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Ma Teng

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Ma Teng
馬うま騰あが
A Qing dynasty illustration of Ma Teng
Minister of the Guards (衛まもる尉じょう)
In office
208 (208)–211 (211)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
ChancellorCao Cao
General of the Vanguard (前ぜん將軍しょうぐん)
In office
208
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
General Who Attacks the South (征せい南みなみ將軍しょうぐん)
In office
202 (202)–208 (208)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
General Who Pacifies the Di (安やす狄將軍ぐん)
In office
195 (195)–202 (202)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
General who Guards the West (鎮西ちんぜい将軍しょうぐん)
In office
192 (192)–195 (195)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Personal details
BornUnknown
Xingping, Shaanxi
DiedJune or July 212[1]
Handan, Hebei
Children
Parent
  • Ma Ping (father)
RelativesMa Dai (nephew)
OccupationMilitary general, warlord
Courtesy nameShoucheng (壽ことぶき成しげる)
PeerageMarquis of Huaili (槐えんじゅ里さと侯こう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Ma.

Ma Teng (pronunciationⓘ) (died June or July 212),[a] courtesy name Shoucheng, was a Chinese military general and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.[1] He controlled Liang Province (涼りょう州しゅう; covering parts of present-day Shaanxi and Gansu) with another warlord, Han Sui. Ma Teng and Han Sui were involved in efforts to gain autonomy from the Han central government.

Life

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Ma Teng was born in Maoling County (茂しげ陵りょう縣けん), Fufeng Commandery (扶風郡ぐん) (present-day Xingping, Shaanxi). He was a descendant of Ma Yuan. His father, Ma Ping (馬うま平ひらた), whose courtesy name, was Zishuo (子こ碩せき), was a minor official in Tianshui Commandery, but because of some dispute he was dismissed from his post, and went to live among the Qiang people. Ma Ping's family was poor and without connection therefore he married a Qiang woman, who gave birth to Ma Teng.[2]

Ma Teng grew up in extreme poverty and made a living selling firewood to the city markets that he collected in the mountains. He was extremely tall, more than eight chi tall (approximately 1.84 metres), his appearance large and imposing, his face and nose majestic. He was also known to be virtuous therefore many people admired him.[3]

In 184, during the final years of Emperor Ling's reign, the Qiang people in Liang Province rose up against the local government under Beigong Yu (北きた宫玉) and Liwen Hou (李り文ぶん侯こう). They were joined by members of the local gentry Han Sui and Bian Zhang. The official Han governor of Liang Province, Geng Bi (耿鄙), gathered forces to put down the rebellion. He recruited among the locals, people known to be courageous and strong wishing to suppress the rebels. Ma Teng volunteered as a foot soldier.[4]

He impressed the provincial government and local officials; therefore, he was promoted to Assistant Officer in the army, whose role was to manage the troops. His skills in battle against the rebels were further recognised and he was appointed as Major (軍司ぐんじ馬ば). For his merits, he was reassigned to Lieutenant-General (偏へん將軍しょうぐん) and General Who Subdues the West (征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん) stationed in the Shaanxi region.[5]

However, when Geng Bi was killed in battle by the rebel army, Ma Teng switched sides and joined Han Sui. The rebellion was eventually suppressed by the Han general Huangfu Song but Ma Teng escaped along with the rebels. In the end, the central government granted military titles to some of the rebel leaders in order to appease them.

When Li Jue and Guo Si seized power over Chang'an after Dong Zhuo's assassination, Ma Teng and Han Sui at first pledged allegiance to them, and were appointed as General who Attacks the West (征せい西にし将軍しょうぐん) and General who Guards the West (鎮西ちんぜい将軍しょうぐん) respectively. However, the relationship between the two sides quickly soured, and Ma Teng and Han Sui led their armies in an attempt to seize Chang'an. They allied themselves with the warlord Liu Yan, but suffered defeats from the hands of Li Jue's forces led by Guo Si, Fan Chou and Li Li. Not only was the loss of 10,000 soldiers a heavy blow to the morale of the allied forces, they also faced a supply shortage at the time, so the eloquent Han Sui asked Fan Chou for a private talk, during which Han Sui successfully persuaded Fan Chou to abort the pursuit because they shared the same hometown. The allied forces then retreated back to Liang Province safely.

