Liu Bei
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Liu Bei (Chinese:
Despite early failings and lacking both the material resources and social status his rivals commanded, he gathered support among disheartened Han loyalists who opposed Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian and led a popular movement to restore the Han dynasty. Liu Bei overcame a number of setbacks to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, and parts of Hubei and Gansu.
Culturally, due to the popularity of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei is widely regarded as the ideal benevolent and humane ruler who cared for his people and selected good advisers for his government. His fictional counterpart in the novel was a salutary example of a ruler who adhered to the Confucian set of moral values, such as loyalty and compassion. Historically, Liu Bei, like many Han rulers, was greatly influenced by Laozi. He was a brilliant politician and leader whose skill was a remarkable demonstration of "Confucian in appearance but Legalist in substance".[b][4]
Physical appearance
[edit]The historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms described Liu Bei as a man seven chi and five cun tall (approximately 1.74 metres), with long arms that "extended beyond his knees" and ears so large that "he could see them".[Sanguozhi 1] According to the Chronicles of Huayang, Liu Bei has been called "Big Ears" (
Family background
[edit]According to the third-century historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei was born in Zhuo County, Zhuo Commandery (present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei). He was a descendant of Liu Sheng, who was the ninth son of Emperor Jing and the first King of Zhongshan in Han dynasty. However, Pei Songzhi's fifth-century commentary, based on the Dianlue (
- Liu Fu (
劉 復 ; a great-nephew of Emperor Guangwu) and later by Liu Fu's son Liu Taotu (劉 騊駼), who were descendants of Liu Fa (劉 發 ), King Ding of Changsha – another son of Emperor Jing. - Liu Rang (
劉 讓 ), a descendant of Liu Shun (劉 舜 ), King Xian of Changshan, – yet another son of Emperor Jing.
It was possible that Liu Bei descended from either of those two patrilineal lines rather than Liu Sheng's line.
Liu Bei's grandfather Liu Xiong (
Early life (161–184)
[edit]Liu Bei's father, Liu Hong, didn't live long, so Liu Bei grew up poor, as, even if Liu Bei's claim to royal lineage was genuine, he did not inherit much wealth from his royal ancestors since Han law decreed that each generation of royals must divide their inheritance among all male children, with Liu Bei's generation too far removed from his illustrious ancestors' to provide substantial wealth. As such, Liu Bei was not considered different from commoners.[citation needed] To support themselves, Liu Bei and his mother sold shoes and woven straw mats. Despite this, Liu Bei was full of ambition from childhood. In the southeast of his house, there was a mulberry tree that was very tall (11,5 meters high). When looked from far away, the tree's shade was similar to a small cart therefore people from all around the village felt that this tree was unique with some saying that the house would produce a person of nobility.[Sanguozhi 4] A fortune teller named Li Ding (
In 175, when he was 14, his mother sent him to study with Lu Zhi, a distinguished man and former grand administrator of Jiujiang Commandery. Lu Zhi was from Zhuo Commandery, the same as Liu Bei. One of his fellow-students was Gongsun Zan of Liaodong, with whom he became friends. Since Gongsun Zan was older, Liu Bei treated him as an elder brother. Another fellow-student was his kinsman Liu Deran (
The adolescent Liu Bei was said to be unenthusiastic about studying. However he was fond of dogs and horses; he also displayed interest in hunting, music and dressing in fine clothing. He enjoyed associating with braves (haoxia), and in his youth he fought and hung out with them. He would not manifest his anger or happiness and always showed a pleasant face in front of others. Liu Bei was charismatic and all the heroic youth bonded with him.[Sanguozhi 7][Huayang Guo Zhi 3]
Around this time, two very wealthy great horse merchants from Zhongshan, Zhang Shiping (
Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–189)
[edit]In 184, at the end of the reign of Emperor Ling, the Yellow Turbans rose up and started the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Every province and commandery called for righteous men to defend the country. Liu Bei saw what was happening and became much more politically aware. He called for the assembly of a militia to help government forces suppress the rebellion, rallying a group of loyal followers, including among them Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Jian Yong.[Sanguozhi 9]
Liu Bei led his militia to join the local government forces led by Colonel Zou Jing, participating in battles against the rebels with distinction.[Sanguozhi 10] Around this time, Liu Ziping of Pingyuan heard of Liu Bei's reputation as a brave man. When Zhang Chun (
Later, the Han central government decreed that any official who had gained a post as a reward for military contributions was to be dismissed, yet Liu Bei doubted that he would be dismissed. When Liu saw an inspector sent to his prefecture, he wanted to meet him. The inspector, however, refused to see him, claiming illness. Liu Bei was furious; he returned to his office, led clerks and soldiers to the postal relay station, and forced his way through the door, proclaiming: "I have been secretly instructed by the commandery administrator to arrest the inspector!" Thereupon he bound the inspector, took him to the outskirts of the district, and tied him to a tree. Liu undid his ribbon of office and hung it on the inspector's neck, whereupon Liu had the inspector lashed more than one hundred times with a bamboo stave. Liu Bei wanted to kill the inspector, but was dissuaded by the latter's pleas for mercy. Afterwards, Liu vacated his office.[Sanguozhi 11][Sanguozhi zhu 4]
He then travelled south with his followers to join another militia. Around this time, the General-in-Chief He Jin sent the Chief Commandant Guanqiu Yi (毌丘
Later, the Han central government appointed him as the Commandant (
Warlord state
[edit]In Gongsun Zan's service (189–194)
[edit]When Emperor Ling died in 189, the land fell into chaos and Liu Bei raised an army and joined the Campaign against Dong Zhuo.[8][Sanguozhi zhu 6] Later, when he returned to Gaotang County, the commandery was overwhelmed by rebels, so he opted to move north to join an old friend, the warlord Gongsun Zan.[8] In 191, they scored a major victory against another warlord Yuan Shao (the leader of the former alliance against Dong Zhuo) in their struggle for control of Ji Province and Qing Province.[8] Gongsun Zan nominated Liu Bei to be the Chancellor (
While he was in Pingyuan, a resident named Liu Ping (
During his tenure at Pingyuan, Kong Rong worked as the Chancellor of Beihai State (
Succeeding Tao Qian (194)
[edit]At this time, an alliance of Yuan Shu, Tao Qian and Gongsun Zan opposed an alliance of Yuan Shao, Cao Cao and Liu Biao. In 194, Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu Province. In face of strong pressure from Cao Cao, Tao Qian appealed to Tian Kai for help. Tian Kai and Liu Bei led their armies to support Tao Qian. Liu Bei himself led over 5,000 soldiers with mixed barbarian cavalry from the Wuhuan of You province. He also conscripted several thousand commoners.[Sanguozhi 16]
Despite initial success in the invasion, Cao Cao's subordinate Zhang Miao rebelled and allowed Lü Bu to take over Cao Cao's base in Yan Province, forcing Cao Cao to retreat from Xu Province. Tao Qian asked Liu Bei to station his army in nearby Xiaopei and gave him 4,000 more troops from Danyang in addition to the troops and Wuhuan cavalry already under his command. Thus, Liu Bei broke with his superior Tian Kai for Tao Qian. Tao Qian became Liu Bei's mentor and Liu Bei benefited greatly under the tutelage of Tao Qian who governed like a Confucian populist which influenced Liu Bei's future governance. Then, Tao Qian memorialized the court to have Liu Bei appointed as the inspector of Yu province. Liu Bei led his army to Xiaopei, then proceeded to raise troops around the area, and actively built-up connections with influential clans and people of the region. In a rather short period of time, he had gained the support of the two most powerful families in Xu Province: the Mi family led by Mi Zhu and Mi Fang and the Chen family led by Chen Gui and Chen Deng.[Sanguozhi 17]
The previously mentioned Chen Deng was a man of great talent and enjoyed giving appraisal of well known people. He once said to the scholar Chen Jiao (
Soon Tao Qian's illness became serious and he told to the Bieja (
Chen Deng told him: "Today the House of Han is in decline and the empire is in chaos. It is the moment to establish merit and to accomplish affairs. This province is rich with a population of one million. We wish to impose on you the post of the inspector and have you assume charge of the affairs of the province." Liu Bei answered: "Yuan Shu is nearby at Shouchun. That man is from a line of four dukes in five generations. The empire is turning to him. You can give the province to him.” Chen Deng then said: "Gonglu (Yuan Shu's courtesy name) is arrogant. He is not the ruler to bring order out of the chaos. Now, I wish to assemble 100 000 infantry and cavalry for my lord. Above, you can assist our sovereign and bring aid to the common people then you could fulfill the calling of the Five Hegemons. Below you could allocate territory and preserve the boundaries. Finally, you could write your achievements on bamboo and silk to be recorded for the posterity. If the inspector does not assent then I also dare not to obey the inspector."[Sanguozhi 19]
The chancellor of Beihai, Kong Rong also told him: "Is Yuan Gonglu someone who will be concerned about the state and forget his family? In what way are dried bones in the grave worthy of our attention? As far as today's matter is concerned, the people will adhere to men of talent and ability. If one does not accept what heaven offers to him then it will be too late if you regret, it later.” Both of them advised him to form an alliance with Yuan Shao.[Sanguozhi 20]
At that time, Chen Deng with Mi Zhu along with the others sent a messenger to call on to Yuan Shao saying: "Heaven has sent down disastrous stench and misfortune has fallen upon our humble and small region. Recently, Tao Qian has died and the people are without a ruler. They fear that greedy rapace will one day take advantage of the opening to extend themselves therefore are very anxious. However, they will embrace the former Administrator of Pingyuan Liu Bei as their rightful leader. Hence allowing the people to know that they have someone to rely on. Just now rebel are around all the regions; there's not a moment of peace to remove his armor. Hence we respectfully send lower officials to report this to the officials in charge." Yuan Shao answered: "Liu Xuande is liberal and refined. He is also known as a man of trust and righteousness. Now, (the people of) Xu region happily accepts him; this matches my own desires." Liu Bei finally took over Xu Province after Yuan Shao recognised the legitimacy of his governorship.[Sanguozhi zhu 8]
Conflict with Lü Bu (195–198)
[edit]In 195, Lü Bu was defeated by Cao Cao and sought shelter under Liu Bei. In the next year, Yuan Shu led an army to invade Xu Province. In response, Liu Bei led his troops to counter Yuan Shu's advances near present-day Xuyi County and stopped him at Xuyi and Huaiyin (淮陰). Around this time, Cao Cao memorialized to appoint Liu Bei as General Who Subdues The East (鎮東
Liu Bei and Yuan Shu had a standoff for about a month without any decisive result. In the meantime, Zhang Fei whom Liu Bei left in charge of Xiapi Commandery (
Upon receiving news of Lü Bu's intrusion, Liu Bei immediately headed back to Xiapi Commandery but most of his troops scattered along the way. With his remaining men, Liu Bei moved eastward to take Guangling Commandery where Yuan Shu's forces defeated him. Liu Bei then retreated to Haixi County (
However, surrounded by hostile forces and facing a lack of food supplies. Liu Bei's army, both soldiers and military officers resorted to cannibalism. Pressed by poverty and hunger, Liu Bei's men wanted to return to Xiapi. Liu Bei eventually had no choice but to send an official request to surrender to Lü Bu who accepted his surrender and ordered Liu Bei to return to the seat of Xu and to combine their strength to defeat Yuan Shu. He then prepared the regional inspector's chariot and returned his family to the bank of the Si River as an act of good faith. Before Liu Bei left, there was a farewell banquet and everyone seemed happy.[Sanguozhi zhu 10]
Lü Bu, fearing that Yuan Shu would turn on him after eliminating Liu Bei obstructed Yuan Shu's attempts to destroy Liu Bei. At this time, Lü Bu's commanders said to him: "Liu Bei has changed his allegiance too often. It is difficult to know what he is going to do and develop relations with him. Soon, you will have to think of a way to take care of him." However, Lü Bu didn't listen to them and even related the matter to Liu Bei. Liu Bei was alarmed and maneuvered to distance himself sending a messenger to Lü Bu with a request to be relocated to Xiaopei. Lü Bu agreed, and Liu Bei was able to safely arrive at Xiaopei where he immediately raised 10 000 troops.[Sanguozhi zhu 11]
Upon seeing Liu Bei's growing power, Lü Bu became worried that Liu Bei would turn against him so he launched a preemptive attack on Xiaopei. Liu Bei was defeated and fled to the imperial capital, Xuchang,[d] where he took shelter under Cao Cao, the warlord who had been controlling the Han central government since he had brought the figurehead Emperor Xian of Han to Xuchang in 196. Cao Cao welcomed Liu Bei warmly, used Emperor Xian's name to appoint him as the Governor of Yu Province and put him in command of some troops. Liu Bei then returned to the Eastern front to keep an eye on Lü Bu.[Sanguozhi 23]
During the year 197, Yang Feng and Han Xian were brigands who raided the area between Yang and Xu provinces and were ordered by Lü Bu to lead their troops to raid Liu Bei's supplies.[9] However, Liu Bei successfully lured them into a trap. Yang Feng was killed while Han Xian managed to escape.[10]
In 198, Lü Bu renewed his alliance with Yuan Shu to counter Cao Cao's growing influence. Lü Bu ordered his soldiers to gather gold and money to buy some military hores however along the way Liu Bei led his troops and managed to capture the gold and money. In response, Lü Bu sent Gao Shun and Zhang Liao to attack Liu Bei at Peicheng. Cao Cao sent Xiahou Dun to support Liu Bei but he was unable to rescue Liu Bei and they were defeated by Gao Shun again he had his family captured by Gao Shun who sent them to Lü Bu. Liu Bei fled to Xuchang to take shelter under Cao Cao who brought Liu Bei along as he personally led an army to attack Lü Bu in Xu Province. Later that year, the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi; Lü Bu was captured and executed after his defeat.[Sanguozhi 24][Sanguozhi zhu 12][11]
Before his execution, Lü Bu tried to convince Cao Cao to let him live. He told him: "Let me serve under you and you would be unopposed in the realm." Cao Cao still had some doubts. Then, Liu Bei said: "Will you have Lü Bu treat you the same way as he treated the General Ding Yuan and the Grand Instructor Dong Zhuo?" At this remark, Cao Cao nodded while Lü Bu was glaring at Liu Bei and told him: "Big Ears (
Liu Bei recovered his wife and children and followed Cao Cao back to Xu. Cao Cao sent a memorial to have Liu Bei promoted as General Of The Left. Cao Cao treated him with great sympathy. When they went out, they would ride in the same chariot and when they sat, it was on the same mat.[Sanguozhi zhu 13] Cao Cao's advisors Cheng Yu and Guo Jia urged Cao Cao to have Liu Bei killed however Cao Cao refused to follow their advice because he feared that in doing so he would lose the respect of the heroes and scholars in the realm.[Huayang Guo Zhi 7]
