Hu Feng
Hu Feng | |||||||
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![]() Hu Feng and his wife Mei Zhi, December 1933 | |||||||
Native name | |||||||
Born | Zhang Guangren (Chinese: 张光 November 2, 1902 Qichun, Hubei, Qing Empire | ||||||
Died | June 8, 1985 Beijing, PRC | (aged 82)||||||
Occupation | Literary Theorist, Writer, Poet | ||||||
Spouse | Mei Zhi | ||||||
Chinese name | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||
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Personal name | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | 张光 | ||||||
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Hu Feng (Chinese:
Life
[edit]Early life
[edit]Hu Feng was born in Qichun, Hubei on November 2, 1902, as a son of a toufu artisan. He started school in his village in 1913 and entered middle school in Wuchang, capital of Hubei, in 1920. He transferred to the High School Affiliated to the National Southeastern University (Chinese:
Education
[edit]In 1925, Hu Feng participated in the May Thirtieth Movement, and entered Peking University later in the year. In 1926, he transferred to study western literature at Tsinghua University.[1] Soon he quit school and returned to his hometown. He later served in the Kuomintang. In 1929, he entered Keio University in Japan to study English. Then, in 1933, he was evicted from Japan for organizing anti-Japanese groups among fellow Chinese students.[2]
Literary activism
[edit]Hu Feng returned to Shanghai in 1933 and became both the head of publicity and the executive secretary of the League of Left-Wing Writers. He became closely acquainted with Lu Xun. In 1934, he married Mei Zhi. In 1935, he secretly edited the journal Mu Xie Wen Cong (Chinese:
After the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Hu Feng became the chief-editor of the magazine July (Chinese:
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Hu Feng became a member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, a member of the China Writers Association, and a member of the First National People's Congress of China. During this time, he wrote the poem Time Has Begun (Chinese: 时间开始
Political persecution
[edit]Hu Feng's literary theory often conflicted with those of orthodox Chinese Communists in ideology such as Zhou Yang and of Mao Zedong, especially on the issue of "National Form" (Chinese:
In 1951, some wrote to Wen Yi Bao, requesting that it critique Hu Feng's literary theory again. In early 1952, Wen Yi Bao publicized these letters.[6]
In July 1954, Hu Feng delivered a 300,000-word report, titled "Report on the Real Situation in Literature and Art Since Liberation", to the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. In January 1955, the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party submitted a report to the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCCPC) requesting that it criticize Hu Feng.[2]
In early May 1955, Shu Wu (Chinese: 舒芜) submitted his correspondence with Hu Feng and other materials, accusing Hu of forming anti-revolutionary cliques. Mao wrote a foreword to Shu Wu's letters and materials and instructed People's Daily to publish them under the title "Certain Materials Regarding the Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique" (Chinese: 关于
During the following Cultural Revolution, Hu Feng and his wife were sent to Lushan, Sichuan for labor re-education. Hu Feng was again arrested in November 1967.[10] In January 1970, Hu Feng was accused of desecrating the portrait of Mao and was sentenced for life.[11]
Rehabilitation and death
[edit]In 1979, Hu Feng was released from prison.[2] In September 1980, he was partly rehabilitated when the CCCPC overturned its decision on the "Hu Feng Counter-revolutionary Clique", yet CCCPC did not overturn previous accusations towards Hu Feng.[12] He was then made a standing member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and restored as a member of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and a member of the China Writers Association.[2]
Hu Feng died of cancer in Beijing on June 8, 1985.[2] China's Ministry of Public Security cancelled some of his accusations in April 1986, and CCCPC cancelled all accusations in June 1988.[12]
Works and translations
[edit]Besides his occupation as an editor, Hu Feng was also a translator and literary theorist. In 1935, Hu Feng translated Yang Kui's story The News Deliverer (
Hu Feng published several theoretical works in the 1940s. In 1941, he published Lun Minzu Xingshi Wenti ("On National Forms", Chinese: 论民
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b
胡 風 (1993).胡 風 回 憶錄.北京 :人民 文學 出版 社 . ISBN 7-02-001705-3. - ^ a b c d e f "
胡 风生平 " (in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰文化 . 15 July 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2021. - ^ a b c "
胡 风的编辑出版 生涯 " (in Simplified Chinese). Hubei People's Political Consultative Conference. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2021. - ^ a b c Hung, Ruth Y.Y. (2017). "Time Has Begun: Hu Feng's Poesis in Socialist China, 1937-50". Canadian Review of Comparative Literature. 44 (3): 579–593. doi:10.1353/crc.2017.0047. S2CID 158939764. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ^
洪 子 诚 (2003).中国 当代 文学 史 (in Simplified Chinese).北京 大学 出版 社 . p. 41. ISBN 7-301-04039-3. - ^ 曾凡
解 (March 2014).作 为左翼 文化 战士的 胡 风. 广东:世界 图书出版 . ISBN 978-7-5100-3988-1. - ^ Mao Zedong. 《
建国 以来 毛 泽东文 稿 》 (in Simplified Chinese). pp. Vol.5, pp. 112–15. - ^
散 木 (2008). "胡 风的五封告别信" (in Simplified Chinese). 《文 史 精 华》. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2009.{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ ""
胡 风反革命 集 团"冤案大 纪实连载" (in Simplified Chinese). People's Daily Online. Retrieved 23 November 2021. - ^ 孙振 (13 December 2006). ""
胡 风案件 "的 前前 后 后 " (in Simplified Chinese). 《人民 公安 》2000年 第 02期 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019. - ^ "1955
年 胡 风事件 始末 ". Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2008. - ^ a b
周 正章 (February 2005). "胡 风的三 次 平 反 " (in Simplified Chinese).党 史 信 息 报. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. - ^ Hu Feng. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- Denton, Kirk A. The Problematic of Self in Modern Chinese Literature: Hu Feng and Lu Ling (Stanford University Press, 1998).
- Hung, Y.Y. Ruth, Hu Feng: A Marxist Intellectual in a Communist State, 1930–1955 (SUNY Press, 2020).
- Shu, Yunzhong, Buglers on the Home Front: The Wartime Practice of the Qiyue School (SUNY Press, 2000).
- Zhi, Mei, F: Hu Feng's Prison Years (Verso, 2013).