During the Chuping (初はつ平たいら; 190–193 period), he was appointed as General Who Subdues the East (征せい東ひがし將軍しょうぐん). He remarked that the western regions were short of food and wrote a memorial to the court asking for further provisions therefore moved his troops eastward however the local General Wang Cheng and his subordinates feared he would harm them therefore they attacked his camp. Ma Teng was surprised and not ready for the sudden betrayal, he was defeated and fled westward.[6]

Ma Teng didn't go back east and joined Han Sui. Although Ma Teng was initially on good terms with Han Sui, both of them as close as brothers. However as conflict arose between their respective retainers, the two went to war against each other over control of Liang Province. The fighting escalated to a point where they became sworn enemies. Once, Ma Teng forced Han Sui to flee until the later after gathering his soldiers came back and killed Ma Teng's wife and children. From then on, the conflict escalated.[7]

Cao Cao, who at this point had decisively defeated Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, and had Zhong Yao along with Wei Duan (韋端) brokered peace between Ma Teng and Han Sui, who then pledged allegiance to the Han dynasty and sent troops to assist Cao Cao in defeating Yuan Shao's successors and remnants. Ma Teng was appointed as General of the Vanguard (前ぜん將軍しょうぐん) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Huaili (槐えんじゅ里さと侯こう).[8]

While he was in the West, Ma Teng was known to have well defended his lands against aggressive tribes and bandits, caring for the learned scholars and promoting talented people, protected and treated generously the common people therefore he was greatly respected for his achievements.[9]

In 208, Cao Cao wanted to conquer Jing but fearing the warlords influence in Guanzhong. He summoned Ma Teng to Ye city with most of his family and have them disbanded their personal troops. Zhang Ji was in charge to persuade him. As Ma Teng was still hesitant about this, Zhang Ji to press him, ordered the counties to prepare supplies for his arrival and had officials of high position sent to welcome him. Ma Teng had no choice but to go east.[10] Already in his old age, he was appointed Minister of the Guards (衛まもる尉じょう). Along with his younger sons, Ma Xiu (馬うま休きゅう) and Ma Tie (馬うま鐵てつ), who were appointed as a Commandant of Equipage (奉たてまつ車くるま都と尉じょう) and a Commandant of Iron Cavalry (鐵騎てっき都と尉じょう) respectively, His eldest son, Ma Chao, remained behind in Liang Province with Han Sui.[11]

Around early 211, as Cao Cao ordered Zhong Yao and Xiahou Yuan to pass throughout Guanzhong to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Ma Chao suspecting this to be a feint to invade Liang Province formed a coalition with Han Sui and other minor warlords in Liang and started a rebellion against the Han dynasty. While persuading Han Sui to join him, Ma Chao said, "[...] Now, I abandon my father, and I'm willing to acknowledge you as my father. You should also abandon your son, and treat me like your son."[12] Cao Cao defeated Ma Chao and his coalition at the Battle of Tong Pass in September 211. In June or July 212, Emperor Xian issued an imperial decree ordering the execution of Ma Teng and the rest of his family who were with him in Ye city at the time.[13][14]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Ma Teng is portrayed as a loyalist of the declining Han dynasty. He participates in a plot with Liu Bei and Dong Cheng to assassinate Cao Cao, who is depicted as a villain monopolising power and holding Emperor Xian hostage. However, the plot is unsuccessful and Ma Teng returns to Liang Province.

When Ma Teng is later recalled to the imperial capital Xuchang, he decides to again join a plot to assassinate Cao Cao, this time with Huang Kui (黄き奎). However, the plot is discovered and he is executed along with his sons Ma Xiu (馬うま休きゅう) and Ma Tie (馬うま鐵てつ). Upon hearing of the death of his father and brothers, Ma Chao becomes filled with rage and goes to war with Cao Cao to avenge his family, starting the Battle of Tong Pass.

[edit]

Ma Teng is a warlord and playable character in the game Total War: Three Kingdoms.[15] Ma Teng also appears in the Dynasty Warriors games, specifically Dynasty Warriors 5, and Dynasty Warriors 9.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ According to Liu Xie's biography in Book of the Later Han, Ma Teng was executed on the guiwei day of the 5th month of the 17th year of the Jian'an era of his reign. However, there is no guiwei day in that month; the month corresponds to 17 Jun to 16 Jul 212 in the Julian calendar. [(建たて安やすし)十じゅう七なな年ねん夏なつ五ご月がつ癸みずのと未み，诛卫尉じょう马腾，夷えびす三さん族ぞく。] Houhanshu vol. 09.