Role in the Cao–Yuan conflict (199–201)
[edit]By 199, Cao Cao enjoyed a strong political advantage over his rivals because he had Emperor Xian and the Han central government firmly under his control. During this time, Liu Bei participated in a conspiracy with Dong Cheng, Colonel of the Chang River Encampment Zhong Ji (
However, at the same time, Liu Bei was anxious to leave Xuchang and be free of Cao Cao's control. Thus, upon hearing news that Yuan Shu was on his way to join Yuan Shao after his defeat, Liu Bei requested permission from Cao Cao to lead an army to stop Yuan Shu. Cao Cao agreed and sent Liu Bei and Zhu Ling to lead an army to block Yuan Shu, who couldn't pass through them and was forced to retreat back to his base in Shouchun and died there later that year.[12] While Zhu Ling returned to Xu, Liu Bei remained in command of the army and led them to attack and seize control of Xu Province after murdering Che Zhou (
According to the Wu Li (
Pei Songzhi about this commented: "Cao Cao had Liu Bei lead an army to attack Yuan Shu, Guo Jia along with others were against his decision however he refused to listen to them. The matter should be clear. Liu Bei didn't escape because he was growing vegetables. All of this is absurd!"[Sanguozhi zhu 16] However the Chronicles of Huayang also gave a similar account with other information such as Guo Jia and Cheng Yu warning Cao Cao that Liu Bei had left, and Cao Cao sending riders to stop him but they failed to do so. It also stated that when he learned about Liu Bei doing trivial things, Cao Cao said: "Old Big Ears (
Chang Ba (
Having achieved stability in Xuchang, Cao Cao turned his attention towards preparing for a battle with Yuan Shao. He fortified many key crossing points along the south banks of the Yellow River and set up a main camp at Guandu. At the same time, he sent his subordinates Liu Dai (
Liu Bei first went to Qing province which was under Yuan Tan's supervision. Liu Bei had formerly recommended Yuan Tan as a maocai (
As Liu Pi, a former Yellow Turban rebel, started a revolt in Runan Commandery (southeastern Henan), Liu Bei convinced Yuan Shao to provide him troops to assist Liu Pi. At the same time, Guan Yu rejoined Liu Bei. When Liu Bei arrived, many among the commandery joined and supported him. Along with Liu Pi then led their forces from Runan Commandery to attack Xuchang while Cao Cao was away at Guandu; however Cao Ren foresaw that most of them were new recruits or Yuan Shao's soldiers not yet ready to follow Liu Bei's orders, therefore he quickly assembled his cavalry and defeated them.[Sanguozhi others 1] Liu Bei then returned to Yuan Shao and urged him to ally with Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei with some troops to Runan Commandery to assist another rebel leader, Gong Du (
Before killing Cai Yong, Liu Bei proclaimed: "I may be lacking in power but even if you were ten thousand still you couldn't defeat me. Only Cao Mengde would force me to flee." Indeed, Liu Bei defeated and killed Cai Yong along with others and fled when he learned that Cao Cao was leading an army.[Huayang Guo Zhi 9]
Taking refuge under Liu Biao (201–208)
[edit]In 201, Cao Cao led his army to attack Liu Bei in Runan Commandery after his victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu. Liu Bei sent Mi Zhu and Sun Qian as ambassadors to Liu Biao. Liu Biao himself came to the outskirts to greet Liu Bei and his followers and treated them with utmost courtesy due an honoured guest. He gave him some troops and sent him to station at Xinye County in northern Jing Province to guard against Cao Cao's advances. Soon many men of talents joined Liu Bei and his rank greatly increased. Liu Biao didn't trust him completely and secretly guarded against Liu Bei.[Sanguozhi 31]
In 202, Liu Biao ordered Liu Bei to fend off Xiahou Dun, Yu Jin and the other officers at Bowang. Liu Bei led his army and set up an ambush. Eventually, he set fire to his own camp and faked a retreat. When Xiahou Dun led his soldiers to the pursuit, they were crushed by the troops lying in ambush at Battle of Bowang.[Sanguozhi 32] Liu Bei stayed in Jing Province for about seven years. When he was talking with Liu Biao, he rose up to go to the toilet. Then, he noticed that the flesh in his thighs had increased, he sighed heavily and wept. When he returned to his seat, Liu Biao was surprised and asked him about it. Liu Bei replied: "When I was younger, I've never left the saddle. My thighs were thin. Now I do not ride anymore, they have grown. The days and months pass like a stream, and old age will come, but I have achieved nothing. That's why I am sad."[Sanguozhi zhu 19]
Once, Liu Bei camped at Fancheng with his soldiers. Liu Biao was friendly to him however he was also anxious about Liu Bei's conduct and did not place much trust in him. One day, had asked Liu Bei to join him for a banquet. Kuai Yue and Cai Mao however wanted to use this as an occasion to kill him. Liu Bei saw through this, pretended to go to the toilet and nimbly escaped. His horse was named Dilu (
In 207, Cao Cao planned a campaign to conquer the Wuhuan in the north but was apprehensive that Liu Biao might attack his base, however he was assured by Guo Jia that Liu Biao would not do so for fear of Liu Bei being more powerful than he was. Cao Cao agreed, and Guo Jia's point was proven later, when Liu Biao refused to attack Xu when Liu Bei advised him to do so. When Cao Cao returned from Liucheng. Liu Biao told to Liu Bei: "I didn't adopt your proposal and now I lost this great opportunity." Liu Bei answered: “Now the empire is in chaos and every day there are battles. What seem to be a good opportunity may present himself later. If you are able to respond to them accordingly then this isn't worth regret."[Sanguozhi 33][Sanguozhi zhu 21]
Away from the battlefields in the east and under Liu Biao's efficient rule, Jing Province was prosperous and a popular destination for literati fleeing from the destruction of war. Liu Bei asked Sima Hui, a revered recluse, about scholars. Sima Hui's friend Pan Degong named Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong as exceptional talents who could comprehend important events of their time well. Xu Shu also urged Liu Bei to call on Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei went to see Zhuge Liang and finally had an audience with him after three visits. Zhuge Liang presented Liu Bei with his Longzhong Plan, a general long-term plan outlining the takeover of Jing Province and Yi Province to set up a two-pronged final strike at the imperial capital.[Huayang Guo Zhi 10]
Liu Bei was greatly pleased and became a closer colleague of Zhuge Liang's each day saying that he felt like a fish that has found water.[Huayang Guo Zhi 11]
According to the Wei Shu (
Pei Songzhi believed that as Liu Biao and his wife already had decided to remove the eldest son from the succession for a younger one they favoured, there would be no reason for him to provide Jing province to Liu Bei. Therefore, he said that those were incorrect statements.[Sanguozhi zhu 24]
Liu Biao died in 208 and his younger son Liu Cong succeeded him and surrendered to Cao Cao without informing Liu Bei. By the time Liu Bei heard news of Liu Cong's surrender, Cao Cao's army had already reached Wan. When he heard of his surrender, he had someone close to him ask about it.[Sanguozhi 34] Liu Zhong then sent Song Zhong (
Liu Bei led his troops away and abandoned Fancheng, leading civilians and his followers on an exodus to the south. Around this time, Zhuge Liang advised Liu Bei to launch an attack on Liu Cong, so that Jing province could belong to him. Liu Bei answered that he couldn't bear to do it.[Sanguozhi 36] Then he passed near Liu Cong's city and wanted to see him. However, Liu Cong was afraid and would not move. Many of Liu Cong's supporters and the people of Jing joined him. Around this time, Liu Bei took his leave at Liu Biao's grave. He wept at the situation facing Jing province.[Sanguozhi 37][Sanguozhi zhu 25]
By the time they reached Dangyang (
Xi Zuochi commented about this: "Although the Former Lord faced many difficulties, along the way his faith and loyalty became even clearer. As the situation became worrysome and danger even closer, his words didn't stray away from reason. When he remembered how Liu Biao had treated him, his sentiments touched all the soldiers among the army. When he personally cared for those serving righteousness, all were ready to share defeat with him. Looking at the way he could establish strong bonds with others, how could he not act as such! Wouldn't it be appropriate that he managed to bring a great entreprise to its conclusion!"[Sanguozhi zhu 26]
Afraid that Liu Bei might reach Jiangling County which had military stores before he did, Cao Cao led his cavalry on a pursuit to Xiangyang. When he learned that Liu Bei had already passed through there, he urged his 5000 elite troops to move as quickly as possible. In a day and a night they covered over 300 li and Cao Cao caught up with Liu Bei and captured most of his people and baggage at the Battle of Changban. Leaving his family behind, Liu Bei fled with only scores of followers. He made it to the Han Ford where he met with Guan Yu's fleet, they crossed the Mian River to Jiangxia Commandery and the Yangtze River to Xiakou, where they took shelter with Liu Qi, Liu Biao's elder son and met up with over 10,000 followers. Liu Qi objected to his brother's surrender to Cao Cao and was able to maintain Jiangxia Commandery and Xiakou allowing more of his father's former subordinates to escape from Cao Cao.[Sanguozhi 39] Following this, Zhuge Liang told Liu Bei that the situation was critical and pressed Liu Bei to grant him authority to start an alliance with Sun Quan.[Huayang Guo Zhi 12]
Alliance with Sun Quan
[edit]Battles of Red Cliffs and Jiangling (208–211)
[edit]When Liu Bei was still at Dangyang, Lu Su met him, discussed with him of the situation in the empire and hinted that he should ally with the warlord Sun Quan against Cao Cao. After that, Lu Su asked Liu Bei where he wanted to go next. Liu Bei answered that he and Wu Ju (
Zhuge Liang, as Liu Bei's representative, followed Lu Su to meet Sun Quan at Chaisang County (
Liu Bei followed Lu Su's plan and led his army to Fankou (樊口). While Zhuge Liang was still on his diplomatic trip to Wu; Cao Cao had already led his vast army from the north and was near. Hearing about this, Liu Bei was afraid. Each day, he sent a scout to learn if Sun Quan's army arrived. One day, the scout reported that Zhou Yu's army was here. Liu Bei asked him if it wasn't Cao Cao's armies from Xu and Qing provinces. However the scout reassured him that he recognized Zhou Yu's boats. Liu Bei had a messenger sent to them. Zhou Yu told the messenger that he couldn't move because of his duty but wished to see and assist Liu Bei. Liu Bei told to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei that after they make contact and established the alliance, It wouldn't be fair to them to refuse their invitation then joined Zhou Yu via a single boat. He told Zhou Yu that they needed a plan to defeat Cao Cao and asked about the number of troops he had. Zhou Yu answered 30 000 which Liu Bei felt was not enough. Zhou Yu insisted that It would be enough for his plan and he only needs to watch him destroy Cao Cao's army. Liu Bei wished to deliberate with the others. Zhou Yu told him that he couldn't leave his post and if he wanted to discuss with Lu Su, he could separately go see him, he also adds that Zhuge Liang would be here in 2 or 3 days. Liu Bei felt disconcerted and although he knew of Zhou Yu's talent didn't believe he would defeat Cao Cao. Therefore, along with 2 000 soldiers, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei refuse to link his own force with Zhou Yu allowing a position where he could either advance or withdraw.[Sanguozhi zhu 28]
Sun Sheng about this commented: "Liu Bei was a hero. He put himself in a position of certain defeat and reported his predicament to Wu. After he received their help, there was no need for scout and strategy to withdraw. The statements from the Jiang Biao Zhuan (
Both sides clashed at the Battle of Red Cliffs, which concluded with a decisive victory for the Sun–Liu side. Liu Bei and the Sun troops advanced by land and water until Cao Cao was pushed to Nan Commandery. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat and left behind Cao Ren and Xu Huang to guard Jiangling County and Yue Jin to defend Xiangyang.[Sanguozhi 41][Huayang Guo Zhi 14]
According to the Jiang Biao Zhuan (
Sun Quan's forces, led by Zhou Yu, attacked Cao Ren after their resounding victory to wrestle for control of Jiangling County. Liu Bei recommended Liu Qi to be the new Inspector of Jing Province and led his men to capture the four commanderies in southern Jing Province – Changsha (
When Liu Qi died in 209 shortly after Liu Bei secured his position in southern Jing Province. All of Liu Qi's followers wanted for Liu Bei to succeed him as the new Inspector of Jing Province with his administrative seat at Gongan which he accepted. To further strengthen the Sun–Liu alliance, Liu Bei travelled to Sun Quan's territory to marry Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun. After the political marriage, Sun Quan not only recognised the legitimacy of Liu Bei's control over southern Jing Province, but also agreed to "lend" Nan Commandery to him.[Sanguozhi 43][Sanguozhi zhu 32]
Sun Quan sent an envoy to Liu Bei and expressed his desire for both of them to conquer Yi province. The emissary reported to Liu Bei: "The Rice Bandit, Zhang Lu has made his base in Ba and acted as a king. He served as Cao Cao's eyes and ears and wants to conquer Yi province. Liu Zhang is weak and can't defend himself. If Cao Cao gained Yi province the Jing would be in danger! Now, you should first conquer Liu Zhang then Zhang Lu. The tail and the head are connected. Once we united Wu and Chu even if there is ten Cao Cao, there would be no need for worry."[Sanguozhi 44][Sanguozhi zhu 33]
Liu Bei's officers thought Liu Bei should conquer this land alone since Sun Quan couldn't extend his land beyond Jing province. Yin Guan (
And so, Liu Bei answered to Sun Quan: "The people of Yi province are strong and rich moreover the land is hard to conquer. Even if Liu Zhang is weak, he can defend himself. Zhang Lu is crafty and may not be loyal to Cao Cao. Now with the fierce soldiers of Yi and the complicate terrain, the battle is far harder and may be something that Wu Qi couldn't accomplish even less an officer of Sun. Even if Cao Cao wanted to destitute the emperor, he still is officially his protector. And when the civils saw his defeat at Cibhi, they said that his ambition was over, and his power ended. However, he already possesses two thirds of the empire, and he surely wants to take his horse to the farest of the world and led his army to Wu-Gui Commanderies. Why would he allow us to expend ourselves while waiting for his death? Now if we were to attack an ally (Liu Zhang) without reason, Cao Cao would use this opportunity to crush us while we are infighting. This is not a good plan."[Sanguozhi 46]
Sun Quan didn't listen and sent Sun Yu to lead his troops and camped at Xiakou (
Subsequently, former subordinates of Liu Biao who were unwilling to serve Cao Cao came to join Liu Bei. After the death of Zhou Yu in 210 and Liu Bei's growing influence in southern Jing Province, Sun Quan's position in the north became more untenable. Lu Su succeeded Zhou Yu as the frontline commander of Sun Quan's armies and moved the headquarters to Lukou (
Summary of major events | |
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161 | Born in Zhuo County, Zhuo Commandery. |
184 | Volunteered in the fight against the Yellow Turban rebels. |
194 | Assumed governorship of Xu Province. |
