的五封告别信" (in Simplified Chinese). 《文ぶん史し精せい华》. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ ""胡えびす风反革命かくめい集しゅう团"冤案大だい纪实连载" (in Simplified Chinese). People's Daily Online. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  10. ^ 孙振 (13 December 2006). ""胡えびす风案件あんけん"的てき前前ぜんぜん后きさき后きさき" (in Simplified Chinese). 《人民じんみん公安こうあん》2000年ねん第だい02期き. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  11. ^ "1955年ねん胡えびす风事件じけん始末しまつ". Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
  12. ^ a b 周しゅう正章まさあき (February 2005). "胡えびす风的三さん次じ平ひらめ反はん" (in Simplified Chinese). 党とう史し信しん息いき报. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009.
  13. ^ Hu Feng. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  • Denton, Kirk A. The Problematic of Self in Modern Chinese Literature: Hu Feng and Lu Ling (Stanford University Press, 1998).
  • Hung, Y.Y. Ruth, Hu Feng: A Marxist Intellectual in a Communist State, 1930–1955 (SUNY Press, 2020).
  • Shu, Yunzhong, Buglers on the Home Front: The Wartime Practice of the Qiyue School (SUNY Press, 2000).
  • Zhi, Mei, F: Hu Feng's Prison Years (Verso, 2013).
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