References

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  1. ^ a b de Crespigny (2007), p. 650.
  2. ^ (《典てん略りゃく》曰：騰あが字じ壽ことぶき成しげる，馬うま援後也。桓帝時じ，其父字じ子こ碩せき，嘗為天水てんすい蘭らん幹みき尉じょう。後こう失しつ官かん，因いん留とめ隴西，與あずか羌錯居きょ。家いえ貧まずし無む妻つま，遂とげ娶めと羌女，生なま騰あが。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  3. ^ (騰あが少しょう貧ひん無む產業さんぎょう，常つね從したがえ彰あきら山中さんちゅう斫材木ざいもく，負ふ販詣城市じょうし，以自供給きょうきゅう。騰あが為ため人じん長ちょう八はち尺しゃく餘あまり，身體しんたい洪ひろし大だい，面めん鼻はな雄ゆう異こと，而性賢けん厚あつ，人にん多た敬之たかゆき。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  4. ^ (靈れい帝みかど末まつ，涼りょう州しゅう刺史しし耿鄙任にん信しん奸吏，民みん王國おうこく等とう及氐、羌反叛。州しゅう郡ぐん募つの發はつ民みん中有ちゅうう勇いさむ力つとむ者しゃ，欲よく討之，騰あが在ざい募つの中なか。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  5. ^ (州しゅう郡ぐん異こと之の，署しょ為ため軍ぐん從事じゅうじ，典てん領りょう部ぶ眾。討賊有功ゆうこう，拜はい軍ぐん司馬しば，後こう以功遷偏將軍しょうぐん，又また遷征西にし將軍しょうぐん，常つね屯たむろ汧、隴之間あいだ。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  6. ^ (初はつ平中たいらなか，拜はい征せい東ひがし將軍しょうぐん。是ぜ時じ，西にし州しゅう少しょう穀こく，騰あが自じ表ひょう軍人ぐんじん多おお乏とぼし，求もとめ就谷於池陽ひ，遂とげ移うつり屯たむろ長ちょう平岸ひらぎし頭あたま。而將王おう承うけたまわ等とう恐おそれ騰あが為ため己おのれ害がい，乃攻騰あが營。時とき騰あが近きん出で無む備，遂とげ破やぶ走はし，西上にしがみ。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  7. ^ (會かい三さん輔亂，不ふ復ふく來らい東ひがし，而與鎮西ちんぜい將軍しょうぐん韓かん遂とげ結ゆい為ため異姓いせい兄弟きょうだい，始はじめ甚相親おや，後ご轉うたて以部曲きょく相しょう侵入しんにゅう，更さら為ため讎敵。騰あが攻おさむ遂とげ，遂とげ走はし，合ごう眾還攻おさむ騰あが，殺ころせ騰あが妻子さいし，連れん兵へい不ふ解かい。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  8. ^ (建たて安之やすゆき初はつ，國家こっか綱紀こうき殆弛，乃使司し隸校尉じょう鍾繇、涼りょう州しゅう牧まぎ韋端和解わかい之の。徵ちょう騰あが還かえ屯たむろ槐えんじゅ裏うら，轉てん拜はい為ため前ぜん將軍しょうぐん，假かり節ふし，封ふう槐えんじゅ裏うら侯こう。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  9. ^ (北きた備胡寇，東ひがし備白騎き，待まち士し進しん賢けん，矜救民きゅうみん命いのち，三さん輔甚安やす愛あい之の。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  10. ^ ( 太ふとし祖そ將しょう征せい荊州，而騰等分とうぶん據よりどころ關せき中ちゅう。太ふとし祖そ復ふく遣や旣すんで喻騰等とう，令れい釋しゃく部ぶ曲きょく求もとめ還かえ。騰あが已やめ許もと之の而更猶豫ゆうよ，旣すんで恐こわ為ため變へん，乃移諸しょ縣けん促儲偫，二に千せん石せき郊迎。騰あが不ふ得とく已やめ，發はつ東ひがし。。) Sanguozhi vol. 15.
  11. ^ (十じゅう（五ご）年ねん，徵しるし為ため衛まもる尉じょう，騰あが自じ見み年ねん老おい，遂とげ入にゅう宿衛しゅくえい。...又また拜はい超ちょう弟おとうと休きゅう奉たてまつ車くるま都と尉じょう，休きゅう弟おとうと鐵騎てっき都と尉じょう，徙其家か屬ぞく皆みな詣まい鄴，惟おもんみ超ちょう獨どく留とめ。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  12. ^ (及約還かえ，超ちょう謂いい約やく曰：「前ぜん鍾司隸任超ちょう使つかい取と將軍しょうぐん，關東かんとう人じん不可ふか複ふく信也しんや。今こん超ちょう棄父，以將軍ぐん為ため父ちち，將軍しょうぐん亦また當とう棄子すてご，以超為ため子こ。」行ぎょう諫約，不ふ欲よく令れい與あずか超ちょう合ごう。約やく謂いい行ぎょう曰：「今こん諸しょ將しょう不ふ謀はかりごと而同，似に有ゆう天てん數すう。」乃東詣まい華はな陰かげ。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 15.
  13. ^ (超ちょう至いたり安定あんてい，遂とげ奔涼州しゅう。詔みことのり收おさむ滅ほろび超ちょう家いえ屬ぞく。超ちょう復ふく敗はい於隴上じょう。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  14. ^ (十じゅう七なな年ねん夏なつ五ご月がつ癸みずのと未み，誅衞尉じょう馬ば騰あが，夷えびす三さん族ぞく。) Houhanshu vol. 9.
  15. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2083: attempt to index a boolean value.
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