198 | Defeated by Lü Bu. Allied with Cao Cao and won the Battle of Xiapi. |
200 | Defeated by Cao Cao. Escaped to join Yuan Shao. Joined Liu Biao. |
208 | Allied with Sun Quan and won the Battle of Red Cliffs. Took over Jing Province. |
214 | Defeated Liu Zhang and took over Yi Province. |
219 | Conquered Hanzhong. Declared himself King of Hanzhong. |
221 | Proclaimed himself Emperor of Shu Han. |
222 | Lost the Battle of Xiaoting against Eastern Wu. |
223 | Died in Baidicheng. |
Establishing the Shu kingdom
[edit]Conquering Yi Province (211–214)
[edit]In 211, Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), heard that Cao Cao planned to attack the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery. As Hanzhong Commandery was a strategic location and the northern "gateway" into Yi Province, Liu Zhang was afraid. At this time, the mounted escort Zhang Song told him: "Cao Cao's armies are strong and without a match in the empire. If he was able to use Zhang Lu's grain stores and launch an invasion of Yi province, who could stop him." Liu Zhang answered that he was worried but without a plan. Zhang Song answered: "Liu Bei is of the same clan as you and he is an unstoppable rival of Cao Cao. He commands troops with talent. If we used him to conquer Zhang Lu, Zhang Lu would surely be defeated. With Zhang Lu vanquished, Yi province would be safe and even if Cao Cao were to come, he would be defeated."[Sanguozhi 48]
After listening to the advice from Zhang Song, Liu Zhang sent Fa Zheng with 4000 men to form an alliance with Liu Bei and presented him with many expensive gifts. Zhang Song and Fa Zheng privately disapproved of Liu Zhang's governance and looked at Liu Bei as a solution for a legitimate successor. When Liu Bei met them, he welcomed them warmly and treated them with kindness. He used this opportunity to learn more about Yi province, mostly the weaponry, stores, and number of horses, as well as other strategic locations and their distances to each other. Zhang Song and his entourage told him about everything and furthermore drew a map of Yi province with the location of the mountains and rivers. With their help, Liu Bei learned all about Yi province. Liu Zhang invited Liu Bei to join him in Yi Province to capture Hanzhong Commandery before Cao Cao did.[Sanguozhi 49][Sanguozhi zhu 34]
Liu Bei led an expedition force of several ten thousand soldiers into Yi Province after leaving behind Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to guard Jing Province. Liu Zhang welcomed Liu Bei, when they saw each other, both of them were friendly. Before this Zhang Song told Fa Zheng to report to Liu Bei, that with the counselor Pang Tong backing, they could ambush Liu Zhang at the meeting spot. However, Liu Bei thought that the plan was too hasty for such an important act.[Sanguozhi 50]
Liu Zhang then sent a proposition to have Liu Bei be made Commander in Chief and colonel director of the retainers. Liu Bei also proposed Liu Zhang to be General Who Subdues The West and Gouvernor of Yi province. Liu Zhang provided him with more troops under his command and have him supervised the White River Army. With those reinforcement, Liu Bei's army was over 30 000 men with plenty of weapons and horses. While Liu Zhang left for Chengdu, Liu Bei headed to Jiameng Pass (southwest of present-day Guangyuan, Sichuan) at the border between Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu's territories. Instead of engaging Zhang Lu, Liu Bei halted his advance and focused on building connections and gaining influence around the area. He was kind and virtuous and so he soon gained the hearts of the masses[Sanguozhi 51]
Next year, in 212, Cao Cao launched a campaign against Sun Quan, and he soon called Liu Bei for help. Liu Bei sent a messenger to Liu Zhang: "Cao Cao campaigned against Sun and now they are in danger. Both me and them were like "lips and teeth". Moreover, Guan Yu is fighting against Yue Jian at Qingni (
To set into motion their plan, Fa Zheng and Meng Da joined Liu Bei's side while Zhang Song would stay at Chengdu to serve as double agent. Zhang Song was worried that Liu Bei would indeed leave. He send a letter to him and Fa Zheng where he reminded them that now that success is near, how could they give up and leave. At this time, Zhang Su (
When Liu Bei found out about this, he was furious. Before Yang Huai (楊懷) and Gao Pei (
In the spring of 213, Liu Zhang sent Liu Gui, Ling Bao, Zhang Ren, Deng Xian, Wu Yi and other officers to stop him at Fu. However, all were soundly defeated and had to retreat to Mianzhu. They were killed or captured by Liu Bei's forces. Despite being the most trusted vassal of Liu Zhang, Wu Yi soon changed allegiance, Li Yan and Fei Guan were sent to help them at Mianzhu, but they surrendered to Liu Bei as well. Liu Bei's army was getting stronger, and he sent commanders to pacify the other prefectures. Among them were Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun. They led their army and pacified Baidi Jiangzhou and Jiangyang. Only Guan Yu stayed behind to defend Jing province.[Sanguozhi 55]
Now the remnant force was under command of Liu Zhang's son, Liu Xun, and he retreated to Luo County (northwest of Chengdu, Sichuan). There, Pang Tong was killed by a stray arrow, and the siege became a prolonged one for nearly a year. In 214, Luo County fell to Liu Bei.[Sanguozhi 56] Previously, when Liu Bei launched his campaign against Liu Zhang; Zhao Jian (
Liu Zhang continued to hold up inside Chengdu. Ma Chao, a former warlord and vassal under Zhang Lu, defected to Liu Bei's side and joined him in attacking Chengdu. Although Chengdu's citizens were terrified by Ma Chao's army, they insisted on putting up a desperate fight against the enemy.[Sanguozhi others 2] However, Liu Zhang surrendered to Liu Bei after stating that he did not wish to see further bloodshed.[Sanguozhi others 3] Liu Bei then succeeded Liu Zhang as the Governor of Yi Province and relocated him to Gong'an County in Jing Province. The Yi province was rich and prosper, Liu Bei had a banquet prepared for the officers and soldiers. He used the gold and silver to repay them and distributed fabrics and grain to the common people.[Sanguozhi 57]
Liu Bei married Wu Yi's sister and went on numerous public tours to consolidate his control on the newly conquered Yi Province. He promoted Zhuge Liang to an office that granted him control over all affairs of state and appointed Dong He as Zhuge Liang's deputy. Fa Zheng as his strategist. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Ma Chao as his commanders. Xu Jing, Mi Zhu and Jian Yong as his guests. The rest of Liu Bei's followers, new and old, were entrusted with new responsibilities and promoted to new ranks with Liu Zhang's followers promoted into prominent positions so their talents would not be wasted. Among the talented with ambitions, all competed for Liu Bei's attention.[Sanguozhi 58]
Sun–Liu territorial dispute (215–217)
[edit]After Liu Bei's conquest of Yi Province, Sun Quan sent Lu Su as an emissary to demand the return of the commanderies in Jing Province, but Liu Bei refused and told him to wait until he took Liang province. Sun Quan was furious then sent Lü Meng and Ling Tong to lead 20,000 men to attack southern Jing Province and they succeeded in capturing Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling commanderies. In the meantime, Lu Su and Gan Ning advanced to Yiyang County with 10,000 men to block Guan Yu) and took over command of the army at Lukou. Liu Bei personally went to Gong'an County with 50 000 soldiers while Guan Yu led 30,000 men to Yiyang County. When war was about to break out, Liu Bei received news that Cao Cao was planning to attack Hanzhong Commandery after Zhang Lu fled to Baxi.[Sanguozhi 59]
Liu Bei became worried about Cao Cao seizing Hanzhong Commandery. and requested for a border treaty with Sun Quan for the Jing province with Jiangxia, Changsha and Guiyang going to Sun Quan while Nan commandery, Lingling and Wuling would go back to Liu Bei, setting the new border along the Xiang River. Liu Bei led his army back to Ba commandery and had Huang Quan sent to lead troops to meet Zhang Lu, however he already had surrendered to Cao Cao.[Sanguozhi 60]
Hanzhong Campaign (217–219)
[edit]In 215, Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu at the Battle of Yangping and seized Hanzhong Commandery. Sima Yi and Liu Ye advised him to take advantage of the victory to attack Yi Province, since it was still unstable under Liu Bei's new government and Liu Bei himself was away in Jing Province. Cao Cao, who was not fond of the terrain of the region, refused and left Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and Xu Huang to defend Hanzhong Commandery.
In anticipation of a prolonged war, Zhang He led his army to Dangqu Commandery (宕渠
In 217, Fa Zheng pointed out the strategic necessities of seizing Hanzhong Commandery and advised Liu Bei to drive Cao Cao's force out of the area. Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei, Ma Chao and others to capture Wudu Commandery (
In the spring of 219, Liu Bei and Xiahou Yuan had faced each other for over a year. Liu Bei led the main army to the south of the Mian River (沔水) and ordered Huang Zhong to set up camps on Mount Dingjun, where Xiahou Yuan's encampment in the valley below could be easily monitored. One night, Liu Bei sent 10,000 troops to attack Zhang He in Guangshi and set fire to Xiahou Yuan's barricades. Xiahou Yuan then led a small detachment to put out the fire and sent the main army to reinforce Zhang He as he was overcome by Liu Bei. Fa Zheng saw an opportunity for attack and signalled to Liu Bei to launch an assault. Liu Bei sent Huang Zhong to attack the weakened enemy from above. Huang Zhong targeted Xiahou Yuan's unit and completely routed it. Both Xiahou Yuan and Zhao Yong, Cao Cao's appointed Inspector of Yi Province, were killed in the battle.[Sanguozhi 62]
Zhang He, who had been informally elected to succeed Xiahou Yuan by Du Xi and Guo Huai, retreated to the northern bank of the Han River, and awaited Cao Cao's reinforcement from Chang'an. Liu Bei knew Cao Cao would come yet he knew he would hold Hanzhong. He secured all strategic points at the exit of the passes linking Chang'an and Hanzhong Commandery while Cao Cao was approaching via Xie Valley. Liu Bei faced Cao Cao for several months but never engaged the latter in battle, effectively forcing Cao to retreat as many of his soldiers started to desert.[Sanguozhi 63] Zhang He also retreated to Chencang County (
In 219, after Liu Bei conquered Hanzhong Commandery, his subjects urged him to declare himself a vassal king too to challenge Cao Cao, who was enfeoffed as a vassal king ("King of Wei") by Emperor Xian in 219. Liu Bei thus declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (
He designated his son Liu Shan as his heir apparent. Wei Yan was put in charge of Hanzhong Commandery. Xu Jing and Fa Zheng were respectively appointed as Grand Tutor and Prefect of the Masters of Writing in Liu Bei's vassal kingdom, while Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao and Huang Zhong were respectively appointed Generals of the Vanguard, Right, Left and Rear.[Sanguozhi 66][Sanguozhi zhu 38]
Becoming an emperor (219–221)
[edit]In early winter 219, Sun Quan's forces led by Lü Meng invaded Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province and captured and executed Guan Yu.[Sanguozhi 67] After learning of Guan Yu's death and the loss of Jing Province, Liu Bei turned furious and ordered his troops to begin preparing for war with Sun Quan. In early 220, Cao Cao died and was succeeded by his son, Cao Pi. Later that year, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the emperor. With some report saying that the Han Emperor had been killed, Liu Bei declared mourning and adopted mourning clothes. He gave the emperor the posthumous title of The Filial Commiserating Emperor (
Following the rumors of Emperor Xian's death, there were many favorable omens and soon more and more officials among Liu Bei's court advocated to have him declared Emperor however Liu Bei refused.[Huayang Guo Zhi 15]
After a dispute with Liu Feng and fearing that Liu Bei would hold him responsible for not reinforcing Guan Yu, Meng Da alongside many of his followers defected to Wei. Assisted by Xu Huang and Xiahou Shang, they conquered Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng commanderies from Liu Bei's adopted son, Liu Feng. Upon his return to Chengdu, Liu Bei was furious with Liu Feng's loss and his refusal to send reinforcement to Guan Yu in 219. Upon Zhuge Liang's suggestion, Liu Bei had Liu Feng commit suicide. Liu Bei wept upon his death.[Sanguozhi 69]
In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor too and established the state of Shu Han; he claimed that his intention was to keep the Han dynasty's lineage alive. He changed the reign year and made Zhuge Liang his chancellor and Xu Jing his minister over the masses. He established a bureaucracy and an ancestral temple where he offered sacrifices to Emperor Gao (the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty). He designated Lady Wu as his empress and made his son Liu Shan as crown prince. Later, he named his son Liu Yong prince of Lu and his other son Liu Li prince of Liang.[Sanguozhi 70]
Defeat and death (221–223)
[edit]In the August 221, Liu Bei personally led an army to attack Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu and retake his lost territories in Jing Province, while leaving Zhuge Liang in charge of state affairs in Chengdu. Sun Quan sent a letter seeking for peace, but Liu Bei refused. Even though Zhang Fei was murdered by his subordinates during the onset of the battle, Liu Bei was still able to achieve initial victories against the Sun commandants stationed at Wu and Zigui until Lu Xun, the frontline commander of Sun Quan's forces, ordered a retreat to Yiling. Lu Xun held his position there and refused to engage the invaders.[Sanguozhi 71]
Knowing that his enemy was not expecting a sudden strike, Lu Xun ordered a counterattack and set fire to the Shu camps linked to each other by wooden fences. 40 camps of Liu Bei's expedition force were destroyed in the fire attack and the remaining troops were defeated and forced to flee west to Ma'an Hills (northwest of Yiling), where they set up a defence. Lu Xun caught up with and besieged Liu Bei there before his men could recuperate. Liu Bei managed to escape overnight to Baidicheng by ordering his men to discard their armour and set them aflame to form a fire blockade. Lu Xun was unable to overcome the blockade and did not press any further attack. While Liu Bei retreated to Yufu County (
A few weeks before the decisive engagement between the Shu and Wu forces, there was an impressive yellow aura that manifested into the sky. Many saw this as an omen. After his defeat, Liu Bei lamented about this: "My defeat is Heaven's will!"[Huayang Guo Zhi 16]
Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei was in Baidi and sent an envoy for peace, Liu Bei accepted and had Zhong Wei (
Liu Bei's posthumous decree to Liu Shan was as such:
"At first, my illness was only minor but it later evolved into other serious diseases. Those were more dangerous and couldn't be cured. If a man dies at fifty, it is not considered an early death. I am already past sixty. What is there further to regret? I'm not worried about me; but I'm worried about you and your brothers. When Master She came, he told me that the chancellor thought highly of you and saw you as a bright man exceeding his expectation. If he thinks so highly of you then I can leave. Be vigilant! Be vigilant! If an evil is minor, resist it nonetheless. If a good deed is trifling, perform it all the same. Only wisdom and virtue can truly win men's devotion. I was not a virtuous man; do not emulate me. You should study the Book of Han and the Book of Rites in your free time and read different philosophers such as the Six Secret Teachings and The Book of Lord Shang which elevate the soul. Then you can seek the worthies."
When he was near death, he told his son Liu Yong to treat with his brothers the chancellor as a father and do their utmost to help him.[Sanguozhi 75]
His body was brought back to Chengdu and entombed at Huiling (
Appraisal
[edit]Chen Shou, once a subject of Shu and the historian who wrote Liu Bei's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), appraised Liu Bei as follows:
From the Former Lord's magnanimity, determination, tolerance and generosity to his judgment of men and treatment of elites assuredly had the air of Emperor Gaozu (Liu Bang) and the aura of a hero about him. When he entrusted the state and his son to Zhuge Liang, his mind was without ambivalence. It was truly the ultimate of selflessness of a ruler and his minister, and it is an excellent model for all time.
Though he was able to respond to situations and was an able strategist, he could not match Emperor Wu of the Wei (Cao Cao) and as a consequence his dominion was restricted. Though he might be broken, however he would not yield and in the end he could not be subjugated. Perhaps, he surmised that Cao Cao would be incapable of accepting him. He was not only competing for advantage but also simply sought thereby to avoid harm.[Sanguozhi 77]
Chang Qu, historian and compiler of the Chronicles of Huayang in the fourth-century later used by Pei Songzhi in his annotations to the historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms also gave his appraisal of Liu Bei:
At the end of the Han dynasty, there was great chaos. Following this, many leaders arose. Among them were Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu. Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu. Han Sui and Ma Teng. Zhang Yang and Liu Biao. Alongside many others. All of them were put in charge of provinces and commanderies, they commanded armies numbering in the tens of thousands. They would claim that they were following in the footsteps of Gaozu and inspire themselves from the examples of Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin. Yet in the end, all of them were crushed and slaughtered by Emperor Wu of Wei, for he possessed divine martial valor and exceptional strategic thinking.
Looking at Liu Bei; he was a man of modest reputation and an obscure background however he was able to rise like a dragon and soar like a phoenix. He was a leader in Yu and a ruler in Xu. Later, he acquired the regions of Jing and Chu and would rise and ascend in the territory of Yi and Hanzhong. He inherited the legacy of the Han dynasty and split the land into three with Wu and Wei. Could such a man have enjoyed such successes if he did not possess heroic talents or enjoy Heaven's mandate?
However, when the Cao family replaced the Han dynasty. Liu Bei should have supported his faith in the fallen dynasty in order to demonstrate his intentions to all. When he claimed the title of King, it wasn't what the righteous should do. As Chen Shou commented, when he was near death. Liu Bei "entrusted the state and his son to Zhuge Liang without ambivalence". And Chen Shou thought that this relationship between a ruler and his minister is an excellent model for all time.[Huayang Guo Zhi 17]
However, the opinions of modern historians are more negative. As Rafe de Crespigny writes in Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD:
Liu Bei must be one of the most over-rated heroes in history. During the early years of the civil war, he suffered several defeats in operations on the North China plain before surrendering to Cao Cao. Though treated generously, he joined an assassination plot and fled to Yuan Shao when it was discovered. Following Yuan Shao's defeat, Liu Bei took refuge with Liu Biao, and as Cao Cao approached in 208 he fled once more to the south.
Despite romantic legend, the subsequent victory at the Red Cliffs was largely the achievement of Sun Quan's troops led by Zhou Yu, but Liu Bei took advantage of the success to occupy the greater part of Jing province south of the Yangzi. He later took Yi province from Liu Zhang and was successful at Dingjun Mountain. After his officer Guan Yu was surprised by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng in 219, Liu Bei launched a revenge attack down the Yangzi to regain Jing province, but suffered a humiliating defeat in 222 and died soon afterwards
It was a picaresque career, and extraordinarily successful for a man of humble background, but Liu Bei was never much more than a soldier of remarkably good fortune.[13]
Rafe de Crespigny also gave a more neutral appraisal of Liu Bei in A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD):
Liu Bei was a typical condottiere, primarily concerned with the loyalty of his followers and showing limited interest in a long-term stable future.[f] He was remarkably successful, for he was an effective fighting general and had several good advisers and officers, but the basics of his survival and that of his state was his isolation in the west and the fortunate series of chances which had led him there. From his earliest days, Liu Bei had changed his coat and his allegiance at any time it seemed to suit, and his take-over of Yi Province was a betrayal of the kinsman who had sought his aid. It is not inappropriate that the destruction of his wider ambitions came through an even greater and quite unexpected act of treachery and trickery by his ally Sun Quan.
However, behind the ostensible realities of history and the exaggerations of the romance, we may perceive a man who could inspire great loyalty and admiration, and whose recovery from repeated set-backs – in an age when defeat so frequently brought death – reflects personal qualities and a presence which can no longer be properly reconstructed. From humble background with an erratic record, Liu Bei was a man of remarkable character: certainly courageous, surely un-trustworthy to superiors and rivals, but clearly loyal to his subordinates; in many respects an ideal hero for an age of individuals.[14]
Family and descendants
[edit]- Empress Zhaolie, of the Gan clan (
昭 烈 皇后 甘 氏 ; d.210)- Liu Shan, Emperor Huai (
漢 懷 帝 劉 禪 ; 207–271), first son
- Liu Shan, Emperor Huai (
- Empress Mu, of the Wu clan (
穆 皇后 吳 氏 ; d.245) - Furen Mi, of the Mi clan (
麋 夫人 麋 氏 ) - Furen Sun, of the Sun clan (
孫 夫人 孙氏), daughter of Sun Jian - Unknown:
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
[edit]Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century historical novel which romanticises the historical figures and events before and during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Written by Luo Guanzhong more than 1,000 years after the Three Kingdoms period, the novel incorporates many popular folklore and opera scripts into the character of Liu Bei, portraying him as a benevolent and righteous leader, endowed with charismatic potency (called de
Romance of the Three Kingdoms gives additional features Liu Bei's physical appearance. It mentions that Liu Bei is seven chi and five cun tall, with ears so large that they touch his shoulders and that he can even see them, long arms that extend beyond his knees, a fair and jade like face, and lips so red that it seems as though he is wearing lipstick.[16] He wields a pair of double edged swords called shuang gu jian (
See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Liu Bei:
- Oath of the Peach Garden
- Battle of Hulao Pass
- The Three Visits to the Thatched Cottage
- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms § Liu Bei's horse leaps across the Tan Stream
- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms § Liu Bei and Lady Sun's marriage
- Battle of Xiaoting § In fiction
General worship of Liu Bei
[edit]Liu Bei is worshipped as the patron of shoemakers in Chengdu. It is said that in 1845, during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor in the Qing dynasty, the shoemakers guild in Chengdu, who called themselves "disciples of Liu Bei", sponsored the construction of the Sanyi Temple in Liu Bei's honour. After being relocated many times, the temple can be found in Wuhou District today.
Since the Chinese government loosened its control on religious practices in recent years, the worship of Liu Bei among shoemakers has again gained popularity in Chengdu. In 2005, a large procession was carried out in front of the Sanyi Temple to commemorate Liu Bei – the first such event since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.[17]
A commentary carried by the Yangtse Evening Post criticised such practice as mere commercial gimmickry to exploit the fame of Liu Bei.[18] It argued that although Liu Bei sold straw-woven shoes and mats for a living when he was young, he was hardly the inventor of shoes. According to legend, it was Yu Ze who made the first pairs of shoes with softwood during the time of the Yellow Emperor. However, the criticism did not dampen the enthusiastic shoe industry owners in their decision to erect a statue of Liu Bei in the West China Shoe Center Industrial Zone, which was still under construction in Wuhou District as of August 2005.
In popular culture
[edit]Film and television
[edit]Notable actors who have portrayed Liu Bei in films and television series include: Sun Yanjun in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Chang Fu-chien in Guan Gong (1996); Elliot Ngok in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon (2008); You Yong in Red Cliff (2008–09); Yu Hewei in Three Kingdoms (2010); Alex Fong in The Lost Bladesman (2011); Yan Yikuan in God of War, Zhao Yun (2016); Tony Yang in Dynasty Warriors (2019).
Card games
[edit]In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there is a card named "Liu Bei, Lord of Shu" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set. In the selection of hero cards in the Chinese card game San Guo Sha, there is also a "Liu Bei" card that players can select at the beginning of the game. In the Roll-and-write game Shu's Tactics, a hero named Liu Bei appears in chapter 3.
Video games
[edit]Liu Bei is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's video game series Dynasty Warriors, as well as Warriors Orochi, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors. He also appears in other Koei video game series such as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms series and Kessen II.
Liu Bei is the protagonist in Destiny of an Emperor, a RPG on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Released in the United States by Capcom in 1989, the game also loosely follows the plot of the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Liu Bei's armour (based on the designs appearing in the Dynasty Warriors series) is available in the MMORPG MapleStory. Also featured are Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Zhuge Liang, Sun Quan, and Diaochan's designs.
Liu Bei is featured in the sequel to Level-5's game and anime Inazuma Eleven GO, Chrono Stone, as well as Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei.
He is also featured as one of the available warlords that the player can choose from in Creative Assembly's game Total War: Three Kingdoms', along with the Netflix game Reigns: Three Kingdoms.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b The Huayang Guo Zhi mentioned that Liu Bei died at the age of 63 (by East Asian age reckoning). Quote from Chronicles of Huayang vol. 6: (
夏 四 月 ,先 主 殂於永安 宮 ,時 年 六 十 三 。) Liu Bei's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that he died on the guisi day of the 4th month of the 3rd year of the Zhangwu era of his reign. Quote from Sanguozhi vol. 32: ([章 武 三 年 ]夏 四 月 癸巳 ,先 主 殂於永安 宮 ,時 年 六 十 三 。) However there was no guisi day in the fourth month. In the next paragraph, Zhuge Liang in a letter to Liu Shan says that Liu Bei died on the 24th of the month which would have been a xinsi day (June 10, 223).Quote from Sanguozhi vol. 32: (今月 二 十 四日奄忽升遐,臣 妾 號 咷,若 喪 考妣 。) - ^ Liu Bei's somewhat Confucian tendencies were also dramatized compared to his rival states' founders, Cao Pi and Sun Quan, who both ruled as pure Legalists. His political philosophy can best be described by the Chinese idiom "Confucian in appearance but Legalist in substance" (儒表
法 里 ; 儒表法 裡 ; rú biǎo fǎ lǐ; ju2 piao3 fa3 li3), a style of governing which had become the norm after the founding of the Han dynasty. - ^ Pingyuan State lay on the border between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan's territories, and was the only commandery/state Yuan Tan controlled before his expansion. Tian Kai assumed the appointment of Inspector of Qing Province under Yuan Shao, and acted as Liu Bei's direct supervisor.
- ^ Xu Province (
徐 州 ) and Xuchang (許 昌 ) have similar Romanisations in Pinyin but they refer to separate places. - ^ This Liu Dai was not the same person as Liu Dai (Gongshan), an Inspector of Yan Province who died in 192.
- ^ [A perceptive comment by Pei Qian is recorded in SSXY; Mather 76:196–197]
References
[edit]Citations from volume 32 of the Sanguozhi
[edit]- ^ (
身長 七 尺 五 寸 ,垂 手下 膝 ,顧自見 其耳。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
裕 即 荅曰:「昔 有作 上 黨 潞長,遷為涿令。涿令者 ,去 官 還 家 ,時人 與 書 ,欲 署 潞則失 涿,欲 署 涿則失 潞,乃署曰『潞涿君 』。」先 主 無 鬚 ,故 裕 以此及之。) Sanguozhi vol. 42. - ^ (
先 主 姓 劉 ,諱 備,字 玄 德 ,涿郡涿縣人 ,漢 景 帝 子 中山 靖 王 勝之 後 也。勝子 貞 ,元 狩 六年封涿縣陸城亭侯,坐 酎金失 侯 ,因 家 焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 少 孤 ,與 母 販履織 蓆 為 業 。舍 東南 角 籬 上 有 桑 樹生 高 五 丈餘 ,遙 望見 童 童 如小車 蓋 ,往來 者 皆 怪 此樹非凡 ,或 謂 當 出 貴人 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 少時 ,與 宗 中 諸 小兒 於樹下 戲 ,言 :「吾 必當乘 此羽葆蓋車 。」叔父 子 敬 謂 曰:「汝 勿妄語 ,滅 吾 門 也!」) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
年 十 五 ,母 使 行學 ,與 同 宗 劉 德 然 、遼 西 公孫 瓚俱事故 九江太守同郡盧植。德 然 父 元 起 常 資 給 先 主 ,與 德 然 等 。元 起 妻 曰:「各自 一家 ,何 能 常 爾 邪 !」起 曰:「吾 宗 中有 此兒,非常 人 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (而瓚
深 與 先 主 相 友 。瓚年長 ,先 主 以兄事 之 。先 主 不 甚樂讀書 ,喜 狗 馬 、音樂 、美 衣服 。身長 七 尺 五 寸 ,垂 手下 膝 ,顧自見 其耳。少 語 言 ,善 下人 ,喜怒 不 形 於色。好 交結豪 俠,年少 爭 附 之 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
中山 大商 張 世 平 、蘇 雙 等 貲累千金 ,販馬周旋 於涿郡 ,見 而異之 ,乃多與 之 金 財 。先 主 由 是 得用 合 徒 眾。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
靈 帝 末 ,黃 巾 起 ,州 郡 各 舉義兵 ,) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 率 其屬從 校 尉 鄒靖討黃巾 賊 有功 ,除 安 喜 尉 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
督 郵以公事 到 縣 ,先 主 求 謁,不通 ,直入 縛 督 郵,杖 二 百 ,解 綬繫其頸着 馬 枊,棄官亡命 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
頃 之 ,大將軍 何 進 遣 都 尉 毌丘毅 詣 丹 楊募兵 ,先 主 與 俱行,至 下 邳遇賊 ,力戰 有功 ,除 為 下 密 丞 。復 去 官 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
後 為 高 唐 尉 ,遷為令 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
為 賊 所 破 ,往奔中 郎 將 公孫 瓚,瓚表為 別 部 司馬 ,使 與 青 州 刺史 田 楷以拒 冀州牧 袁紹。數 有 戰功 ,試 守 平原 令 ,後 領 平原 相 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
郡 民 劉 平素 輕 先 主 ,恥 為之 下 ,使 客 刺 之 。客 不 忍 刺 ,語 之 而去。其得人心 如此。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (袁紹
攻 公孫 瓚,先 主 與田 楷東屯 齊 。曹公征 徐 州 ,徐 州 牧 陶 謙 遣 使 告 急 於田楷,楷與先 主 俱救之 。時 先 主 自 有 兵 千餘人及幽州烏丸雜胡騎,又 略 得 饑 民 數 千 人 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
既 到 ,謙 以丹楊兵四 千 益 先 主 ,先 主 遂 去 楷歸謙 。謙 表 先 主 為 豫 州 刺史 ,屯 小 沛。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
謙 病 篤 ,謂 別 駕 麋 竺曰:「非 劉 備不能 安 此州也。」謙 死 ,竺率州 人 迎 先 主 ,先 主 未 敢當。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
下 邳陳登 謂 先 主 曰:「今 漢 室 陵 遲 ,海 內傾覆 ,立 功 立 事 ,在 於今日 。彼 州 殷 富 ,戶口 百 萬 ,欲 屈 使 君 撫 臨州事 。」先 主 曰:「袁公路 近在 壽 春 ,此君四 世 五 公 ,海 內所歸 ,君 可 以州與 之 。」登 曰:「公 路 驕 豪 ,非 治亂 之 主 。今 欲 為 使 君 合 步 騎 十 萬 ,上 可 以匡主 濟 民 ,成 五 霸之業 ,下 可 以割地 守 境 ,書 功 於竹帛 。若 使 君 不 見 聽許 ,登 亦 未 敢聽使 君 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
北海 相 孔 融 謂 先 主 曰:「袁公路 豈 憂國 忘家者 邪 ?冢中枯骨 ,何 足 介意 。今日 之 事 ,百姓 與能 ,天與 不 取 ,悔不可 追 。」先 主 遂 領 徐 州 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (袁術
來 攻 先 主 ,先 主 拒 之 於盱眙、淮陰。曹公表 先 主 為 鎮東將軍 ,封 宜 城 亭 侯 ,是 歲 建 安 元年 也。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 與 術 相 持經 月 ,呂 布 乘 虛 襲 下 邳。下 邳守將 曹豹反 ,閒 迎 布 。布 虜 先 主 妻子 ,先 主 轉 軍 海 西 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
自 出兵 攻 先 主 ,先 主 敗走 歸 曹公。曹公厚遇 之 ,以為豫 州 牧 。將 至 沛收散 卒 ,給 其軍糧 ,益 與 兵 使 東 擊 布 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
呂 布 惡 之 ,自 出兵 攻 先 主 ,先 主 敗走 歸 曹公。曹公厚遇 之 ,以為豫 州 牧 。將 至 沛收散 卒 ,給 其軍糧 ,益 與 兵 使 東 擊 布 。布 遣 高 順 攻 之 ,曹公遣 夏 侯 惇 往,不能 救 ,為 順 所 敗 ,復 虜 先 主 妻子 送 布 。曹公自 出 東征 ,) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 未 出 時 ,獻 帝 舅 車 騎 將軍 董 承 辭 受帝衣帶 中 密 詔 ,當 誅曹公 。先 主 未發 。是 時 曹公從容 謂 先 主 曰:「今 天下 英雄 ,唯 使 君 與 操 耳 。本初 之 徒 ,不足 數也 。」先 主 方 食 ,失 匕箸。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (袁術
欲 經 徐 州 北 就袁紹,曹公遣 先 主 督 朱 靈 、路 招要擊 術 。未 至 ,術 病死 。先 主 據 下 邳。靈 等 還 ,先 主 乃殺徐 州 刺史 車 冑 ,留 關 羽 守 下 邳,而身還 小 沛。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
東海 昌 霸反,郡 縣 多 叛曹公 為 先 主 ,眾數萬 人 ,遣 孫 乾 與 袁紹連 和 , ) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (曹公
遣 劉 岱、王 忠 擊 之 ,不 克 。五 年 ,曹公東征 先 主 ,先 主 敗 績。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 走 青 州 。青 州 刺史 袁譚,先 主 故 茂 才 也,將 步 騎 迎 先 主 。先 主 隨 譚 到 平原 ,譚 馳 使 白 紹。紹遣將 道路 奉迎 ,身 去 鄴二 百 里 ,與 先 主 相 見 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (曹公
與 袁紹相 拒 於官渡 ,汝 南 黃 巾 劉 辟等叛曹公 應 紹。紹遣先 主將 兵 與 辟等略 許 下 。關 羽 亡 歸 先 主 。曹公遣 曹仁將兵 擊 先 主 ,先 主 還 紹軍,陰 欲 離 紹,乃說紹南連 荊州牧 劉 表 。紹遣先 主將 本 兵 復 至 汝 南 ,與 賊 龔都等 合 ,眾數千 人 。曹公遣 蔡陽擊 之 ,為 先 主 所 殺 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (曹公
既 破 紹,自 南 擊 先 主 。先 主 遣 麋 竺、孫 乾 與 劉 表 相聞 ,表 自 郊迎,以上 賓禮 待 之 ,益 其兵,使 屯 新野 。荊州豪傑 歸 先 主 者 日 益 多 ,表 疑 其心,陰 禦之。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
使 拒 夏 侯 惇 、于禁等 於博望 。久之 ,先 主 設 伏兵 ,一旦自燒屯偽遁,惇 等 追 之 ,為 伏兵 所 破 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
十 二 年 ,曹公北 征 烏丸 ,先 主 說 表 襲 許 ,表 不能 用 。)Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
子 琮代立 ,遣 使 請降。先 主 屯 樊,不知 曹公卒 至 ,至 宛 乃聞之 ,遂 將 其眾去。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (琮令
宋 忠 詣 備宣旨 。是 時 曹公在 宛 ,備乃大 驚 駭,謂 忠 曰:「卿 諸人 作事 如此,不 早 相 語 ,今 禍 至 方 告 我 ,不 亦 太 劇 乎!」引刀向 忠 曰:「今 斷 卿 頭 ,不足 以解忿,亦 恥 大丈夫 臨別復 殺 卿 輩 !」遣 忠 去 ,乃呼部 曲 議 。或 勸 備劫將 琮及荊州吏士徑 南 到 江 陵 ,備答曰:「劉 荊州臨亡託 我 以孤遺 ,背信 自 濟 ,吾 所 不為 ,死 何 面目 以見劉 荊州乎!」) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
過 襄 陽 ,諸 葛 亮 說 先 主 攻 琮,荊州可 有 。先 主 曰:「吾 不 忍 也。」孔 衍《漢 魏 春秋 》曰:劉 琮乞降,不 敢告備。備亦不知 ,久之 乃覺,遣 所 親 問 琮。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (乃駐
馬 呼 琮,琮懼不能 起 。琮左右 及荊州 人 多 歸 先 主 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
比 到 當 陽 ,眾十餘 萬 ,輜重 數 千 兩 ,日 行 十 餘 里 ,別 遣 關 羽 乘船 數 百 艘 ,使 會 江 陵 。或 謂 先 主 曰:「宜 速 行 保 江 陵 ,今 雖擁大 眾,被 甲 者 少 ,若 曹公兵 至 ,何 以拒之 ?」先 主 曰:「夫 濟 大事 必以人 為本 ,今 人 歸 吾 ,吾 何 忍 棄去!」習鑿齒 曰:先 主 雖顛沛險難 而信義 愈 明 ,勢 偪事危而言 不 失 道 。追 景 升 之 顧,則 情感 三軍 ;戀 赴義之 士 ,則 甘 與 同 敗 。觀 其所以結物情 者 ,豈 徒 投 醪 撫 寒 含蓼問 疾 而已哉!其終濟 大業 ,不 亦 宜 乎!) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (曹公以江
陵 有 軍 實 ,恐 先 主 據 之 ,乃釋輜重 ,輕 軍 到 襄 陽 。聞先主 已 過 ,曹公將 精 騎 五 千 急追 之 ,一 日 一 夜行 三 百 餘 里 ,及於當 陽 之 長坂 。先 主 棄妻子 ,與 諸 葛 亮 、張 飛 、趙 雲 等 數 十 騎 走 ,曹公大 獲 其人眾輜重 。先 主 斜 趨漢津 ,適 與 羽 船 會 ,得 濟 沔,遇 表 長子 江夏 太守 琦眾萬 餘人 ,與 俱到夏 口 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 遣 諸 葛 亮 自 結 於孫權 ,) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
與 曹公戰 於赤壁 ,大破 之 ,焚其舟 船 。先 主 與 吳 軍 水陸 並進 ,追 到 南 郡 ,時 又 疾 疫,北 軍 多 死 ,曹公引歸。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 表 琦為荊州刺史 ,又 南 征 四 郡 。武 陵 太守 金 旋、長 沙 太守 韓 玄 、桂 陽 太守 趙 範 、零 陵 太守 劉 度 皆 降 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (琦病
死 ,羣下推先主 為 荊州牧 ,治 公安 。權 稍 畏 之 ,進 妹 固 好 。先 主 至 京見 權 ,綢繆恩 紀 。 Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
權 遣 使 云 欲 共 取 蜀 ,或 以為宜 報 聽許 ,吳 終 不能 越 荊有蜀 ,蜀 地 可 為 己 有 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (荊州
主 簿 殷 觀 進 曰:「若 為 吳 先驅 ,進 未 能 克 蜀 ,退 為 吳 所 乘 ,即事 去 矣。今 但 可 然 贊 其伐蜀 ,而自說 新 據 諸 郡 ,未 可 興 動 ,吳 必不敢越我 而獨取 蜀 。如此進退 之 計 ,可 以收吳 、蜀 之 利 。」先 主從 之 ,權 果 輟計。遷觀為 別 駕 從事 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (備欲
自 圖 蜀 ,拒 答 不 聽,曰:益 州民 富 彊 ,土地 險阻 ,劉 璋 雖弱,足 以自守 。張 魯虛偽 ,未必 盡忠 於操。今 暴師於蜀、漢 ,轉 運 於萬 里 ,欲 使 戰 克 攻 取 ,舉不失 利 ,此吳起 不能 定 其規,孫 武 不能 善 其事也。曹操 雖有無 君 之 心 ,而有奉 主 之 名 ,議 者 見 操 失 利 於赤壁 ,謂 其力屈 ,無 復 遠 志 也。今 操 三分天下已有其二,將 欲 飲 馬 於滄海 ,觀兵 於吳會 ,何 肯守此坐須老乎?今 同盟 無 故 自 相 攻 伐 ,借 樞 於操,使 敵 承 其隙,非 長計 也。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
權 不 聽,遣 孫 瑜率水軍 住 夏 口 。備不聽軍過 ,謂 瑜曰:「汝 欲 取 蜀 ,吾 當 被 髮 入山 ,不 失 信 於天下 也。」使 關 羽 屯 江 陵 ,張 飛 屯 秭歸,諸 葛 亮 據 南 郡 ,備自住 孱陵。權 知 備意,因 召瑜還。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
十 六 年 ,益 州 牧 劉 璋 遙 聞曹公 將 遣 鍾繇等 向 漢 中 討張魯,內懷恐懼 。別 駕 從事 蜀 郡 張 松 說 璋 曰:「曹公兵 強 無敵 於天下 ,若 因 張 魯之資 以取蜀 土 ,誰 能 御 之 者 乎?」璋 曰:「吾 固 憂 之 而未有 計 。」松 曰:「劉 豫 州 ,使 君 之 宗室 而曹公 之 深 讎也,善用 兵 ,若 使 之 討魯,魯必破。魯破,則 益 州 強 ,曹公雖來,無能 為 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
璋 然 之 ,遣 法正 將 四 千 人 迎 先 主 ,前後 賂 遺 以巨億 計 。正因 陳 益 州 可 取 之 策 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 留 諸 葛 亮 、關 羽 等 據 荊州,將 步卒 數 萬 人 入 益 州 。至 涪,璋 自 出迎 ,相 見 甚歡。張 松 令 法正 白 先 主 ,及謀臣 龐統進 說 ,便 可 於會所 襲 璋 。先 主 曰:「此大事 也,不可 倉卒 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
璋 推先主 行 大 司馬 ,領 司 隸校尉 ;先 主 亦 推璋行 鎮西 大將軍 ,領 益 州 牧 。璋 增 先 主 兵 ,使 擊 張 魯,又 令 督 白水 軍 。先 主 並 軍 三 萬 餘人 ,車 甲 器械 資 貨甚盛 。是 歲 ,璋 還 成都 。先 主 北 到 葭 萌 ,未 即 討魯,厚 樹 恩 德 ,以收眾心。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
明年 ,曹公徵 孫 權 ,權 呼 先 主 自 救 。先 主 遣 使 告 璋 曰:「曹公徵 吳 ,吳 憂 危急 。孫 氏 與 孤 本 為 脣齒,又 樂 進 在 青 泥 與 關 羽 相 拒 ,今 不 往救羽 ,進 必大克 ,轉 侵 州 界 ,其憂有 甚於魯。魯自守之 賊 ,不足 慮 也。」乃從璋 求 萬兵 及資(寶 ),欲 以東 行 。璋 但 許 兵 四 千 ,其餘皆 給 半 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
張 松 書 與 先 主 及法正 曰:「今 大事 垂 可 立 ,如何 釋 此去乎!」松 兄 廣 漢 太守 肅,懼禍逮己,白 璋 發 其謀。於是璋 收 斬 松 ,嫌 隙 始 構矣。璋 敕關戍諸將 文書 勿複關 通 先 主 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 大 怒 ,召璋白水 軍 督 楊懷,責 以無禮 ,斬 之 。乃使黃 忠 、卓 膺勒兵 向 璋 。先 主 徑 至 關 中 ,質 諸 將 並 士卒 妻子 ,引兵與 忠 、膺等進 到 涪,據 其城。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
璋 遣 劉 跂、冷 苞 、張 任 、鄧賢等 拒 先 主 於涪,皆 破 敗 ,退 保 綿 竹 。璋 復 遣 李 嚴 督 綿 竹 諸 軍 ,嚴 率 眾降先 主 。先 主 軍 益 強 ,分遣 諸 將 平下 屬 縣 ,諸 葛 亮 、張 飛 、趙 雲 等 將兵 溯 流 定 白 帝 、江 州 、江陽 ,惟 關 羽 留 鎮荊州 。先 主 進軍 圍 雒;時 璋子 循守城 ,被 攻 且一 年 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
十 九 年 夏 ,雒城破 ) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
蜀 中 殷盛 豐樂 ,先 主 置 酒 大饗 士卒 ,取 蜀 城中 金銀 分 賜 將士 ,還 其穀帛。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
先 主 復 領 益 州 牧 ,諸 葛 亮 為 股肱 ,法正 為 謀 主 ,關 羽 、張 飛 、馬 超 為 爪牙 ,許 靖 、麋 竺、簡雍為 賓 友 。及董和 、黃 權 、李 嚴 等 本 璋 之 所 授用也,吳 壹 、費 觀 等 又 璋 之 婚 親 也,彭羕又 璋 之 所 排 擯也,劉 巴 者 宿 昔 之 所 忌 恨也,皆 處 之 顯 任 ,盡 其器能 。有 誌 之 士 ,無 不 競 勸 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
二 十 年 ,孫 權 以先主 已 得 益 州 ,使 使 報 欲得 荊州。先 主 言 :「須得涼 州 ,當 以荊州 相 與 。」權 忿之,乃遣呂 蒙 襲 奪 長 沙 、零 陵 、桂 陽三 郡 。先 主 引兵五 萬 下 公安 ,令 關 羽入 益 陽 。是 歲 ,曹公定 漢 中 ,張 魯遁走 巴 西 。先 主 聞之,與 權 連 和 ,分 荊州、江夏 、長 沙 、桂 陽東 屬 ,南 郡 、零 陵 、武 陵 西 屬 ,引軍還 江 州 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
遣 黃 權 將兵 迎 張 魯,張 魯已降 曹公。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (曹
公使 夏 侯 淵 、張 郃屯漢 中 ,數 數 犯 暴巴界 。先 主 令 張 飛 進 兵 宕渠,與 郃等戰 於瓦口 ,破 郃等,收 兵 還 南 鄭 。先 主 亦 還 成都 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
二 十 四 年 春 ,自 陽平 南 渡 沔水,緣 山 稍 前 ,於定軍 山 勢 作 營。淵 將兵 來 爭 其地。先 主命 黃 忠 乘 高 鼓 譟攻之 ,大破 淵 軍 ,斬 淵 及曹公所 署 益 州 刺史 趙 顒等。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (及曹
公 至 ,先 主 斂眾拒 險 ,終 不 交鋒,積 月 不拔 ,亡者 日 多 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (曹公
自 長安 舉眾南 征 。先 主 遙 策 之 曰:「曹公雖來,無能 為 也,我 必有漢 川 矣。」及曹公 至 ,先 主 斂眾拒 險 ,終 不 交鋒,積 月 不拔 ,亡者 日 多 。夏 ,曹公果 引軍還 ,先 主 遂 有漢 中 。遣 劉 封 、孟 達 、李 平等 攻 申 耽 於上庸 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
秋 ,群 下上 先 主 為 漢 中 王 ,表 於漢帝 曰:平 西 將軍 都 亭 侯 臣 馬 超 、左 將軍 (領 )長 史 鎮軍將軍 臣 許 靖 、營司馬 臣 龐羲、議 曹從事 中 郎 軍 議 中 郎 將 臣 射 援、) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (於是
還 治成 都 。拔魏延 為 都 督 ,鎮漢中 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
時 關 羽 攻 曹公將 曹仁,禽于禁 於樊。俄 而孫權 襲 殺 羽 ,取 荊州。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
二 十 五 年 ,魏 文 帝 稱 尊號 ,改 年 曰黃初 。或 傳聞 漢 帝 見 害 ,先 主 乃發喪 制服 ,追 諡 曰孝愍皇帝 。是 後 在所 並 言 眾瑞,日月 相 屬 ,故 議 郎 陽 泉 侯 劉 豹 、青 衣 侯 向 舉、偏 將軍 張 裔、黃 權 、大 司馬 屬 殷 純 、益 州 別 駕 從事 趙 莋、治 中 從事 楊洪、從事 祭 酒 何 宗 、議 曹從事 杜 瓊、勸學 從事 張 爽、尹 默 、譙周等 上 言 :臣 聞河圖 、洛 書 ,五經 讖、緯 ,孔子 所 甄,驗 應 自 遠 。謹案洛 書 甄曜度 曰:『赤 三 日 德 昌 ,九 世 會 備,合 為 帝 際 。』洛 書 寶 號 命 曰:『天 度 帝 道 備稱皇 ,以統握 契 ,百成 不敗 。』洛 書 錄 運 期 曰:『九侯七傑爭命民炊骸,道路 籍 籍 履 人頭 ,誰 使 主 者 玄 且來 。』孝 經 鉤 命 決 錄 曰:『帝 三 建 九 會 備。』臣 父 群 未 亡 時 ,言 西南 數 有 黃 氣 ,直立 數 丈 ,見 來 積年 ,時時 有 景 雲 祥 風 ,從 璿璣下 來 應 之 ,此為異 瑞 。又 二 十 二 年 中 ,數 有 氣 如旗,從 西 竟東,中天 而行,圖 、書 曰『必有天子 出 其方』。加 是 年 太白 、熒惑、填 星 ,常 從 歲 星 相 追 。近 漢 初 興 ,五星從歲星謀;歲 星 主義 ,漢 位 在 西 ,義之 上方 ,故 漢 法 常 以歲星 候 人 主 。當 有 聖 主 起 於此州 ,以致中興 。時 許 帝 尚 存 ,故 群 下 不 敢漏言 。頃 者 熒惑復 追 歲 星 ,見 在 胃 昴 畢;昴 畢為天 綱 ,經 曰『帝 星 處 之 ,眾邪消 亡 』。聖 諱 豫 睹,推揆期 驗 ,符合 數 至 ,若 此非一 。臣 聞聖王 先天 而天不 違 ,後天 而奉天 時 ,故 應 際 而生,與 神合 契 。原 大王 應 天 順 民 ,速 即 洪 業 ,以寧海 內。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
會 羽 覆 敗 ,先 主 恨之。又 封 與 達 忿爭不和 ,封 尋 奪 達 鼔吹。達 旣 懼罪,又 忿恚封 ,遂 表 辭 先 主 ,率 所領 降 魏 。...諸 葛 亮 慮 封 剛 猛 ,易 世 之 後 終 難 制御 ,勸 先 主因 此除之 。於是賜 封 死 ,使 自 裁 。封 嘆曰:「恨不用 孟子 度 之 言 !」先 主 為之 流涕 。) Sanguozhi vol. 40. - ^ (
章 武 元年 夏 四 月 ,大赦 ,改 年 。以諸葛 亮 為 丞相 ,許 靖 為 司 徒 。置 百官 ,立 宗廟 ,祫祭高 皇帝 以下 。五月 ,立 皇后 吳 氏 ,子 禪 為 皇太子 。六月 ,以子永 為 魯王,理 為 梁 王 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
車 騎 將軍 張 飛 為 其左右 所 害 。初 ,先 主 忿孫權 之 襲 關 羽 ,將 東征 ,秋 七 月 ,遂 帥 諸 軍 伐 吳 。孫 權 遣 書 請和,先 主 盛 怒 不 許 ,吳 將 陸 議 、李 異 、劉 阿 等 屯 巫 、秭歸;將軍 吳 班 、馮習自 巫 攻 破 異 等 ,軍次 秭歸,武 陵 五谿蠻夷遣使請兵。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
二 年 春 正月 ,先 主 軍 還 秭歸,將軍 吳 班 、陳 式 水軍 屯 夷 陵 ,夾江東 西岸 。二 月 ,先 主 自 秭歸率 諸 將 進軍 ,緣 山 截嶺,於夷道 猇亭駐 營,自 佷山通 武 陵 ,遣 侍 中馬 良 安 慰五谿蠻夷 ,咸相率 響 應 。鎮北將軍 黃 權 督 江北 諸 軍 ,與 吳 軍 相 拒 於夷陵 道 。夏 六 月 ,黃 氣 見 自 秭歸十 餘 里 中 ,廣 數 十 丈 。後 十 餘 日 ,陸 議 大破 先 主 軍 於猇亭 ,將軍 馮習、張 南 等 皆 沒 。先 主 自 猇亭還 秭歸,收 合 離散 兵 ,遂 棄船舫,由 步道 還 魚 復 ,改 魚 復 縣 曰永安 。吳 遣 將軍 李 異 、劉 阿 等 踵 躡先主 軍 ,屯 駐 南山 。秋 八 月 ,收 兵 還 巫 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
三 年 春 二 月 ,丞相 亮 自 成都 到 永安 。三月 ,黃 元 進 兵 攻 臨邛縣 。遣 將軍 陳 曶討元 ,元 軍 敗 ,順流 下江 ,為 其親兵 所 縛 ,生 致成都 ,斬 之 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
三 年 春 二 月 ,丞相 亮 自 成都 到 永安 。三月 ,黃 元 進 兵 攻 臨邛縣 。遣 將軍 陳 曶討元 ,元 軍 敗 ,順流 下江 ,為 其親兵 所 縛 ,生 致成都 ,斬 之 。先 主 病 篤 ,託 孤 於丞相 亮 ,尚書 令 李 嚴 為 副 。夏 四 月 癸巳 ,先 主 殂於永安 宮 ,時 年 六 十 三 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
諸 葛 亮 集 載 先 主 遺 詔 敕後主 曰:朕 初 疾 但 下痢 耳 ,後 轉 雜 他 病 ,殆不自 濟 。人 五 十 不 稱 夭,年 已 六 十 有餘 ,何 所 復 恨,不 復 自 傷 ,但 以卿兄弟 為 念 。射 君 到 ,說 丞相 嘆卿智 量 ,甚大 增 脩 ,過 於所望 ,審 能 如此,吾 復 何 憂 !勉 之 ,勉 之 !勿以惡 小 而為之 ,勿以善 小 而不為 。惟 賢 惟 德 ,能 服 於人。汝 父 德 薄 ,勿效之 。可讀 漢書 、禮 記 ,間 暇 歷 觀 諸子 及六 韜、商 君 書 ,益 人 意 智 。聞丞相 為 寫 申 、韓 、管 子 、六韜一通已畢,未 送 ,道 亡 ,可 自 更 求 聞達 。臨終 時 ,呼 魯王與語 :「吾 亡 之 後 ,汝 兄弟 父 事 丞相 ,令 卿 與 丞相 共 事 而已。」) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
五 月 ,梓 宮 自 永安 還 成都 ,諡 曰昭烈 皇帝 。秋 ,八 月 ,葬 惠 陵 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
評 曰:先 主 之 弘毅 寬厚 ,知人 待 士 ,蓋 有 高祖 之 風 ,英雄 之 器 焉。及其舉國託 孤 於諸葛 亮 ,而心神 無 貳 ,誠 君臣 之 至 公 ,古今 之 盛 軌也。機 權 幹 略 ,不 逮魏武 ,是 以基宇亦狹 。然 折 而不撓 ,終 不為 下 者 ,抑 揆彼之 量 必不容 己 ,非 唯 競 利 ,且以避害雲 爾 。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu
[edit]- ^ (《
典 略 》曰:先 主 祖 雄 ,父 弘 ,世 仕 州 郡 。雄 舉孝廉 ,官 至 東 郡 範 令 。) Dianlüe annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
漢 晉 春秋 》曰:涿人李 定 雲 :「此家必出貴人 。」) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
典 略 曰:平原 劉 子平 知 備有武勇 ,時 張 純 反 叛,青 州 被 詔 ,遣 從事 將兵 討純,過 平原 ,子平 薦 備於從事 ,遂 與 相 隨 ,遇 賊 於野,備中 創 陽 死 ,賊 去 後 ,故人 以車載 之 ,得 免 。後 以軍功 ,為 中山 安 喜 尉 。) Dianlüe annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
典 略 曰:其後州 郡 被 詔書 ,其有軍功 為 長 吏者,當 沙汰 之 ,備疑在 遣 中 。督 郵至縣 ,當 遣 備,備素知之 。聞督郵在傳 舍 ,備欲求 見 督 郵,督 郵稱疾 不 肯見備,備恨之 ,因 還 治 ,將 吏卒更 詣 傳 舍 ,突入 門 ,言 「我 被 府 君 密教 收 督 郵」 。遂 就床 縛 之 ,將 出 到 界 ,自 解 其綬以繫督 郵頸,縛 之 著 樹 ,鞭 杖 百 餘 下 ,欲 殺 之 。督 郵求哀 ,乃釋去 之 。) Dianlüe annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
英雄 記 》云 :靈 帝 末 年 ,備嘗在京 師 ,後 與 曹公俱還沛國,募 召合眾。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
英雄 記 》云 :會 靈 帝 崩 ,天下 大亂 ,備亦起 軍 從 討董卓 。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
魏 書 》曰:劉 平 結 客 刺 備,備不知 而待客 甚厚,客 以狀語 之 而去。是 時 人民 饑饉 ,屯 聚鈔暴。備外禦寇難 ,內豐財 施 ,士 之 下 者 ,必與同席 而坐,同 簋而食 ,無 所 簡擇。眾多歸 焉。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
獻 帝 春秋 曰:陳 登 等 遣 使 詣 袁紹曰:「天 降 災 沴,禍 臻鄙州 ,州 將 殂殞,生 民 無主 ,恐懼 奸雄 一旦 承 隙 ,以貽盟主 日 昃之憂 ,輒共奉 故 平原 相 劉 備府君 以為宗主 ,永 使 百姓知有依歸。方今 寇難縱橫 ,不 遑釋甲 ,謹遣下 吏奔告 於執事 。」紹答曰:「劉 玄 德弘 雅有 信義 ,今 徐 州 樂 戴之,誠 副 所望 也。」) Xiandi Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
布 取 下 邳,張 飛 敗走 。備聞之 ,引兵還 ,比 至 下 邳,兵 潰 。收 散 卒 東 取 廣陵 ,與 袁術戰 ,又 敗 。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
英雄 記 曰:備軍在 廣陵 ,飢餓 困 踧,吏士大小 自 相 噉食,窮 餓 侵 逼,欲 還 小 沛,遂 使 吏請降布 。布令 備還州 ,並 勢 擊 術 。具 刺史 車馬 僮僕,發 遣 備妻子 部 曲 家 屬 於泗水上 ,祖 道 相樂 。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
魏 書 曰:諸 將 謂 布 曰:「備數反覆 難 養 ,宜 早 圖 之 。」布 不 聽,以狀語 備。備心不安 而求自 託 ,使 人 說 布 ,求 屯 小 沛,布 乃遣之 。復 合 兵 得 萬 餘人 。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
英雄 記 曰:建 安三 年春 ,布 使 人 齎金欲 詣 河 內買馬 ,為 備兵所 鈔。布 由 是 遣 中 郎 將 高 順 、北地 太守 張 遼 等 攻 備。九月 ,遂 破 沛城,備單身 走 ,獲 其妻息 。十 月 ,曹公自 征 布 ,備於梁 國界 中 與 曹公相 遇 ,遂 隨 公 俱東征 。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
助 先 主 圍 布 於下 邳,生 禽布。先 主 復 得 妻子 ,從 曹公還 許 。表 先 主 為 左 將軍 ,禮 之 愈 重 ,出 則 同 輿 ,坐 則 同席 。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
華陽 國 志 》云 :於時正當 雷 震 ,備因謂 操 曰:「聖人 云 『迅雷 風 烈 必變』,良 有 以也。一 震 之 威 ,乃可至 於此也!」遂 與 承 及長水 校 尉 種 輯、將軍 吳 子 蘭 、王子 服 等 同 謀 。會見 使 ,未發 。事 覺 ,承 等 皆 伏 誅。 《獻 帝 起居 注 》曰:承 等 與 備謀未發 ,而備出 。承 謂 服 曰:「郭 多 有數 百 兵 ,壞李傕數萬 人 ,但 足下 與 我 同 不 耳 !昔 呂 不 韋之門 ,須子 楚 而後高 ,今 吾 與 子 由 是也 。」服 曰:「惶懼不 敢當,且兵又 少 。」承 曰:「舉事訖,得 曹公成 兵 ,顧不足 邪 ?」服 曰:「今 京師 豈 有 所 任 乎?」承 曰:「長 水 校 尉 種 輯、議 郎 吳 碩 是 我 腹心 辦事者 。」遂 定 計 。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
胡 沖 《吳 歷 》曰:曹公數 遣 親近 密 覘諸將 有 賓客 酒食 者 ,輒因事 害 之 。備時閉門 ,將 人種 蕪菁 ,曹公使 人 闚門。既 去 ,備謂張 飛 、關 羽 曰:「吾 豈 種 菜 者 乎?曹公必有疑 意 ,不可 復 留 。」其夜開 後 柵 ,與 飛 等 輕 騎 俱去,所得 賜 遺 衣服 ,悉封留 之 ,乃往小 沛收合 兵 眾。) Wu Li annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
臣 松 之 案 :魏 武 帝 遣 先 主 統 諸 將 要擊 袁術,郭 嘉 等 並 諫,魏 武 不 從 ,其事顯然 ,非 因 種 菜 遁逃而去。如胡沖 所 云 ,何 乖僻之 甚乎!) Pei Songzhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
魏 書 》曰:是 時 ,公方 有 急 於官渡 ,乃分留 諸 將 屯 官 渡 ,自 勒精兵 征 備。備初謂 公 與 大 敵 連 ,不 得 東 ,而候騎 卒 至 ,言 曹公自 來 。備大驚 ,然 猶 未 信 。自 將 數 十 騎 出 望 公 軍 ,見 麾旌,便 棄眾而走。曹公盡 收 其眾,虜 先 主 妻子 ,並 禽關羽 以歸。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
魏 書 曰:備歸紹,紹父子 傾 心 敬重 。駐 月餘 日 ,所 失 亡 士卒 稍 稍 來集 。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
九州 春秋 曰:備住荊州數 年 ,嘗於表 坐 起 至 廁,見 髀裡肉 生 ,慨然 流涕 。還 坐 ,表 怪 問 備,備曰:「吾 常 身 不離 鞍 ,髀肉 皆 消 。今 不 復 騎 ,髀裡肉 生 。日月 若 馳 ,老 將 至 矣,而功業 不 建 ,是 以悲耳 。」) Jiuzhou Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
世 語 》曰:備屯樊城,劉 表 禮 焉,憚 其為人 ,不 甚信用 。曾請備宴會 ,蒯越、蔡瑁欲 因 會 取 備,備覺之 ,偽 如廁,潛 遁出。所 乘馬 名 的 盧 ,騎 的 盧 走 ,墮襄陽 城西 檀 溪 水中 ,溺 不 得 出 。備急曰:「的 盧 :今日 厄 矣,可 努力 !」的 盧 乃一踴三 丈 ,遂 得 過 ,乘 桴渡河 ,中流 而追者 至 ,以表意 謝 之 ,曰:「何 去 之 速 乎!」孫 盛 曰:此不然 之 言 。備時羈旅,客 主 勢 殊 ,若 有 此變,豈 敢晏然 終 表 之 世 而無釁故乎?此皆世俗 妄說,非 事實 也。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
漢 晉 春秋 》曰:曹公自 柳城 還 ,表 謂 備曰:「不用 君 言 ,故 為 失 此大會 。」備曰:「今 天下 分裂 ,日 尋 干戈 ,事 會 之 來 ,豈 有 終極 乎?若 能 應 之 於後者 ,則 此未足 為 恨也。」) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
魏 書 曰:表 病 篤 ,託 國 於備,顧謂曰:「我 兒 不才 ,而諸將 並 零落 ,我 死 之 後 ,卿 便 攝 荊州。」備曰:「諸子 自 賢 ,君 其憂病 。」或 勸 備宜從 表 言 ,備曰:「此人待 我 厚 ,今 從 其言,人 必以我 為 薄 ,所 不 忍 也。」) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
英雄 記 》曰:表 病 ,上 備領荊州刺史 。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
臣 松 之 以為表 夫妻 素 愛 琮,捨適立 庶,情 計 久 定 ,無緣 臨終 舉荊州 以授備,此亦不 然 之 言 。) Pei Songzhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
典 略 》曰:備過辭表 墓 ,遂 涕泣 而去。) Dianlüe annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (習鑿
齒 曰:先 主 雖顛沛險難 而信義 愈 明 ,勢 偪事危而言 不 失 道 。追 景 升 之 顧,則 情感 三軍 ;戀 赴義之 士 ,則 甘 與 同 敗 。觀 其所以結物情 者 ,豈 徒 投 醪 撫 寒 含蓼問 疾 而已哉!其終濟 大業 ,不 亦 宜 乎!) Xi Zuochi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
江 表 傳 》曰:孫 權 遣 魯肅弔 劉 表 二 子 ,並 令 與 備相結 。肅未至 而曹公 已 濟 漢 津 。肅故進 前 ,與 備相遇 於當陽 。因 宣 權 旨 ,論 天下 事 勢 ,致殷勤 之 意 。且問備曰:「豫 州 今 欲 何 至 ?」備曰:「與 蒼梧 太守 〔吳 巨 〕有 舊 ,欲 往投之 。」肅曰:「孫 討虜聰明 仁惠 ,敬 賢禮 士 ,江 表 英 豪 ,咸歸附 之 ,已 據 有 六 郡 ,兵 精 糧 多 ,足 以立事 。今 為 君 計 ,莫若遣 腹心 使 自 結 於東 ,崇 連 和之 好 ,共 濟世 業 ,而云欲 投 〔吳 巨 〕,〔巨 〕是 凡人 ,偏在 遠 郡 ,行 將 為 人 所 併,豈 足 託 乎?」備大喜 ,進 住 鄂縣,即 遣 諸 葛 亮 隨 肅詣孫 權 ,結 同盟 誓 。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
江 表 傳 曰:備從魯肅計 ,進 住 鄂縣之 樊口。諸 葛 亮 詣 吳 未 還 ,備聞曹公軍 下 ,恐懼 ,日 遣 邏吏於水次 候 望 權 軍 。吏望見 瑜船,馳 往白備,備曰:「何 以知(之 )非 青 徐 軍 邪 ?」吏對曰:「以船知之 。」備遣人 慰勞 之 。瑜曰:「有 軍 任 ,不可 得 委 署 ,儻能屈 威 ,誠 副 其所望 。」備謂關 羽 、張 飛 曰:「彼 欲 致我,我 今 自 結託 於東 而不往,非 同盟 之 意 也。」乃乘單 舸 往見瑜,問 曰:「今 拒 曹公,深 為 得 計 。戰 卒 有 幾 ?」瑜曰:「三 萬 人 。」備曰:「恨少。 」瑜曰:「此自足 用 ,豫 州 但 觀 瑜破之 。」備欲呼 魯肅等 共 會 語 ,瑜曰:「受命 不 得 妄委署 ,若 欲 見 子 敬 ,可 別 過 之 。又 孔明 已 俱來,不 過 三 兩日 到 也。」備雖深 愧異瑜,而心未 許 之 能 必破北 軍 也,故 差 池 在 後 ,將 二 千 人 與 羽 、飛 俱,未 肯係瑜,蓋 為 進退 之 計 也。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
孫 盛 曰:劉 備雄才 ,處 必亡之 地 ,告 急 於吳,而獲奔助,無緣 復 顧望江 渚 而懷後 計 。江 表 傳 之 言 ,當 是 吳 人 欲 專 美之 辭 。) Sun Sheng's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
江 表 傳 》曰:周 瑜為南 郡 太守 ,分 南岸 地 以給備。備別立 營於油江 口 ,改名 為 公安 。劉 表 吏士見 從 北 軍 ,多 叛來投 備。備以瑜所給 地 少 ,不足 以安民 ,(後 )〔復 〕從 權 借 荊州數 郡 。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
三 輔決錄 注 》曰:金 旋字元 機 ,京 兆 人 ,歷 位 黃門 郎 ,漢 陽 太守 ,徵 拜 議 郎 ,遷中郎 將 ,領 武 陵 太守 ,為 備所攻 劫 死 。子 禕,事 見 《魏 武本 紀 》。廬 江 雷 緒 率 部 曲 數 萬 口 稽顙。) Sanfu Jue Lu Zhu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
山陽 公 載 記 》曰:備還,謂 左右 曰:「孫 車 騎 長上 短 下 ,其難為 下 ,吾 不可 以再見 之 。」乃晝夜 兼行 。臣 松 之 案 :魏 書 載 劉 備與孫 權 語 ,與 蜀 志 述 諸 葛 亮 與 權 語 正 同 。劉 備未破 魏 軍 之 前 ,尚 未 與 孫 權 相 見 ,不 得 有 此說。故知 蜀 志 為 是 。) Shanyang Gong Zaiji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
獻 帝 春秋 》曰:孫 權 欲 與 備共取 蜀 ,遣 使 報 備曰:「米 賊 張 魯居王 巴 、漢 ,為 曹操 耳目 ,規 圖 益 州 。劉 璋 不 武 ,不能 自 守 。若 操 得 蜀 ,則 荊州危矣。今 欲 先攻 取 璋 ,進 討張魯,首尾 相 連 ,一統 吳 、楚 ,雖有十 操 ,無 所 憂 也。」) Xiandi Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
吳 書 》曰:備前 見張 松 ,後 得 法正 ,皆 厚 以恩意 接 納 ,盡 其殷勤 之 歡。因 問 蜀 中 闊狹,兵器 府 庫 人馬 眾寡,及諸要害 道 里 遠近 ,松 等 具 言 之 ,又 畫 地圖 山川 處 所 ,由 是 盡 知 益 州 虛實 也。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
魏 書 》曰:備因激怒 其眾曰:「吾 為 益 州 徵 強敵 ,師 徒 勤 瘁,不 遑寧居 ;今 積 帑藏之 財 而吝於賞功 ,望 士 大夫 為 出 死 力戰 ,其可得 乎!」) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (
傅 子 曰:初 ,劉 備襲蜀 ,丞相 掾 趙 戩曰:“劉 備其不 濟 乎?拙 於用兵 ,每 戰 則 敗 ,奔亡不 暇 ,何 以圖人 ?蜀 雖小區 ,險 固 四 塞 ,獨 守之 國 ,難 卒 並 也。”徵 士 傅 幹 曰:“劉 備寬 仁 有 度 ,能 得 人 死力 。諸 葛 亮 達治 知 變 ,正 而有謀 ,而為之 相 ;張 飛 、關 羽 勇 而有義 ,皆 萬 人 之 敵 ,而為之 將 :此三 人 者 ,皆 人傑 也。以備之 略 ,三 傑 佐 之 ,何 為 不 濟 也?”) Fu Zi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
三 輔決錄 注 》曰:援字文雄 ,扶風人 也。其先本姓 謝 ,與北 地 諸 謝 同族 。始祖 謝 服 為 將軍 出征 ,天子 以謝服 非 令名 ,改 為 射 ,子孫 氏 焉。兄 堅 ,字 文 固 ,少 有 美名 ,闢公府 為 黃門 侍 郎 。獻 帝 之 初 ,三 輔飢亂 ,堅 去 官 ,與 弟 援南入 蜀 依 劉 璋 ,璋 以堅為 長 史 。劉 備代璋 ,以堅為 廣 漢 、蜀 郡 太守 。援亦少 有名 行 ,太 尉 皇 甫 嵩 賢 其才而以女 妻 之 ,丞相 諸 葛 亮 以援為 祭 酒 ,遷從事 中 郎 ,卒 官 。軍師 將軍 臣 諸 葛 亮 、蕩 寇將軍 漢 壽 亭 侯 臣 關 羽 、徵 虜 將軍 新 亭 侯 臣 張 飛 、征 西 將軍 臣 黃 忠 、鎮遠將軍 臣 賴 恭 、揚 武將 軍 臣 法正 、興業 將軍 臣 李 嚴 等 一 百 二 十 人 上 言 曰:昔 唐 堯至聖 而四凶 在朝 ,周 成仁 賢 而四國 作 難 ,高 後 稱 製 而諸呂 竊命,孝昭 幼 衝而上官 逆 謀 ,皆 馮世寵 ,藉履國權 ,窮 凶 極 亂 ,社稷 幾 危。非 大 舜 、周 公 、硃虛、博 陸 ,則 不能 流 放 禽討,安危 定 傾 。伏 惟 陛下 誕姿聖德 ,統 理 萬邦 ,而遭厄 運 不 造 之 艱。董 卓 首 難 ,盪覆京畿 ,曹操 階 禍 ,竊執天 衡;皇后 太子 ,鴆殺見 害 ,剝亂天下 ,殘 毀民物 。久 令 陛下 蒙塵 憂 厄 ,幽 處 虛 邑。人 神 無主 ,遏絕王命 ,厭 昧皇極 ,欲 盜 神器 。左 將軍 領 司 隸校尉 豫 、荊、益 三州牧宜城亭侯備,受朝爵秩,念 在 輸力,以殉國難 。睹其機 兆 ,赫然憤 發 ,與 車 騎 將軍 董 承 同 謀 誅操,將 安 國家 ,克 寧 舊都 。會 承 機 事 不 密 ,令 操 遊 魂 得 遂 長 惡 ,殘 泯海內。臣 等 每 懼王室 大 有 閻樂之 禍 ,小 有定 安 之 變 ,夙夜惴惴,戰 栗 累 息 。昔 在 虞 書 ,敦 序 九族 ,週 監 二 代 ,封建 同姓 ,詩 著 其義,歷 載 長久 。漢 興 之 初 ,割 裂 疆土,尊王 子弟 ,是 以卒折 諸 呂 之 難 ,而成太 宗之 基 。臣 等 以備肺腑 枝葉 ,宗子 籓翰,心 存 國家 ,念 在 弭亂。自 操 破 於漢中 ,海 內英雄 望 風 蟻 附 ,而爵號 不 顯 ,九 錫 未 加 ,非 所以 鎮衛社稷 ,光昭 萬 世 也。奉 辭 在外 ,禮 命 斷絕 。昔 河西 太守 梁 統 等 值漢中興 ,限 於山河 ,位 同權 均 ,不能 相 率 ,咸推竇融以為元帥 ,卒 立 效 績,摧破隗囂。今 社稷 之 難 ,急 於隴、蜀 。操 外 吞天下 ,內殘群 寮 ,朝廷 有 蕭 牆之危,而禦侮 未 建 ,可 為 寒心 。臣 等 輒依舊 典 ,封 備漢中 王 ,拜 大 司馬 ,董 齊 六 軍 ,糾合 同盟 ,掃滅 凶 逆 。以漢中 、巴 、蜀 、廣 漢 、犍為為國 ,所 署 置 依 漢 初 諸侯 王 故 典 。夫權 宜 之 製 ,苟利社稷 ,專 之 可也 。然 後 功 成 事 立 ,臣 等 退 伏 矯罪,雖死無 恨。遂 於沔陽 設 壇 場 ,陳 兵 列 眾,群臣 陪位,讀奏訖,禦王冠 於先主 。先 主上 言 漢 帝 曰:臣 以具臣 之 才 ,荷 上 將之 任 ,董 督 三軍 ,奉 辭 於外,不 得 掃除 寇難,靖 匡 王室 ,久 使 陛下 聖教 陵 遲 ,六 合 之 內,否 而未泰 ,惟 憂 反 側 ,疢如疾 首 。曩者董 卓造 為 亂 階 ,自 是 之 後 ,群 凶 縱橫 ,殘 剝海內。賴 陛下 聖德 威 靈 ,人 神 同 應 ,或 忠義 奮討,或 上天 降 罰 ,暴逆並 殪,以漸冰消。惟 獨 曹操 ,久未 梟 除 ,侵 擅國權 ,恣 心 極 亂 。臣 昔 與 車 騎 將軍 董 承 圖 謀 討操,機 事 不 密 ,承 見 陷 害 ,臣 播越失 據 ,忠義 不 果 。遂 得 使 操 窮 凶 極 逆 ,主 後 戮殺,皇子 鴆害。雖糾合 同盟 ,念 在 奮力,懦弱 不 武 ,歷年 未 效 。常 恐 殞沒,孤 負 國 恩 ,寤寐永 嘆,夕 惕若厲。今 臣 群 寮 以為在 昔 虞 書 敦 敘九族 ,庶明勵翼,五 帝 損益 ,此道不 廢 。週 監 二 代 ,並建 諸 姬 ,實 賴 晉 、鄭 夾輔之 福 。高祖 龍 興 ,尊王 子弟 ,大 啟 九 國 ,卒 斬 諸 呂 ,以安大宗 。今 操 惡 直 醜 正 ,寔 繁 有 徒 ,包藏 禍 心 ,篡盜已 顯 。既 宗室 微弱 ,帝 族 無位 ,斟酌 古式 ,依 假 權 宜 ,上 臣 大 司馬 漢 中 王 。臣 伏 自 三省 ,受國厚恩 ,荷 任 一方 ,陳 力 未 效 ,所 獲 已 過 ,不 宜 復 忝 高位 以重罪 謗 。群 寮 見 逼,迫 臣 以義。臣 退 惟 寇賊不 梟 ,國難 未 已 ,宗廟 傾 危,社稷 將 墜,成 臣 憂 責 碎首之 負 。若 應 權 通 變 ,以寧靖 聖 朝 ,雖赴水火 ,所 不 得 辭 ,敢慮常 宜 ,以防後悔 。輒順眾議,拜受 印璽 ,以崇國威 。仰 惟 爵號,位 高 寵 厚 ,俯思報 效 ,憂 深 責 重 ,驚 怖 累 息 ,如臨於谷。盡力 輸誠,獎厲六 師 ,率 齊 群 義 ,應 天 順 時 ,撲 討凶逆 ,以寧社稷 ,以報萬 分 ,謹拜章 因 驛 上 還 所 假 左 將軍 、宜 城 亭 侯 印綬 。) Sanfu Jue Lu Zhu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32. - ^ (《
典 略 》曰:備於是 起 館 舍 ,築 亭 障 ,從 成都 至 白水 關 ,四 百 餘 區 。) Dianlüe annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 32.
Citations from elsewhere in the Sanguozhi
[edit]Citations from the Huayang Guo Zhi
[edit]- ^ (
布目 先 主 曰:「大 耳 兒 最 叵信者 也。」) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
公 曰:「大 耳 翁 未 之 覺 也。」) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
善 交結,豪 俠少年 爭 附 之 。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
北海 相 魯國孔 融 ,為 黃 巾 賊 所 圍 ,使 太 史 慈求救 於先主 。先 主 曰:「孔 文 舉聞天下 有 劉 備乎?」以兵救 之 。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
廣陵 太守 下 邳陳登 元 龍 ,太 尉 球 孫 也,有 雋才,輕 天下 士 ,謂 功 曹陳矯曰:...;雄姿 傑出 ,有 王 霸之略 ,吾 敬 劉 玄 德 。名器 盡 此。」) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
三 年 ,公 自 征 布 ,生 禽之。布 曰:「使 布 為 明 公 將 騎 ,天下 不足 定 也。」公有 疑 色 。先 主 曰:「公 待 布 能 如丁建 陽 、董 太 師 乎?」公 頷之。布目 先 主 曰:「大 耳 兒 最 叵信者 也。」遂 殺 布 。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
公 謀 臣 程 昱、郭 嘉 勸 公 殺 先 主 。公 慮 失 英 豪 望 ,不 許 。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
先 主 還 「沛」解 ,公使 覘之,見 其方披,使 廝人為之 ,不 端 ,正 舉杖擊 之 。此覘者 還 報 語 。公 曰:「大 耳 翁 未 之 覺 也。」其夜,先 主 急 東 行 。昱、嘉 復 言 之 。公 馳 使 追 之 ,不 及。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
公使 將 蔡楊擊 之 。先 主 謂 曰:「吾 勢 雖不便 ,汝 等 百 萬 來 ,未 如吾何 。曹孟德 單車 來 ,吾 自 去 。」楊等必戰,為 先 主 所 殺 。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (潁川
徐 〔庶〕元 直 ,致瑯琊諸葛 亮 曰:「孔明 ,臥 龍也 。將軍 願 見 之 乎?」先 主 曰:「君 與 俱來。」庶曰:「此人可 就見,不可 屈 致也。」先 主 遂 造 亮 。凡三〔往〕。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
先 主 曰:「善 。」與 亮 情 好日 密 ,自 以為猶 魚 得 水 也。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
亮 曰:「事 急 矣!請奉命 求 救 於孫將軍 。」) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
時 權 軍 柴 桑 ,既 服 先 主 大名 ,又 悅 亮 奇 雅 ,) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
即 遣 周 瑜、程 普 水軍 三 萬助先主拒曹公,大破 公 軍 於赤壁 ,焚其舫舟。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
所在 並 言 眾瑞。故 議 郎 陽 泉 亭 侯 劉 豹 ,青 衣 侯 向 舉,偏 將軍 張 裔、黃 權 ,〔大 〕司馬 屬 陰 純 ,別 駕 趙 莋,治 中 楊洪,從事 祭 酒 何 宗 ,議 曹從事 杜 瓊,勸學 從事 張 爽、尹 默 、「譙」周 〔群 〕等 上 〔言 〕:「河 洛 符 驗 ,孔子 所 甄。〔《洛 書 ‧甄曜度 》曰:〕赤 三 日 ,德 昌 九 世 ,會 備合為 帝 際 。曰:天 度 帝 道 ,備稱皇 。」先 主 未 許 。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (
夏 六 月 ,黃 氣 見 自 「姊」〔秭〕歸 十 餘 里 中 ,廣 十 餘 丈 。後 十 數日 ,與 吳 人 戰 ,先 主 敗 績。馮習及將張 南 皆 死 。先 主 嘆曰:「吾 之 敗 ,天 也!」委 舟 舫,由 步道 還 魚 復 。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6. - ^ (譔曰:
漢 末 大亂 ,雄 桀並起 。若 董 卓 、呂 布 、二 袁、韓 、馬 、張 楊、劉 表 之 徒 ,兼 州 連 郡 ,眾踰萬 計 ,叱 吒之間 ,皆 自 謂 漢 祖 可 踵 ,桓、文 易 邁;而魏武神 武 幹 略 ,戡屠盪盡。於時先 主 名 微 人 鮮,而能龍 興 鳳 舉,伯 豫 、君 徐 ,假 翼 荊楚,翻 飛 梁 益 之 地 ,克 胤 漢 祚,而〔與 〕吳 、魏 「與 之 」鼎 峙。非 英才 命 世 ,孰克如之。然 ,必以曹氏替 漢 ,宜 扶信順 以明至 公 。還 乎名號 ,為 義士 所 非 。及其寄 死 ,託 孤 於諸葛 亮 而心神 無 貳 。陳 子 以為君臣 之 至 公 ,古今 之 盛 軌也。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
Other citations
[edit]- ^ Volume 69 of Zizhi Tongjian indicated that Liu Bei crowned himself on the bingwu day of the 4th month of the 2nd year of Cao Pi's reign. ([
魏 文 帝 二 年 ]夏 ,四 月 ,丙午 ,汉中王 即 皇帝 位 于武担之南 ,大赦 ,改元 章 武 .) The date corresponds to 15 May 221 in the Julian calendar. - ^ According to Liu Xie's biography in Book of the Later Han, Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong on the gengzi day of the 7th month of the 24th year of the Jian'an era. However, there is no gengzi day in the month; the month corresponds to 30 Jul to 27 Aug 219 on the Julian calendar. [(
建 安 二 十 四 年 )秋 七 月 庚 子 ,刘备自称 汉中王 ] Houhanshu, vol.09. Vol.68 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong in the 7th month of that year. - ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. pp. 478–483. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^ Throughout Chinese history, no successful emperor had ruled purely based on Confucianism (though some did purely use Legalism). Numerous studies such as Political Reality of Transforming Legalism by Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty as Seen from Selection System by Wang Baoding, or Aspects of Legalist Philosophy and the Law in Ancient China: The Chi'an and Han Dynasties and Rediscovered Manuscript of Mawangdui and Shuihudi by Matthew August LeFande, have pointed out most ancient Chinese dynasties after Qin had ruled by a mix of Legalism and Confucianism.
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 478. ISBN 9789004156050.
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 1075. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 760. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^ a b c d de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1012–1013. ISBN 9789047411840. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ (《
漢 末 英雄 記 》:布令 韓 暹、楊奉取 劉 備地麥 ,以為軍資 。)Records of Heroes - ^ (《
後 漢書 ·卷 七 十 二 ·董 卓 列傳 第 六 十 二 》:奉 、暹奔袁術,遂 縱 暴楊、徐 間 。明年 ,左 將軍 劉 備誘奉 斬 之 。) Houhanshu vol. 72. - ^ (《
英雄 记》:建 安三 年春 ,布 使 人 赍金欲 诣河内 买马,为备兵 所 钞。布 由 是 遣 中 郎 将 高 顺、北地 太守 张辽等 攻 备。九月 ,遂 破 沛城,备单身 走 ,获其妻 息 。) Records of Heroes - ^ (《
后 汉书》:术因欲 北 至 青 州 从袁谭,曹操 使 刘备徼之,不 得 过,复走还寿春 。) Houhanshu - ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2017). Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD. Brill. pp. 496–97. ISBN 978-90-04-32491-6.
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 483. ISBN 978-9004156050.
- ^ Roberts 1991, p. 942
- ^ (
生得 身長 七 尺 五 寸 ,兩 耳 垂 肩 ,雙手 過 膝 ,目 能 自 顧其耳 ,面 如冠玉 ,唇 如塗脂 ) Sanguo Yanyi ch. 1. - ^ "
武 侯 祠祭 "鞋神"劉 備".四 川在 線 . Archived from the original on April 6, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2005. ; "宣傳 成都 民俗 文化 武 侯 祠 祭祀 "鞋神"刘备".文化 産業 網 . Archived from the original on April 6, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2005. (Both sources in Simplified Chinese) - ^ "
劉 備啥時候 成 了 "鞋神"".揚子 晚 報 . Archived from the original on May 3, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2005.
Bibliography
[edit]- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Chang Qu (4th century). Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (1996). To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang. Vol. 1. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-7315-2526-3.
- Fang, Achilles (1952). The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (220–265). Chapters 69–78 from the Tzu Chih T'ung Chien of Ssu-ma Kuang. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
- Crowell, Bill (2006). "Sanguo zhi 32 (Shu 2): Biography of Liu Bei".
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- 161 births
- 223 deaths
- Politicians from Baoding
- 3rd-century Chinese monarchs
- Shu Han emperors
- Han dynasty warlords
- Liu Bei
- Political office-holders in Jiangsu
- Political office-holders in Hubei
- Political office-holders in Sichuan
- Generals under Cao Cao
- Generals under Yuan Shao
- Han dynasty generals
- Founding monarchs